population growth and its problem

8/7/2019 Population Growth and Its Problem

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Introduction to the Topic

Population:

In sociology and biology a population is the collection of people or organisms of a

particular species living in a given geographic area or space, usually measured by a

census.

Some sociologists believe that, as of now, the population is growing at such a rate that in

the near future, the planet will no longer be able to support the huge numbers. There are

many different solutions to population growth. The United Nations has chosen to allow

different countries to set a maximum size for families living in that country, (ex: China).

Work in improving socio-economic rights and opportunities for women have also proven

to reduce population growth to a more sustainable level.

The age and gender distribution of a population within a given nation or region is

commonly represented by means of a population pyramid. This is a triangular distribution

with the portions of the population along the horizontal X-axis and the 5-year age groups

(cohorts) along the vertical Z-axis. Male population is shown to the left of the vertical

axis and female to the right.

Showing the age structure of the population in this way allows some broad inferences

about age related mortality rates to be made Nations with low infant mortality and high
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about age related mortality rates to be made Nations with low infant mortality and high

Population Growth:

Population growth is the change in population over time, and can be quantified as thechange in the number of individuals in a population per unit time. The term population

growth can technically refer to any species, but almost always refers to humans, and it is

often used informally for the more specific demographic term population growth rate,

and is often used to refer specifically to the growth of the population of the world.

The world population has grown tremendously over the past two thousand years. In 1999,

the planet's population passed the six billion mark. The current mid-year 2007 world

population is estimated at 6,602,224,175.

Population Growth Rate:

Population growth rate (PGR) is the increase in a countrys population during a period of

time, usually one year, expressed as a percentage of the population at the start of that

period. It reflects the number of births and deaths during the period and the number of

people migrating to and from a country.
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The Population Issue: Marx

Vs.MalthusRevised version of a paper presented at the Pacific Sociological Association Meeting in

Honolulu, April 1971 published in DEN NY VERDEN (Journal of the Institute for

Development Research), Copenhagen, Denmark, December 1973.

It has currently become fashionable to argue that excessive population growth stands in

the way of economic growth and that underdeveloped countries should take measures to

reduce their rates of natural increase. Population growth appears today as the major

factor determining underdevelopment and population control is advocated as the most

urgent and necessary step if development is to be eventually achieved.

Within the context of the developed countries it is argued that their pressing problems

such as urban blight, crime, pollution, environmental deterioration, etc. would have

greater possibilities of being satisfactorily solved if population growth were to be

curtailed.

From a Marxist viewpoint, such "self-evident truths" are but reifications of concrete

historical, social, political, and economic relations, which should be taken into account if

the population issue is to be at all understood. Just as in the 18th century the English

ruling classes fought the impact of the French Revolution with military and ideological

hi h M l h ' "E P l i " h h i


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towards happiness" (Malthus, 1933:5). This cause is "intimately united with the very

nature of man , it is the constant tendency in all animated life to increase beyond the

nourishment prepared for it" (Malthus, 1933:5); "its natural and necessary effects are

very considerable portion of that vice and misery, and of that unequal distribution of the

bounties of nature which it has been the unceasing object of the enlightened

philanthropists in all ages to correct" (Malthus, 1933:5).

Malthus bases his principle of population on a natural law; the tendency of all animated

life to increase beyond the means available for its subsistence. The natural law of

population growth is checked by another natural law; the law of necessity which restrains

that growth within certain boundaries and keeps it down to the level of the means of

subsistence. Within the human species the natural law of necessity operates through

various checks, which fall under two main categories:

a) Preventive checks which control fertility (i.e., moral restraint or marriage

postponement, and vice).

b) Positive checks which increase mortality or the probability of dying (i.e.,

"unwholesome occupations, epidemics, war, plague and famine) (Malthus, 1933:14).

The constant operation of the principle of population brings about the operation of the

law of necessity. The outcome is "much of that poverty and misery observable among

the lower classes of people in every nation, and those reiterated failures in the efforts of

the higher classes to relieve them" (Malthus 1933:1)


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their criticism, in looking at their scientific critical statements it is possible to distinguish

two levels of analysis.

1. At the most general theoretical level Marx and Engels see in Malthus' principle

of population another instance of the way in which bourgeois economists reify

social relations.

