port and harbor engineering 2

8/14/2019 Port and Harbor Engineering 2

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Port & Harbor EngineeringRadianta Triatmadja

Lecture note 2


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Ship Movement

swaying (swinging),

yawing (a. to swing back and forth across its course, as a ship pushedby high waves or b. to swing to the left or right on the vertical axis so that

the longitudinal axis forms an angle with the line of flight; esp., to rotate or

oscillate about the vertical axis: said of a projectile, aircraft, spacecraft, etc.)

pitching (to plunge or toss with the bow and stern rising and fallingabruptly: said of a ship )

rolling (due to wave)

heaving (moving up and down, due to wave)

squat (due to ship movement)


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swaying yawing

Heaving and

Squating

Pitching

rolling

Ship Movement


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Harbors Main Facilities

Waterway

The Waterway serve as the road for the vessel to enter the harbor. A harbor

may be located in a shallower water than vessels draft. For this reason the

area should be dredged for harbor basin. Consequently, to enable a vessel

to arrive in the basin, certain area should be dredged connecting the basin

with the deeper water.

Harbor

basin

Deeper

water

Waterway


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Harbors Main Facilities

Waterway

The Waterway should be designed so that it performs well to serve the

traffic. Some factors that may affect the ability of vessels to go through

the channel are as follows:

2. Width (channel and the ship)

3. Length (channel and the ship)

4. Depth (channel) Weight (the ship),

5. Speed (the ship)6. Wind

7. Waves

Waterway


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Principle of Waterway Planning

1. Waterway should allow safe and smooth use of ship movement.

2. Waterway should be kept calm, must be provided with facilities toprevent unwanted influence by waves.

3. Waterway should be facilitated with facilities to prevent sedimentation

or otherwise regular maintenance is required.

4. Waterways should be designed so that the slope is stable.


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1. Intersection angle should less than 30o

2. When an intersection is > 30o, the centerline of the curve should be

circular with R > 4 times the length of the ship.

3. The above principles are not apply for ships of high turning capability

such as motor boat, yacht, and if sufficient traffic control, marks and

signals are provided.

Lay out of waterway

R=4L


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< 30o


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> 30o


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1. It is better to have one long curve rather than many short curves.

2. If dredging can be done easily and relatively cheap, a straight waterway

is better.

Lay out of waterway

R=4L


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Can you see any waterway ??


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Ships navigation

Harbor

Wind

direct

ion


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The Width of Waterway

The above reason suggests that the width of a Waterway

should be relatively wider than normal road needed for

land transportation.

In fact, in some reference the width of the channel is at

least equals the length of the ship (which normally > 5

times the width). For comparison the width of two way

traffic of land transportation is less than 8 m or less than

twice that of normal vehicle.

Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves


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Width of waterway

1. Standard waterway (OCDI)

2 LShips pass each other

frequently

Relatively long

waterways

1.5 LShips pass each otherfrequently

Waterways other thanabove

1.5 LShips pass each other

infrequently

LShips pass each other

infrequently

WidthCondition of NavigationLength of Waterway



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Width of waterway

1. Standard waterway (comparison between OCDI and Per Brunn)

2 L/ 7.6BShips pass each other

frequently

Relatively long

waterways

1.5 LShips pass each otherfrequently

Waterways other thanabove

1.5 LShips pass each other

infrequently

L/ 4.8 BShips pass each other

infrequently

WidthCondition of NavigationLength of Waterway

Normal L/B > 5


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Ratio between Width and Length of

Bulk ships

L > 7 B

y = 7.5432x

R2 = 0.6607

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 10 20 30 40 50

ShipLength(meter)

Ship Width (meter)


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Ratio between Width and Length of

General Cargo ships

y = 7.3719x

R2 = 0.6431

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

ShipLength(meter)

Ship Width (meter)

L > 7 B


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The Width of waterways according to

Brunn is the minimum requirement. For

design purpose use OCDI standard.

OCDI Per Brunn


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The effect of Wind and Current

The Width of waterways according to

Brunn is the minimum requirement. For

design purpose use OCDI standard.

OCDI Per Brunn


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Width of waterway.

The cross section of waterway


Width = B

Ship

Should not

be counted

for

Sloping to ensure

slope stability


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Design the layout of waterway by considering minimal dredging, ease andsafety of navigation. The required width of the waterway 15 meter. Thelength of the largest ship is 200 m. (please note that there are manyalternatives)

5

10

15

5

10

15

Scale:

200 m

harborInc

oming

Ship

direct

ion

Water depth


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PIANC : Permanent International

Association of Navigational Congresses

port and harbor engineering 2

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