port and harbor engineering 1

Port & Harbor EngineeringRadianta Triatmadja

Lecture note 1

Reference• Referensi Kepelabuhanan, book 6, Bangunan Fasilitas

Pelabuhan, Pelabuhan Indonesia• Referensi Kepelabuhanan, book 4, Perencanaan

Perancangan dan Pembangunan Pelabuhan, Pelabuhan Indonesia

• Technical Standards For Port and Harbor Facilities in Japan, 1991, OCDI of Japan.

• Port Engineering, Per Brunn • Design & Coanstruction of Port and Marine Structures• Pelabuhan, Bambang Triatmodjo

Civil Eng can be anywhere!!

Harbor’s Main Facilities

• Waterway• Harbor Basin• Breakwater• Berth, Pier

Harbor’s Supporting Facilities

• Ware house• Stock yard• Road• Offices

http://www.maritimindo.com/priok/priok1.jpg

Berth

Berth


Tanjung Priok Warehouse

8.975M2 storage, 381.845M2 open storage

Tanjung Priok towage system (24 hours a day)


Petroleum service

Fresh Water Service

Tug boat service

Cranes services

Bird view of Tanjung Priuk

Ship Movement

• swaying (swinging), • yawing (a. to swing back and forth across its course, as a ship pushed

by high waves or b. to swing to the left or right on the vertical axis so that the longitudinal axis forms an angle with the line of flight; esp., to rotate or oscillate about the vertical axis: said of a projectile, aircraft, spacecraft, etc.)

• pitching (to plunge or toss with the bow and stern rising and falling abruptly: said of a ship )

• rolling (due to wave)

• heaving (moving up and down, due to wave)

• squat (due to ship movement)

swaying yawing

Heaving and Squating

Pitching

rolling

Ship Movement


• WaterwayThe Waterway serve as the road for the vessel to enter the harbor. A harbor may be located in a shallower water than vessel’s draft. For this reason the area should be dredged for harbor basin. Consequently, to enable a vessel to arrive in the basin, certain area should be dredged connecting the basin with the deeper water.

Harbor basin

Deeper water

Waterway


• WaterwayThe Waterway should be designed so that it performs well to serve the

traffic. Some factors that may affect the ability of vessels to go through the channel are as follows:

2. Width (channel and the ship)

3. Length (channel and the ship)

4. Depth (channel) Weight (the ship),

5. Speed (the ship)

6. Wind

7. WavesWaterway

Principle of Waterway Planning

1. Waterway should allow safe and smooth use of ship movement.

2. Waterway should be kept calm, must be provided with facilities to prevent unwanted influence by waves.

3. Waterway should be facilitated with facilities to prevent sedimentation or otherwise regular maintenance is required.

4. Waterways should be designed so that the slope is stable.


1. Intersection angle should less than 30o

2. When an intersection is > 30o, the centerline of the curve should be circular with R > 4 times the length of the ship.

3. The above principles are not apply for ships of high turning capability such as motor boat, yacht, and if sufficient traffic control, marks and signals are provided.

Lay out of waterway

R=4L


1. It is better to have one long curve rather than many short curves.

2. If dredging can be done easily and relatively cheap, a straight waterway is better.

Lay out of waterway

R=4L

The Width of WaterwayIn designing the width of the Waterway, one should

remember that • Waterway is not visible above water • waves and current may divert ships from their courses• changing the direction of a ship is not as easy as

changing the direction of a car• It takes more time to change the speed of a ship

Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves

Can you see any waterway ??

Ships navigation

Harbor

Wind

direc

tion

The Width of WaterwayThe above reason suggests that the width of a Waterway

should be relatively wider than normal road needed for land transportation.

In fact, in some reference the width of the channel is at least equals the length of the ship (which normally > 5 times the width). For comparison the width of two way traffic of land transportation is less than 8 m or less than twice that of normal vehicle.



Width of waterway1. Standard waterway (OCDI)

2 LShips pass each other frequently

Relatively long waterways

1.5 LShips pass each other frequently

Waterways other than above

1.5 LShips pass each other infrequently

LShips pass each other infrequently

WidthCondition of NavigationLength of Waterway



Width of waterway1. Standard waterway (comparison between OCDI and Per Brunn)

2 L/ 7.6BShips pass each other frequently

Relatively long waterways

1.5 LShips pass each other frequently

Waterways other than above

1.5 LShips pass each other infrequently

L/ 4.8 BShips pass each other infrequently

WidthCondition of NavigationLength of Waterway

Normal L/B > 5

Ratio between Width and Length of Bulk ships

L > 7 B

y = 7.5432xR2 = 0.6607

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 10 20 30 40 50

Shi

p Le

ngth

(met

er)

Ship Width (meter)

Ratio between Width and Length of Passenger ships

y = 8.46xR2 = 0.7844

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 10 20 30 40

Shi

p Le

ngth

(met

er)

Ship Width (meter)

L > 8 B

Ratio between Width and Length of General Cargo ships

y = 7.3719xR2 = 0.6431

020406080

100120140160180200

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Shi

p Le

ngth

(met

er)

Ship Width (meter)

L > 7 B

• The Width of waterways according to Brunn is the minimum requirement. For design purpose use OCDI standard.

Principle of Waterway PlanningWidth of waterway. The cross section of waterway


Width = B

Ship

Should not be counted for

Sloping to ensure slope stability

Principle of Waterway PlanningDesign the layout of waterway by considering minimal dredging, ease and safety of

navigation. The required width and depth of the waterway are 100 meter and 15 meter respectively. The length of the largest ship is 100 m. (please note that there are many alternatives)

5

10

15

5

10

15

Scale:

200 mharbor

Ship direction

Water depth

• PIANC : Permanent International Association of Navigational Congresses

port and harbor engineering 1

Documents