Malthus begins "post festum indeed, with the results of the process of capitalist

development before him; i.e., widespread poverty, hunger, unemployment, etc. and,

disregarding the concrete social relations of exploitation and competition which had

produced that hungry and unemployed population, he views it as the outcome of the

operation of inexorable natural laws. He reifies the specific relations of exploitation

which obtained at that time between wage workers and capitalists, and the

Antagonistic relations between the landed and the industrial interests, changing them into

the operation of the natural law of necessity that manifests itself through positive checks

to population growth. Poverty, unwholesome working conditions, hunger, disease,

unemployment, etc. are depicted as the product of the natural law of necessity which in

that way checks the functioning of another natural law; the tendency of all animated life

to reproduce itself beyond the means of subsistence.

2. At a more specific level, Marx's answer to Malthus' principle of population is the

principle of the reserve army of labor or relative surplus population, which he

elaborates in the course of his analysis of the general law of capital accumulation


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between the amounts invested in labor power and the value of the output produced by

labor power. In other words, there would be a reduction or even a disappearance of the

surplus value.

In actual practice, wages tend to rise together with capital accumulation but they never

rise enough to endanger the system itself. For the classical economists and for Malthus in

particular, the mechanism that kept wages equal to the "natural" price of labor power is

embodies in the principle of population. When wages are high, workers over-reproduce

themselves. The consequent population increase produces a supply of labor larger than

the demand and wages fall to their natural price. As this natural price only gives to the

workers a minimum level of subsistence, the only way in which workers can improve

their condition is by controlling their numbers thereby raising the price of labor. Poverty

and unemployment are, therefore, only the result of the workers' natural propensity to

reproduce beyond the available means of subsistence.

Marx rejects the Malthusian solution to the problems created by the contradictions

inherent in the capitalist system. In the process of capital accumulation the composition

of capital does not remain constant; it changes and it is this change which is most

important to understand the effect of capital accumulation and expansion upon the

working population.

From the perspective of its value composition, capital is composed of constant capital

(value of the means of production) and variable capital (value of the labor power) From


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and composition will vary with the concrete needs of capital accumulation within the

context of any given social formation where the capitalist mode of production may

prevail.

The error of Malthus and the classical economists was to focus their analysis of capital

accumulation and its effects upon specific sectors of production instead of looking at the

relationship between total social capital and the total labor force. This perspective leads

them to confuse the laws that regulate that general ratio with the laws which regulate the

allocation of specific sectors of the labor force to specific sectors of production (Marx,

1970:638-639).

Marx's analysis shows that population is the dependent variable. Whenever the reserve

army of labor is relatively depleted and the level of wages tends to rise reducing the rate

of surplus value, the capitalist class will adopt measures (i.e., technological

improvements, foreign investments, etc.) which, while increasing the productivity of

labor and the rate of profit, will render obsolete a number of jobs.


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Distribution of World Population

The world population is the total number ofhumans on Earth at a given time. In July,

2007, the world's population had reached over 6.6 billion. In line with population

projections, this figure continues to grow at rates that were unprecedented before the 20th

century, although the rate of increase has almost halved since its peak, which was reached

in 1963, of 2.2 percent per year.

In 2000, the United Nations estimated that the world's population was growing at the rate

of 1.14% (or about 75 million people) per year. According to data from the CIA's 2005

2006 World Factbooks, the world human population currently increases by 203,800 every

day. 2007 CIA Factbook increased this to 211,090 people every day.

Globally, the populationgrowth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19%

in 1963, but growth remains high in the Middle Eastand Sub-Saharan Africa.

In some countries there is negative population growth (i.e. net decrease in population

over time), especially in Central and Eastern Europe (mainly due to low fertility rates)

and Southern Africa (due to the high number of HIV-related deaths). Within the next

decade, Japan and Western Europe are also expected to encounter negative population

growth due to sub-replacement fertility rates.

This is a list of countries ordered according to population. The list includes sovereign

states and self-governing dependent territories
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6 Pakistan 160,944,000 2.41%

7 Bangladesh 158,665,000 2.38%

8 Nigeria 148,093,000 2.22%

9 Russia 142,499,000 2.14%

10 Japan 127,750,000 June 1, 2007 1.91%

11 Mexico 103,263,388 Oct 17, 2005 1.55%

12 Philippines 88,706,300 July 1, 2007 1.33%

13 Vietnam 87,375,000 1.31%

14 Germany 82,314,900 Dec 31, 2006 1.23%

15 Ethiopia 77,127,000 July 2007 1.16%

16 Egypt 75,498,000 1.13%

17 Turkey 74,877,000 1.12%

18 Iran 71,208,000 1.07%

19France (including overseasFrance)

64,102,140 January 1, 2007 0.96%

20 Thailand 62,828,706 Dec 31, 2006 0.94%

Republic of China

The People's Republic of China is the largest country in East Asia. With over 1.32billion
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economic progress in the last decade. Although the country's standard of living is

projected to rise sharply in the next half-century, it currently battles high levels of

poverty, illiteracy,persistent malnutrition, and environmental degradation. Apluralistic,

multi-lingual, and multi-ethnic society, India is also home to a diversity ofwildlife in a

variety ofprotected habitats.

