PorscheFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the automotive brand and manufacturer, Porsche AG. For the holding company that is the majority owner of Volkswagen Group, seePorsche Automobil Holding SE. For other uses of Porsche, seePorsche (disambiguation).Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG

TypeAktiengesellschaft

IndustryAutomotive

FoundedStuttgart, Germany (1931)

FounderFerdinand Porsche

HeadquartersStuttgart,Baden-Wrttemberg, Germany

Area servedWorldwide

Key peopleWolfgang Porsche, ChairmanMatthias Mller,CEO[1]

ServicesAutomotivefinancial services, engineering services, investment management

Revenue14.326 billion (2013 annual report)

Operating income2.579 billion (2013 annual report)

Profit1.939 billion (2013 annual report)

Total assets24.560 billion (2013 annual report)

Total equity9.039 billion (2013 annual report)

OwnerVolkswagen Group

Number of employees19,456 (2013 annual report)[2]

SubsidiariesMieschke Hofmann und Partner(81.8%)Porsche Consulting group

Websitewww.Porsche.com

Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, usually shortened toPorsche AG(German pronunciation:[p](listen)[3]), is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans. Porsche AG is headquartered inStuttgart, and is owned byVolkswagen AG, which is itself majority-owned byPorsche Automobil Holding SE. Porsche's current lineup includes the911,Boxster,Cayman,Panamera,Cayenne,Macan, and the918.Contents[hide] 1History 1.1Origin 1.2Company logo 1.3Developments 1.4Relationship with Volkswagen 1.5Corporate restructuring 1.6Subsidiaries 2Production and sales 2.1Production composition 2.1.1North American sales 3Models 3.1Consumer models 3.2Racing models 3.3Prototypes and concept cars 3.4Tractors 3.5Hybrid and electric vehicles 3.6Aircraft engines 4Motorsport 5Pronunciation of "Porsche" 6Reputation 7Reliability 7.1SUV reception 8See also 9References 10External linksHistoryOriginAustrian engineerFerdinand Porschefounded the company called "Dr. Ing. h. c. F. PorscheGmbH" in Austria in 1931,[4]then moved to its main offices at Kronenstrae 24 in the centre ofStuttgart. Initially, the company offered motor vehicle development work and consulting,[4]but did not build any cars under its own name. One of the first assignments the new company received was from the German government to design a car for the people, that is a "Volkswagen".[4]This resulted in theVolkswagen Beetle, one of the most successful car designs of all time.[5]ThePorsche 64was developed in 1939 using many components from the Beetle.[4]

Porsche's tank prototype, the "Porsche Tiger", that lost toHenschel & Son'sTiger I.

Panzerjger Elefant, after the loss of the contract to the Tiger I Porsche recycled his design into atank destroyer.DuringWorld War II,[6]Volkswagenproduction turned to the military version of the Volkswagen Beetle, theKbelwagen,[6]52,000 produced, andSchwimmwagen,[6]15,584 produced.[7]Porsche produced several designs forheavy tanksduring the war, losing out toHenschel & Sonin both contracts that ultimately led to theTiger Iand theTiger II. However, not all this work was wasted, as the chassis Porsche designed for the Tiger I was used as the base for theElefanttank destroyer. Porsche also developed theMaussuper-heavy tankin the closing stages of the war, producing two prototypes.[8]At the end of World War II in 1945, theVolkswagen factoryatKdF-Stadtfell to the British. Ferdinand lost his position as Chairman of the Board of Management of Volkswagen, andIvan Hirst, a British Army Major, was put in charge of the factory. (In Wolfsburg, the Volkswagen company magazine dubbed him "The British Major who saved Volkswagen."[9]) On 15 December of that year, Ferdinand was arrested for war crimes, but not tried. During his 20-month imprisonment, Ferdinand Porsche's son,Ferry Porsche, decided to build his own car, because he could not find an existing one that he wanted to buy. He also had to steer the company through some of its most difficult days until his father's release in August 1947.[10]The first models of what was to become the356were built in a small sawmill inGmnd, Austria.[10]The prototype car was shown to German auto dealers, and when pre-orders reached a set threshold, production (with Aluminium body) was begun byPorsche Konstruktionen GesmbHfounded by Ferry andLouise. Many regard the 356 as the first Porsche simply because it was the first modelsoldby the fledgling company along withPorsche 360. After the production of 356 was taken over by the father's Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche GmbH in Stuttgart in 1950, Porsche commissioned a Zuffenhausen-based company,Reutter Karosserie, which had previously collaborated with the firm on Volkswagen Beetle prototypes, to produce the 356's steel body. In 1952, Porsche constructed an assembly plant (Werk 2) across the street fromReutter Karosserie; the main road in front of Werk 1, the oldest Porsche building, is now known as Porschestrasse.[11]The 356 was road certified in 1948.Company logo Porsche logo Weimar-eraWrttembergcoat of arms Coat of arms of StuttgartPorsche's company logo was based on thecoat of arms of the Free People's State of Wrttembergof formerWeimar Germany, which had Stuttgart as its capital (the same arms were used byWrttemberg-Hohenzollernfrom 1945-1952, while Stuttgart during these years was the capital of adjacentWrttemberg-Baden). The arms ofStuttgartwas placed in the middle as aninescutcheon, since the cars were made in Stuttgart. The heraldic symbols were combined with the texts "Porsche" and "Stuttgart", which shows that it is not a coat of arms since heraldic achievements never spell out the name of thearmigernor the armigers home town in the shield.Wrttemberg-Baden and Wrttemberg-Hohenzollern became part of the present land ofBaden-Wrttembergin 1952 after the political consolidation ofWest Germanyin 1949, and the old design of the arms of Wrttemberg now only lives on in the Porsche logo. On 30 January 1951, not long before the creation of Baden-Wrttemberg, Ferdinand Porsche died from complications following a stroke.Developments

