port and harbor engineering_2
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PORT and Harbor Engineering
Radianta TriatmadjaLecture note 2
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Waterway Design
Depth of Waterway
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Waterway Design
The depth of waterway depends on the tonnage of the ship and the water.
Following Bernoulli law, the amount of water displaced by the ship equals the weight of the ship. Therefore the more is the tonnage, the deeper is the ship’s draft.
Ships’ draft also depends on the cross section of the ship.
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Draft
draft draft50 000 ton 50 000 ton
Ships of the same total weight may have different drafts.
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Draft
• Box Coefficient
draft draft50 000 ton 50 000 ton
= Cb
Cb =0.8Cb =0.6
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Draft
• Box Coefficient
draft draft50 000 ton 50 000 ton
= Cb
Cb =0.5Cb =0.67
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Tonnage
• Displacement tonnage : The weight of water displaced, the physical weight of the ship
• Loaded Displacement : the weight of the ships + loading
• Light displacement : the weight of the ships only
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Tonnage
• Dead weight ton : The difference between loaded displacement and light displacement, or the weight of loading (please do not confuse this tonnage with the weight of the ships)
• The weight of fresh water, tools, and fuel are considered as loading
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Tonnage
• Gross Registered ton (use for Passenger ships)
Volume of ships space in cubic feet divided by 100
• 1 GRT ~ 2.83 m3
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Tonnage
• Net Register Ton (use for Passenger ships)
• Volume of ships (GRT) minus all non earning spaces (machine, bunker, tank, room for staff, tool room, radio and map room, storage room )
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Typical ships full load draft of Bulk carrier
Weight (1000 tons) Draft (m)20.99 9.576422.934 10.513823.67 10.235223.96 10.235224.911 9.956626.055 8.056427.48 10.260634.586 10.513835.316 10.969444.477 11.755246.73 12.008448.976 11.527450.055 11.55250.692 11.55252.458 12.059256.672 12.210860.639 12.895
170.418 18.9242
y = 2.1393Ln(x) + 3.6789R2 = 0.9906
0
2
4
6
8
10
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14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Weight (1000 tons) Draft (m)1 4.22 4.95 6.810 8.515 9.320 1030 10.940 11.750 12.4
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y = 3.965Ln(x) - 3.1657R2 = 0.8525
02468
101214161820
0 50 100 150 200
Typical tonnage and full load draft of bulk carriers (ore, coal, cement etc)
Dra
ft (lo
aded
)
Dead weight (tons)
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Passenger Ships
y = 1.9623Ln(x) + 2.7951R2 = 0.9546
y = 1.6041Ln(x) + 2.6762R2 = 0.9807
0
2
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12
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Depth required / draft = 1.14
Basin depth for unknown full draft
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General Cargo
Weight (x1000) draft depth1 4.2 52 4.9 5.55 6.8 7.58 8 910 8.5 1015 9.3 1130 10.9 1240 11.7 1350 12.4 14
y = 2.3647Ln(x) + 4.308R2 = 0.9807
y = 2.1454Ln(x) + 3.6605R2 = 0.9903
0
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Depth/draft =1.14
Depth required 14% more than the draft
Basin depth for unknown full draft
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Container Ships
y = 0.08x + 9.1R2 = 0.9877
y = 0.1x + 10R2 = 1
0
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4
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Weight (x1000) draft depth20 10.6 12 1.13207530 11.6 13 1.1206940 12.4 14 1.12903250 13 15 1.153846
Depth/draft= 1.13
Basin depth for unknown full draft
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Depth of waterway
• The depth of waterway should be deeper than the basin. Provisions should be made for possible pitching, heaving and squat
• Squat Z
2
2
21
4.2F
FL
Zpp
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Additional depth due to
• Vertical movement due to wave (heaving)• Vertical movement due to Squat• Vertical movement due to pitching
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Required Water depth
Expected vertical movement
Net underkeel clearance
dredging tolerance
Draft (ship size)
Expected sediment accumulation between two dredging campaigns
To b
e dr
edge
d
Sounding tolerance
Keel = bottom
Gross underkeel clearance
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How to design waterway depth?
• Define Maximum Ships weight and type• Calculate/predict Ships draft • Define minimum water level• Calculate depth Required (1.15 times
Ships draft) (nominal depth)• Calculate expected sediment
accumulation during two consecutive dredging works
• Calculate total depth required to dredge
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What is minimum water level ?
• Sea level is fluctuating due to moon and sun attraction forces and centrifugal forces of the earth during its revolution about its common axis with the moon
• This fluctuation is called tides• Maximum fluctuation occur during spring
tide, while minimum fluctuation occur during neap tide.
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Tidal constants
• Tidal waves are periodic due to the driving forces. Yet so many conditions affect the periodicity of the tidal waves. A complete period of tide wave is approximately 19 years. In order to design a harbor one need to know tidal constants in the design area. These tidal constants govern the major water level fluctuations.
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Tidal constants
n
ii
ii T
tA1
2cos
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40.Air Pelayaran Sebelah Barat Surabaya (Karang Jamuang)
0
4
8
12
16
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24
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time
Elev
asi
An Example of Water level Fluctuation
hours
dm
NeapSpring
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Discussion• A Harbor designed is given to be discussed. Topics to be
discussed are :2. What is the maximum size of ships that can be served3. The width of the waterway4. During spring tide even larger ships can enter the harbor. What
is the maximum size of the ships during spring tide? Discuss the possibility of allowing such ships to berth in the harbor
5. If the speed of your ships are limited to 10 knots along the waterway, what is the maximum squat ?
6. Do you have any comment other than the topics discussed ?7. Within the next 10 years the harbor will be upgraded to serve
ships of maximum draft 4 meters. What works are needed?