United States of America

The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states,

one federal district, and fourteen territories. At 3.7 million square miles (9.6 million km)

and with 300 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by

total area and third largest by land area and population. The United States is one of the

world's most ethnically diverse nations, the product of large-scale immigration from

many countries. Its national economy is the world's largest, with a nominal 2006 gross

domestic product (GDP) of more than $13 trillion.

Indonesia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia is a nation in Southeast Asia. With a

population of over 234 million, it is the world's fourth most populous country and the

most populous Muslim-majority nation, although officially it is not an Islamic state.

Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of

wilderness that support the world's second highest level ofbiodiversity. The country is

richly endowed with natural resources yet poverty is a defining feature of contemporary
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Pakistan

Pakistan officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a republic in South Asia, marking

the region where South Asia converges with Central Asia and the Middle East. Pakistan

is the sixth most populous country in the world and is the second most populous country

with a Muslim majority. Pakistan has an estimated population of 169,270,617, as of 2007.

Pakistan has the world's sixth largestpopulation, placing it higher than Russia, and lower

than Brazil. Because of Pakistan's high growth rate, it is expected to surpass Brazil in

population in the year 2020. Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult

because of the apparent differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies

between various surveys related to the fertility rate, but it is likely that the rate of growth

peaked in the 1980s and has since declined significantly. The population was estimated at

162,400,000 on July 1, 2005, with a fertility rate of 34 per thousand, a death rate of 10

per thousand, and the rate of natural increase at 2.4%. Pakistan also has a high infant

mortality rate of 70 per thousand births.

Bangladesh

The People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is surrounded by India

on all sides except for a small border with Myanmarto the far southeast and the Bay of

Bengal, part of the Indian Ocean, to the south. Together with the Indian state of West

Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region ofBengal. Bangladesh is among the most

highly (ranked 7th) and densely (2nd among major countries) populated countries in the
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Problem Tree Analysis

Causes and Effects

1. Religious and Ideological Conservativeness

Allah is the Provider

Basically it is the traditional conviction that children are gift of God and to deny this gift

is really dreadful. Similarly, some so called maulanas and maulvis consider family

planning as a sin. Some other ideologically conserved people mostly in rural areas think

that family planning is vulgarity. Women feel reluctant to go to doctor for family

planning. Men also make it as a matter of their ego to go along with their wives for

certain purposes. They are scared to use advanced medical technologies like

contraception. So ultimately religion is used as lame excuse to serve own interests.

Effects

Shyness and fear to approach doctor and to benefit from medical technology even if

they have any access.

2. Traditional Barriers

Early Marriages


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other entertainment alternatives left for the poverty-ridden common man but to procreate; easy and

cheap to acquire

They are not required to give opinion in bearing number of children. Same inequality is

observed while providing education.

Effects

Economic Effects

Proportion of working adults diminishes because more and more child labor is

taking place which seriously damage the overall economy as well as the image of

nation.

Dependency burden increases because of more children due to decrease in infant

mortality and increase in fertility rates. Senior citizens with improved health,

which decreases their mortality rates.

Unemployment

Immigration

Immigration to other countries for better employment opportunities; brain drain

o Increased illegal immigration to other countries

Health Effects Increased rates of hemorrhagic fevers and other infectious disease brought on by crowding

Malnutrition; starvation; increased rate of diet-deficiency disease (eg rickets)


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Polygamy

Multiple marriages are becoming a trend. People go for marrying more than one

woman despite of their needs just for the purpose of entertainment.

Old age Security

Parents bear more children in order to ensure the security of their future.

Effects

Overall decrease in standard of living

Lack of skilled labor

4. Economic Problems

Agrarian land require more labor Overpopulation is the problem in developing countries. As we know that

developing countries are at agrarian stage and more labor is therefore required to

fulfill the needs.