1952 Porsche 356 K/9-1 PrototypeIn post-war Germany, parts were generally in short supply, so the 356 automobile used components from the Volkswagen Beetle, including the engine case from itsinternal combustion engine,transmission, and several parts used in thesuspension. The 356, however, had several evolutionary stages, A, B, and C, while in production, and most Volkswagen sourced parts were replaced by Porsche-made parts. Beginning in 1954 the 356s engines started utilizing engine cases designed specifically for the 356. The sleek bodywork was designed byErwin Komendawho also had designed the body of the Beetle. Porsche's signature designs have, from the beginning, featured air-cooled rear-engine configurations (like the Beetle), rare for other car manufacturers, but producing automobiles that are very well balanced.In 1964, after a fair amount of success inmotor-racingwith various models including the550 Spyder, and with the 356 needing a major re-design, the company launched thePorsche 911: anotherair-cooled,rear-enginedsports car, this time with a six-cylinder"boxer" engine. The team to lay out the body shell design was led by Ferry Porsche's eldest son,Ferdinand Alexander Porsche(F. A.). The design phase for the 911 caused internal problems with Erwin Komenda, who led the body design department until then. F. A. Porsche complained Komenda made unauthorized changes to the design. Company leader Ferry Porsche took his son's drawings to neighboring chassis manufacturer Reuter. Reuter's workshop was later acquired by Porsche (so-called Werk 2). Afterward Reuter became a seat manufacturer, today known asKeiper-Recaro.

ThePorsche 912, from the 1960sThe design office gave sequential numbers to every project (SeePorsche type numbers), but the designated 901 nomenclature contravenedPeugeot's trademarks on all 'x0x' names, so it was adjusted to 911. Racing models adhered to the "correct" numbering sequence: 904, 906, 908. The 911 has become Porsche's most well-known and iconic model successful on the race-track, inrallies, and in terms of road car sales. Far more than any other model, the Porsche brand is defined by the 911. It remains in production; however, after several generations of revision, current-model 911s share only the basic mechanical configuration of a rear-engined, six-cylindercoup, and basic styling cues with the original car. A cost-reduced model with the same body, but with 356-derived four-cylinder engine, was sold as the 912.In 1972, the company's legal form was changed fromKommanditgesellschaft(KG), or limited partnership, toAktiengesellschaft(AG), or public limited company, because Ferry Porsche came to believe the scale of the company outgrew a "family operation", after learning aboutSoichiro Honda's "no family members in the company" policy atHonda. This led to the establishment of an Executive Board with members from outside the Porsche family, and a Supervisory Board consisting largely of family members. With this change, most family members in the operation of the company including F. A. Porsche and Ferdinand Pich departed from the company.F. A. Porsche founded his own design company,Porsche Design, which is renowned for exclusive sunglasses, watches, furniture, and many other luxury articles. Louise's son and Ferry's nephewFerdinand Pich, who was responsible for mechanical development of Porsche's production and racing cars (including the very successful911,908and917models), formed his own engineering bureau, and developed afive-cylinder-inlinediesel engineforMercedes-Benz. A short time later he moved toAudi(used to be a division, then a subsidiary, of Volkswagen), and pursued his career through the entire company, ultimately becoming the Chairman ofVolkswagen Group.The first Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Porsche AG was Dr.Ernst Fuhrmann, who had been working in the company's engine development division. Fuhrmann was responsible for the so-called Fuhrmann-engine, used in the 356 Carrera models as well as the 550 Spyder, havingfour overhead camshaftsinstead of a central camshaft with pushrods, as in the Volkswagen-derived serial engines. He planned to cease the 911 during the 1970s, and replace it with theV8-front enginedgrand sportswagon928. As we know today, the 911 outlived the 928 by far. Fuhrmann was replaced in the early 1980s byPeter W. Schutz, an American manager and self-proclaimed 911 aficionado. He was then replaced in 1988 by the former manager of German computer company Nixdorf Computer AG,Arno Bohn, who made some costly miscalculations that led to his dismissal soon after, along with that of the development director,Dr. Ulrich Bez, who was formerly responsible for BMW'sZ1model, and is today the CEO ofAston Martin.