Effects

Environmental Effects

Pressure on agriculture


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Inadequate fresh water supply (for drinking, sewage treatment, and industrial effluent

discharge)

Global warming due to:

o Changes in atmospheric composition due to pollution

Vertical Housing schemes

Decrease in capacity of roads to carry motor vehicles

5. Demographic Transitions

External Migrations

Refugees that are coming from Afghanistan are increasing in the overall population in

Pakistan

Effects

Environmental effects as already mentioned

6. Psychological Issues

Status Inequality


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Decrease in health standards, due to:

o Higher doctor/patient ratio

Conflict on scarce resources

Elevated crime rates due to unemployment

7. Improvement in technology

Rapid Expansion of Agriculture

The use of technology has made possible the rapid expansion of agriculture in the

LDCs. The use of pesticides in LDCs, for example has increased between 400 to

600% in the last 25 years of the twentieth century. In more recent years, the

technology has produced a broader variety of techniques: new kinds of seed, chemical

fertilizers, pesticides, and more sophisticated machinery.

Improvement in public health

Scientists have learned a great deal about the ways to prevent and cure many types of

disease. Thus, millions of people who would have died of disease a century ago are

more likely to live to old age. The most effective tools in the con-quest of disease

have been improved knowledge about nutrition, vaccinations, better public health

practices and the development of new medicines And finally with the advent of new


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Trunk ProblemUnawareness of the consequences and irrational thinking

Basically this problem is social. Unawareness is the root cause of all other causes. People

give birth to children without considering their resources exceeding their capacity to

support them but are unaware of the aftermath. They are not aware that how not required

children for when the given resources do not meet their basic needs can add in their

misery.

Irrational thinking is basically their reluctance to benefit from medical technology even if

they are accessed to it. As it is also in the causes that religious hard thinkers, which

actually include so called maulanas preach not to do family planning as it is considered to

be a sin.

All the traditional barriers, which include early marriages and gender inequality, are the

result of illogical and irrational thinking.

Unawareness include illiteracy, low nutritional knowledge, reluctance to follow

population policies. Irrational thinking is basically misinterpreting the actual thing into

ridiculous. For example as we have already seen in the cause of religious and ideological

conservativeness.


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Situation of population Growth in

Pakistan

The continued high fertility and rapid growth of population has made Pakistan the sixth

most populous country in the world with a population of 158 million. The population of

Pakistan in 2003 was estimated by the United Nations at 153,578,000, which placed it on

number 6 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In that year approximately

4% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 42% of the population under

15 years of age. There were 105 males for every 100 females in the country in 2003.

According to the UN, the annual population growth rate for 20002005 was 2.44%, with

the projected population for the year 2015 at 204,465,000.

Pakistan is likely to become the worlds fourth most populous country in the year 2050

having a population of 305 million, with the current population growth rate of 2.1 percent

per annum (most populous country by the year 2050)

Over the past decade, there has been a meaningful slowing of population growth rate in

Pakistan. However, the rate is still high and child survivability has improved. Presently

70% of the population is below the age of 30 years old. This demographic transition can


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major reasons for this high rate of infant and child mortality are diarrhea and pneumonia.

Maternal mortality ratio ranges from 350-400 per hundred thousand births per year

leading to about 17,000 newborn babies being born motherless, the figures reveal.

Population growth rate, with estimates taken from the 2006 of Pakistan is 1.84.The high

population growth rate of Pakistan has been adversely affecting its economic growth rate

so far. Normally, when a country becomes rich its population begins contracting. For

example Northern Europe, South Korea, although in the 1960s both started off on a

similar economic base. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have been able to achieve low

population growth rate because of womens education and profitable employment.

In Pakistan, with the inadequacy and poor quality of education with our ghost schools

and ghost teachers and with our indifference to the abuses of child labour which is a

process of earning , we have over 1,800 camel-riding kids left trapped in the Gulf states.

Poverty at this end and good monetary rewards at the other end make the parents agree to

let their little kids ride those racing camels. A large number of them have died in the

process. Yet the cruel game has been going on for long with more kids being dumped in.

Due to rapid growth of population in Pakistan the large population base with its high

annual growth the country has today a large number of uneducated untrained and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth


20/40

We have mostly unskilled manpower, and what is produced in terms of value is small

compared to average Japanese or US workers products. In fact as the population

increases and more food is needed, more and more of the farming areas are converted

into residential colonies and the arable area becomes less and less.

The environmental pollution caused by a large population is excessive, unless the people

are too disciplined. Sewerage disposal over here becomes more and more of a problem.

And now the sea is flowing into the cultivable land in Sindh and reducing the forming

area.

There are too many people everywhere. Over four million people are employed by the

central, provincial and local governments. Their pension bill is enormous and weighs

down on the government as the people live longer than before.

In Pakistan, in 1980-81 the number of women was 40.42 million while that of men was

44.67 million but in 2005 women are 76.36 million and men 77.59 million ,a gap of 1.23

million compared to over four million earlier.

Federal minister for population Chaudhri Shahbaz Hussain says that the population

Planning Department is hiring 13 000 Imams and Khatibs to start a training programme


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However, growth has been uneven and widespread poverty persists, particularly in the

rural areas, where two thirds of the population lives. Pakistan ranks 134th of the 173

countries on the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Index

(Human Development Report, 1998). At least 35 million people live in abject poverty

and public access to health, education, clean water, sanitation and family planning

remains low.

Alarming increase in population, there was an average of 5,000 cubic meters of water for

each person in 1947 but now the ratio had decreased to 1,000 cubic meters. Pakistan's

extremely high rate of population growth is caused by a falling death rate combined with

a continuing high birth rate. Pakistan's cities are expanding much faster than the overall

population. At independence in 1947, many refugees from India settled in urban areas.

The presence of large numbers Afghan refugees has had a large impact on the

demographics of Pakistan. The influx of refugees has had profound social consequences,

and the population of desert areas has also had an effect on the environment. Initially,

Pakistanis wanted to help their neighbors in a time of need, but difficulties slowly led

many to think that their friendship had gone far enough. And this rapid population growth

is affecting our country in a very negative way.

Pakistan Population Distribution and Density

Pakistan's people are not evenly distributed throughout the country. There is an average


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is one of the few countries in the world with an inverse sex ratio: official sources claim

there are 111 men for every 100 women. The discrepancy is particularly obvious among

people over fifty: men account for 7.1 percent of the country's total population and

women for less than 5 percent.

Index of Pakistan population


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Population Policy of Pakistan

In 1952 the Family Planning Association of Pakistan, initiated efforts to contain

population growth. Three years later, the government began to fund the association and

noted the need to reduce population growth in its First Five-Year Plan (1955-60). The

government soon combined its population planning efforts in hospitals and clinics into a

single program. Thus population planning was a dual effort led by the Family Planning

Association and the public sector.

In the mid-1960s, the Ministry of Health initiated a program in which intrauterine

devices (IUDs) were promoted. Payments were offered to hospitals and clinics as

incentives, and midwives were trained to treat patients. The government was able to

attract funding from many international donors, but the program lost support because the

targets were overly ambitious and because doctors and clinics allegedly over reported

their services to claim incentive payments.

The population planning program was suspended and substantively reorganized after the

fall of Mohammad Ayub Khan's government in 1969. In late December 1971, the

population was estimated at 65.2 million. In an attempt to control the population problem,

the government introduced several new programs. First, the Continuous Motivation

System Programme, which employed young urban women to visit rural areas, was

initiated In 1975 the Inundation Programme was added Based on the premise that


24/40

multifaceted community-based "cafeteria" approach, in cooperation with Family Welfare

Centres (essentially clinics) and Reproductive Health Centres (mostly engaged in

sterilizations). Community participation had finally become a cornerstone of the

government's policy, and it was hoped that contraceptive use would rise dramatically.

The population by 1980 had exceeded 84 million.

In preparing the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1983-88), the government projected a national

population of 147 million in the year 2000 if the growth rate were to be a constant at 2.8

percent per year, and of 134 million if the rate were to decline to the desired 2.1 percent

per year by then. By the Seventh Five-Year Plan (1988-93) period, the multipronged

approach initiated in the 1980s had increased international donor assistance and had

begun to enlist local NGOs. Efforts to improve maternal and child health were coupled

with education campaigns. Because of local mores concerning modesty, the government

avoided explicit reference to contraceptive devices and instead focused its public

education efforts on encouraging couples to limit their family size to two children.\

Pakistans new National Population Policy is consistent with ICPD objectives, focused on

national needs, seeks to incorporate population concerns into relevant development

strategies & plans and has integrated factors amongst others, relating to family planning

quality care, empowerment of women and improvement in service delivery.

The Population Policy addresses population issue centering on meeting the needs of


25/40

Based on demographic realities, to be effective the policy addresses the following three

objectives:

Reduction in rate & incidence of unwanted fertility.

Reduction in demand for large family size.