The second-generation Porsche 911 (964), introduced in 1989, was the first to be offered with Porsche'sTiptronictransmission.In 1990, Porsche drew up a memorandum of understanding withToyotato learn and benefit from Japaneselean manufacturingmethods. In 2004 it was reported that Toyota was assisting Porsche withhybrid technology.[12]Following the dismissal of Bohn,Heinz Branitzki, a longtime Porsche employee, was appointed as interim CEO. Branitzki served in that position untilWendelin Wiedekingbecame CEO in 1993. Wiedeking took over the chairmanship of the board at a time when Porsche appeared vulnerable to a takeover by a larger company. During his long tenure, Wiedeking transformed Porsche into a very efficient and profitable company.Ferdinand Porsche's nephew, Ferdinand Pich, was chairman and CEO of theVolkswagen Groupfrom 1993 to 2002, and is chairman of the Volkswagen AG Supervisory Board since. With 12.8 percent of the Porsche SE voting shares, he also remains the second largest individual shareholder of Porsche SE after his cousin, F. A. Porsche, (13.6 percent).Porsche's 2002 introduction of the Cayenne also marked the unveiling of a new production facility inLeipzig,Saxony, which once accounted for nearly half of Porsche's annual output. In 2004, production of the 456kilowatts(620PS; 612bhp)Carrera GTcommenced in Leipzig, and at EUR 450,000 ($440,000 in the United States) it was the most expensive production model Porsche ever built.

Porsche 911 (991)In mid-2006, after years of the Boxster (and later the Cayenne) as the best selling Porsche in North America, the 911 regained its position as Porsche's best-seller in the region. The Cayenne and 911 have cycled as the top-selling model since. In Germany, the 911 outsells the Boxster/Cayman and Cayenne.[13]In May 2011, Porsche Cars North America announced plans to spend $80$100 million, but will receive about $15 million in economic incentives to move their North American headquarters fromSandy Springs, a suburb ofAtlanta, toAerotropolis, Atlanta, a new mixed-use development on the site of the oldFord Hapeville plantadjacent toAtlanta's airport.[14]Designed by architectural firmHOK, the headquarters will include a new office building and test track.[15][16][17]The facility will be known by its new address, One Porsche Drive.Relationship with Volkswagen

Combined badging of the European 914The company has always had a close relationship with, initially, theVolkswagen(VW)marque, and later, theVolkswagen Group(which also ownsAudi AG), because the firstVolkswagen Beetlewas designed byFerdinand Porsche.The two companies collaborated in 1969 to make theVW-Porsche 914 and 914-6, whereby the 914-6 had a Porsche engine, and the 914 had a Volkswagen engine, in 1976 with thePorsche 912E (USA only) and thePorsche 924, which used many Audi components, and was built at Audi'sNeckarsulmfactory.Porsche 944swere also built there,[18]although they used far fewer Volkswagen components. The Cayenne, introduced in 2002, shares its chassis with theVolkswagen Touaregand theAudi Q7, which is built at theVolkswagen Group factoryinBratislava,Slovakia.Corporate restructuring

A 911 before the factory in which it was assembled, Porschewerk Stuttgart (right), and the manufacturer's central dealership, Porsche Zentrum Stuttgart (left).Porsche SE was created in June 2007 by renaming the old Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, and became a holding company for the families' stake in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH (50.1%) (which in turn held 100% of the old Porsche AG) and Volkswagen AG (50.7%).[19][20]At the same time, the new Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (Porsche AG) was created for the car manufacturing business.In August 2009, Porsche SE andVolkswagen AGreached an agreement that the car manufacturing operations of the two companies would merge in 2011, to form an "Integrated Automotive Group".[21][22]The management of Volkswagen AG agreed to 50.76% of Volkswagen AG being owned by Porsche SE in return for Volkswagen AG management taking Porsche SE management positions (in order for Volkswagen management to remain in control), and for Volkswagen AG acquiring ownership of Porsche AG.As of the end of 2013, the 50.76% control interest in VW AG is the predominant investment by Porsche SE, and Volkswagen AG in turn controls brands and companies such asVolkswagen,Audi,SEAT,koda,Bentley,Bugatti,Lamborghini, Porsche AG,Ducati, VW Commercial Vehicles,Scania,MAN, as well as Volkswagen Financial Services.[23]Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG(which stands forDoktor Ingenieurhonoris causaFerdinand PorscheAktiengesellschaft), as a 100% subsidiary of VW AG, is responsible for the actual production and manufacture of the Porsche automobile line. The company currently producesPorsche 911,BoxsterandCaymansports cars, theCayenneand Macansport utility vehicles, the four-doorPanamera, and the918 Spydersuper car.SubsidiariesPorsche AG has a 29% share in German engineering and design consultancy Bertrandt AG[24][25]and 81.8% ofMieschke Hofmann und Partner.[26]Wholly owned subsidiaries of Porsche AG include Porsche Consulting GmbH.Production and salesThe headquarters and main factory are located in Zuffenhausen, a district inStuttgart, but the Cayenne and Panamera models are manufactured inLeipzig, Germany, and parts for the SUV are also assembled in theVolkswagen Touaregfactory inBratislava, Slovakia.[27]Boxster and Cayman production was outsourced toValmet Automotivein Finland from 1997 to 2011, and in 2012 production moved to Germany.[28]In 2008, Porsche reported selling a total of 98,652 cars, 13,524 (13.7%) as domestic German sales, and 85,128 (86.3%) internationally.The company has been highly successful in recent times, and indeed claims to have the highest profit per unit sold of any car company in the world.[29]Table of profits (in millions of euros) and number of cars produced. Figures from 2008/9 onwards were not reported as part of Porsche SE.[30]Year endingRevenuePre-tax profitProductionSales

31 July 20024,857m829m55,05054,234

31 July 20035,583m933m73,28466,803

31 July 20046,148m1,137m81,53176,827

31 July 20056,574m1,238m90,95488,379

31 July 20067,273m2,110m102,60296,794

31 July 20077,368m5,857m101,84497,515

31 July 20087,466m8,569m105,16298,652

31 July 2009?m-2,559m76,73975,238

31 July 20107.79bN/A89,12381,850

31 December 20109.23b1.67b[31]N/A97,273

31 December 2011[31]10.9b2.05b127,793116,978

31 December 201213.9b2.44b151,999143,096[32]

31 December 201314.3b2.78b165,808162,145[33]

Production compositionOf the 165,808 cars produced in the 2013 financial year, 29,751 (17.9%) were 911 models, 28,996 (17.5%) were Boxster and Cayman cars, 81,916 (49.4%) were Cayennes, 24,798 (15.0%) were Panameras. There were 312 Macan and 35 918 Spyder models also reported.[33]The production figures of sports cars were quite similar to the 2001/2 totals when 33,061 Porsche 911 and 21,989 Boxsters were produced.North American salesAnnual sales 20032005

model2003[34]2004[35]2005[36]

units% of totalunits% of totalunits% of total

911(996)9,935 (18%)33%10,227 (3%)31%10,653 (4%)31%

Boxster6,432 (38%)21%3,728 (42%)11%8,327 (123%)25%

Cayenne13,66145%19,134 (40%)57%14,524 (24%)43%

total30,028 (33%)33,289 (11%)33,859 (2%)

Annual sales 20062008

model2006[37]2007[38]2008[39]

units% of totalunits% of totalunits% of total

911(997)12,702 (19%)35%13,153 (4%)36%8,324 (37%)30%

Boxster4,850 (42%)14%3,904 (24%)11%2,982 (24%)11%

Cayman7,31320%6,249 (17%)17%3,513 (44%)13%

Cayenne11,141 (23%)31%13,370 (20%)36%12,898 (4%)46%

total36,095 (7%)36,680 (2%)27,717 (24%)