Greater investment in the youthful population

Focus on male involvement

The policy also recognizes that Pakistan is faced with its ever-largest adolescent

population. It has serious immediate implications for provision of schooling and health

services. Providing adequate jobs for this cohort is going to depend on both the successes

of economic revival program and reduction in fertility level.

The Policy proposes that concurrent with keeping a vigilant eye on the stabilization ofpopulation growth a paradigm shift be made towards arresting the falling quality of life

standard, achieving low fertility desire through client centered quality services. It strives

for completion of the demographic transition which through decreasing fertility will

substantially contribute to the nations much needed economic revival. The overall vision

of the Policy is to address various dimensions of population issues in an informed,

voluntary and coordinated manner by Government, NGOs, private sector and civil

society.


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the population issue and expression of which is that the Population Policy under

reference, is the first ever to be formulated, it has stakeholder ownership and is under

submission to Cabinet for approval.

Population Sector Objectives and Goals

Goals

Decrease the population growth rate from 2.1% in 2001 to 1.82% in 2004 and

1.6% by the 2012.

Achieve a replacement level of fertility by the year 2020.

Increase pace of fertility decline. Increase contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR)

from existing 30% to 43% in 2004 to 57% in 2012.

Sustain increase in age of marriage of girls and ensuring a reduction in population

momentum through a delay in marriage and birth spacing patterns which shouldreduce proportion of under 15 population from current 40 per cent to 30 per cent.

Increase programme coverage from 65% in 2001 to 76% in 2004 and 100 percent

by the year 2010.

Objectives

Encourage males as partners in the programme and promote responsible

fatherhood.


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No. Indicators 2001

(Benchmark)

2002 2003 2004 2012

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(i) Total FertilityRate (TFR)

4.6 4.2 3.9 3.6 2.8

(ii) Crude BirthRate (CBR)

30.2 28.7 27.3 26 22.8

(iii) Crude DeathRate (CDR) 8.5 8.2 8 7.8 6.3

(iv) PopulationGrowth Rate(PGR)

2.17 2.05 1.93 1.82 1.6

(v) LifeExpectancyat Birth

Total:MaleFemale

62.962.9

62.9

63.463.4

63.4

63.963.9

63.9

64.464.4

64.4

68.769.1

68.3

(vi) ContraceptivePrevalenceRate (CPR)

30 34 37 40 53


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Issues and Strategies


29/40

Issues Objective/Goal Strategies

Low Coverage

High unmet need forfamily planning33%

Increase programme

coverage from 65%in 2001 to 76% in2004 and 100percent by the year2010.

Encourage males aspartners in theprogramme and

promote responsiblefatherhood.

Merge existingvertical MOPW andMOH familyplanning grass rootfemale cadre fordoors step coverage

of unmet need. All service outlets of

Health Departments,Provincial LineDepartment willoffer familyplanning.

Improve governanceof populationwelfare programme.

Improve efficiency

through mergedcadre of FamilyHealth Workerslocated in MOH.Family Planning inPHC projectperformance to bemeasured against

PIs. Improve status of

women by creatinglinkages betweenpoverty, familysecurity and lifespan health care.

Increase and

strengthen malecadre of motivatorsfrom District toUnion Council levelto close gap offemale directedprogramme.

Family PlanningReferrals throughvolunteer familyplanning male and


30/40

Government of Pakistan has formulated many policies regarding to control the population

growth in Pakistan through many programs at national level. In which Family plannings

different versions of strategies are on the screen. Government of Pakistan has also

involved the NGOs in this mission as well, and they are also busy in implementation by

using several effective tools and instruments. But due to many factors, many policies are

formulated and get vanished without being implemented. The most prominent factors are;

Illiteracy

Low access to the sources

Corruption

Old and fake traditions (rural areas especially)

Poverty

Weak status of Women

Male dominance

Molvis and Sufis self created Islamic Lectures

Unstable Governmental Conditions

Due to all these and other hidden factors, every policy is being prepared both by the

Government and semi-Government agencies, but without implementation they got

disappeared from the surface Only few polices are supposed to be implemented in urban


31/40

To formulate National Population Policy.

To hold periodic reviews of implementation of policy/programmed with a view to

measure progress and identify major hurdles and constraints in the realization of

policy/programmed objectives.

To ensure coordination between the federal and provincial governments in the

attainment of these objectives.

To act as a think tank and advisory body for the Federal Cabinet as well as

Provincial Governments.

Similarly Provincial Population Council to be set up and will be headed by

Governors/Chief Ministers.