Annual sales 20092011

model2009[40]2010[41]2011[42]

units% of totalunits% of totalunits% of total

911(997)6,839 (17.8%)35.00%5,735 (16.1%)22.65%6,016 (5.0%)20.72%

Boxster&Cayman3,875 (39.4%)19.00%3,499 (9.3%)13.84%3,150 (9.02%)10.86%

Panamera1,2476.33%7,741 (520.8%)30.57%6,879 (11.13%)23.70%

Cayenne7,735 (31.0%)39.27%8,343 (7.9%)32.94%12,978 (55.55%)44.72%

total19,696 (24.3%)25,320 (28.6%)29,023 (15%)

Annual sales 20122014

model2012[43]2013[44]2014

units% of totalunits% of totalunits% of total

9118,52824.34%10,44224.67%

Boxster&Cayman3,3569.58%7,95318.79%

Panamera7,61421.73%5,42112.81%

Cayenne15,54544.36%18,50743.73%

total35,043 (21%)42,323 (17%)

ModelsSee also:Category:Porsche vehiclesandPorsche type numbersThe current Porschemodel rangeincludes sports cars from theBoxsterroadsterto their most famous product, the911. TheCaymanis acoupotherwise similar to the Boxster. TheCayenneis Porsche's mid-size luxurysport utility vehicle(SUV). A high performance luxurysaloon/sedan, thePanamera, was launched in 2009.Note: models inboldare current modelsConsumer models Porsche 911 Carrera S (997), Porsche Cayman (981), Porsche 911 Turbo S (991) and Porsche 911 SC Porsche Boxster Porsche Panamera inGermany Porsche Cayenne inGermany 2015 Porsche Macan Porsche 918 Spyder 356 9114-seatcoupe,targaandcabriolet 911 GT1 Straenversion 912 914 918 Spyder 924 9284-seatgrand tourer 930 944 959 968 964 993 996 997 991 Boxster(986,987,981) 2-seatroadster(Base, S, GTS) Carrera GT Cayman(987,981) 2-seat coupe (Base, S) CayenneSUV MacanSUVCrossover Panamera4-seat sports sedanRacing models 64 360 Cisitalia 550 Spyder 718 787 804 904 906 907 908 909 Bergspyder 910 917 918 RSR 919 hybrid 934 935 936 956 961 962 Porsche-March 89P WSC-95 / LMP1-98 LMP2000(neverraced) RS Spyder (9R6)Prototypes and concept cars

Porsche Boxster concept Porsche 114 Porsche 356/1 Porsche 695(911 prototype) Porsche 901(911 prototype) Porsche 916(flat-6 914) Porsche 942 Porsche 959 Prototype Porsche 969 Porsche 989 Porsche Boxsterconcept Porsche C88 Porsche PanamericanaTractors

Porsche Diesel Super Porsche Type 110 Porsche AP Series Porsche Junior(14hp) Porsche Standard(25hp) Porsche Super(38hp) Porsche Master(50hp) Porsche 312 Porsche 108F Porsche R22Hybrid and electric vehiclesFor details on a Porsche 911-based all-electric car, seeERuf Model A.In 2010 Porsche launched theCayenne S Hybridand announced thePanamera S Hybrid, and launched thePorsche 918hypercar in 2014, which also features a hybrid system. Also a plug-in hybrid model called thePanamera S E-Hybridwas released in October 2013 in the United States,[45][46]and during the fourth quarter of 2013 in several European countries.Porsche developed a prototype electricPorsche Boxstercalled the Boxster E in 2011[47]and a hybrid version of the 911 called the GT3 R Hybrid, developed withWilliams Grand Prix Engineeringin 2010.[48]In July 2014 Porsche announced the launch by the end of 2014 of thePorsche Cayenne S E-Hybridaplug-in hybrid, which will displaced the Cayenne S Hybrid from the line up. The S E-Hybrid will be the first plug-in hybrid in the premiumSUVsegment and will allow Porsche to become the first automaker with three production plug-in hybrid models.[49]Aircraft enginesSeePorsche PFM 3200.MotorsportMain article:Porsche in motorsport

TheMartini Racingblue and green "psychedelic" livery on a 1970 917K. This car raced atWatkins Glenin 1970.Porsche is the most successful brand inmotorsport, scoring a total of more than 28,000 victories, including a record 16 constructor wins at the24 Hours of Le Mans. Porsche is currently the world's largest race car manufacturer. In 2006, Porsche built 195 race cars for various international motor sports events. In 2007, Porsche is expected to construct no fewer than 275 dedicated race cars (7 RS Spyder LMP2 prototypes, 37 GT2 spec 911 GT3-RSRs, and 231 911 GT3 Cup vehicles).[50]Pronunciation of "Porsche"In keeping with the family name of founderFerdinand Porsche, the company's name is pronounced[p]in German, which corresponds to/pr/porsh-in English,[51]homophonouswith the feminine namePortia. However, in English it is often pronounced as a single syllable/pr/porshwithout a final//. InGerman orthography, word-finaleis notsilentbut is instead anunstressedschwa.ReputationIn a survey conducted by theLuxury Institutein New York, Porsche was awarded the title of "the most prestigious automobile brand". 500 households with a gross annual income of at least $200,000 and a net worth of at least $720,000 participated.[52]Porsche won theJ.D. Power and AssociatesInitial Quality Study (IQS) in 2006, 2009, 2010, and 2014.[53]ReliabilityA Canadian study in 2011 revealed that 97.4 percent of Porsches from the last 25 years are still on the road.[54]In 2014, theCaymanandBoxstermade the Consumer Reports list for most reliable vehicles on the road.[55]Porsche's 911 has been officially named by the Technischer berwachungsverein (Technical Inspection Association) as Germany's most reliable car.[56]SUV receptionAccording toCNBC, even an at-the-time questionable foray into the SUV market with the Cayenne in 2003, could not damage Porsche credibility.[57]In 2009,The Timesjournalist Andrew Frankel says on one level, it is the world's best 4x4, on another, it is the cynical exploitation of a glorious brand that risks long-term damage to that brand's very identity in the pursuit of easy money[58]with his verdict being "Great car, if only it wasn't a Porsche".[58]In 2015, US News ranked the Macan as the best luxury compact SUV in its class.[59]See also CTS Car Top Systems List of German cars List of Porsche engines Porsche Club of America Porsche Museum, Stuttgart Porsche type numbers Porsche VIN numbers Companies portal

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Jump up^"January March Porsche tops its record-breaking sales figures for North America in 2007"(Press release). Porsche AG. 3 January 2008. Retrieved17 January2009.39. Jump up^"January March Porsche Reports Decrease in North American Customer Deliveries in the 2008 Calendar Year"(Press release). Porsche AG. 5 January 2009. Retrieved20 August2009.40. Jump up^"Porsche Reports December Sales". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved12 June2011.41. Jump up^"Porsche Press Release". Press.porsche.com. 4 January 2011. Retrieved12 June2011.42. Jump up^"Porsche Press Release". Press.porsche.com. 2 January 2012.43. Jump up^"Porsche Reports Best-Ever Sales in 2012; 21 Percent Increase Over 2011". Press.porsche.com. 14 January 2013. Retrieved27 February2014.44. Jump up^"Porsche Reports Record Sales in 2013; 21 percent increase over 2012". Press.porsche.com. Retrieved27 February2014.45. Jump up^Philippe Crowe (5 September 2013)."Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid Now Available In The US". HybridCars.com. Retrieved5 September2013.46. Jump up^Tom Murphy (7 October 2013)."Sales Boost Expected for Refreshed Panamera".Wards Auto. Retrieved25 October2013.47. Jump up^"Porsche Publicly Debuts its Electric Boxster E, But Its Not For Sale".Car and Driver. 24 May 2011. Retrieved16 September2014.48. Jump up^"PORSCHE 911 GT3R HYBRID".Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited. Retrieved16 September2014.49. Jump up^Porsche Press Release (24 July 2014)."Porsche introducing new plug-in Cayenne S E-Hybrid SUV; third plug-in from Porsche". Green Car Congress. Retrieved27 July2014.50. Jump up^Gary Watkins (7 March 2007)."Warehouse Shopping Inside Porsche's Motorsport Center".AutoWeek. Retrieved17 January2009.51. Jump up^"Porsche and Neanderthal: pronouncing German words in English". German.about.com. 15 September 2008. Retrieved29 April2009.52. Jump up^"Porsche enjoys unsurpassed prestige in US". Porsche AG press release. Retrieved6 April2008.53. 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