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References

http://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_planning_~10377.html

http://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_distribut~10376.html

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_

pop.html#Past

http://www.photius.com/rankings/world2050_rank.html
http://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_planning_~10377.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_planning_~10377.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_distribut~10376.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_distribut~10376.htmlhttp://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html#Pasthttp://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html#Pasthttp://www.photius.com/rankings/world2050_rank.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_planning_~10377.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_planning_~10377.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_distribut~10376.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/society/pakistan_society_population_distribut~10376.htmlhttp://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html#Pasthttp://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html#Pasthttp://www.photius.com/rankings/world2050_rank.html


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Appendix


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Projected Population

Rank 2015 2025 2050World 7,207,361 7,936,741 9,322,251

1 India 1,230,484 1,351,801 1,572,055

2 China 1,410,217 1,470,787 1,462,058

3 United States of America 321,225 346,822 397,063

4 Pakistan 204,267 250,981 344,170

5 Indonesia 250,068 272,911 311,335

6 Nigeria 165,313 202,957 278,7887 Bangladesh 183,159 210,823 265,432

8 Brazil 201,393 218,980 247,244

9 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 84,045 114,876 203,527

10 Ethiopia 89,765 113,418 186,452

11 Mexico 119,175 130,194 146,651

12 Philippines 95,881 107,073 128,383

13 Vietnam 94,413 105,488 123,78214 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 87,103 99,343 121,424

15 Egypt 84,425 94,777 113,840

16 Japan 127,522 123,798 109,220

17 Russian Federation 133,314 125,687 104,258

18 Yemen 33,118 48,206 102,379

19 Uganda 38,739 53,765 101,524

20 Turkey 79,004 86,611 98,818

21 Unites republic of Tanzania 49,343 60,395 82,740

22 Thailand 72,490 77,480 82,491

23 Afghanistan 35 577 45 193 72 267
http://workmall.com/wfb2001/india/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/china/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/united_states/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/pakistan/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/indonesia/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/nigeria/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/bangladesh/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/brazil/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/congo_democratic_republic_of_the/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/mexico/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/philippines/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/vietnam/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/iran/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/egypt/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/japan/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/russia/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/yemen/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/uganda/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkey/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/tanzania/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/thailand/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/afghanistan/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/india/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/china/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/united_states/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/pakistan/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/indonesia/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/nigeria/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/bangladesh/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/brazil/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/congo_democratic_republic_of_the/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/mexico/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/philippines/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/vietnam/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/iran/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/egypt/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/japan/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/russia/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/yemen/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/uganda/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkey/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/tanzania/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/thailand/http://workmall.com/wfb2001/afghanistan/


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40 South Africa 44,616 43,772 47,301

41 Madagascar 24,072 30,759 47,030

42 Burkina Faso 18,509 25,227 46,30443 Italy 55,239 52,364 42,962

44 Venezuela 30,554 34,775 42,152

45 Peru 31,876 35,518 42,122

46 Mali 17,657 23,461 41,724

47 Somalia 15,405 21,192 40,936

48 Uzbekistan 30,554 34,203 40,513

49 Canada 34,419 36,717 40,40750 Ghana 26,378 30,936 40,056

51 Mozambique 23,526 28,012 38,837

52 Malaysia 27,911 31,326 37,850

53 Syrian Arab Republic 23,206 27,410 36,345

54 Poland 38,035 37,254 33,370

55 Cameroon 20,226 23,986 32,284

56 Cte d'Ivoire 21,529 25,024 32,18557 Spain 39,018 37,395 31,282

58 Malawi 15,656 19,544 31,114

59 Ukraine 43,335 39,569 29,959

60 Cambodia 18,585 22,310 29,883

61 Zambia 14,796 19,026 29,262

62 Dem. People's Rep. of Korea 24,396 25,872 28,038

63 Chad 12,376 16,383 27,732

64 Guatemala 16,329 19,624 26,551

65 Australia 1 21,910 23,523 26,502

66 Zimbabwe 16 368 18 672 23 546
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83 Paraguay 7,773 9,355 12,565

84 Togo 6,576 8,219 11,832

85 Occupied Palestinian Terr. 5,317 7,145 11,82186 Jordan 7,191 8,666 11,709

87 Nicaragua 7,216 8,606 11,477

88 Lao Peoples's Dem. Republic 7,334 8,721 11,438

89 Papua New Guinea 6,642 8,023 10,980

90 El Salvador 7,979 8,975 10,855

91 Cuba 11,644 11,733 10,764

92 Congo 4,730 6,284 10,74493 Israel 7,714 8,486 10,065

94 Eritrea 5,720 7,063 10,028

95 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 7,058 7,972 9,969

96 Tajikistan 7,097 8,066 9,763

97 China,Hong kong SAR 2 8,025 8,678 9,648

98 Belgium 10,272 10,205 9,583

99 Yugoslavia 10,309 10,044 9,030100 Portugal 10,030 9,831 9,006

101 Greece 10,472 10,149 8,983

102 Azerbaijan 8,725 9,076 8,897

103 Oman 4,110 5,411 8,751

104 Czech Republic 10,028 9,727 8,429

105 Turkmenistan 6,059 6,844 8,401

106 Belarus 9,664 9,335 8,305

107 Central African Republic 4,877 5,886 8,195

108 Sweden 8,625 8,518 7,777

109 Kyrgyzstan 5 836 6 460 7 538
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123 Bulgaria 6,816 6,125 4,531

124 New Zealand 4,141 4,302 4,439

125 Panama 3,451 3,779 4,262126 Uruguay 3,670 3,871 4,249

127 Croatia 4,622 4,519 4,179

128 Mongolia 3,085 3,478 4,146

129 Kuwait 2,766 3,219 4,001

130 Albania 3,439 3,676 3,905

131 Jamaica 2,957 3,264 3,815

132 United Arab Emirates 3,230 3,468 3,709133 Namibia 2,313 2,776 3,662

134 Republic of Moldova 4,152 4,052 3,577

135 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,279 4,165 3,458

136 Guinea-Bissau 1,727 2,170 3,276

137 Georgia 4,775 4,377 3,219

138 Gabon 1,757 2,178 3,164

139 Armenia 3,808 3,736 3,150140 Lithuania 3,538 3,418 2,989

141 Gambia 1,781 2,077 2,605

142 Lesotho 2,141 2,225 2,478

143 Botswana 1,694 1,826 2,109

144 Comoros 1,067 1,327 1,900

145 TFYR Macedonia 8 2,075 2,067 1,894

146 Latvia 2,225 2,090 1,744

147 Slovenia 1,926 1,847 1,527

148 Solomon Islands 719 943 1,458

149 Mauritius 1 301 1 374 1 426
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38/40

166 Guyana 749 703 504

167 French Guiana 255 326 503

168 Guadeloupe 471 487 479169 Vanuatu 282 342 462

170 Bahamas 359 393 449

171 Suriname 437 442 418

172 Martinique 410 421 413

173 Malta 411 418 400

174 New Caledonia 178 316 397

175 Belize 287 324 392176 French Polynesia 288 318 372

177 Iceland 305 319 333

178 Guam 209 242 307

179 Sao Tome and Principe 178 208 294

180 Micronesia (Fed. state of) 172 204 269

181 Barbados 281 285 263

182 Netherlands Antilles 242 255 259183 Aruba 157 194 242

184 Samoa 179 200 223

185 Northern Mariana Islands 124 157 216

186 Andorra 146 181 193

187 Saint Lucia 169 179 189

188 American Samoa 104 129 172

189 United States Virgin Islands 140 151 167

190 Seychelles 97 110 145

191 Kiribati 100 112 138

192 Saint Vincent and Grenadines 123 129 138
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39/40

209 Saint Kitts and Nevis 35 34 34

210 San Marino 31 32 30

211 Cook Islands 22 23 27212 Nauru 17 20 26

213 Anguilla 16 19 23

214 Gibraltar 26 25 21

215 Wallis and Futuna Islands 16 17 19

216 Tuvalu 12 14 16

217 Montserrat 6 7 11

218 Saint Helena 7 7 8 10219 Saint Pierre and Miqueleon 8 8 9

220 Falkland Islands 3 3 4

221 Niue 2 2 2

222 Holy See 4 1 1 1

223 Tokelau 1 1 1

224 Pitcairn 6 0 0 0

225 Dominican Republic N/A N/A N/A226 East Timor N/A N/A N/A

227 Ecuador N/A N/A N/A
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40/40

Unawareness of theconsequences andirrational thinking

Shyness and fear toapproach doctor

Traditional Barriers

Early Marriages

Desire for a male child

Gender Inequality

Immigration

Health Effects

Social Problems

Polygamy

Old age Security

Overall decrease in standard

of living

Lack of skilled labor

Economic Problems

Agrarian land require more labor

the problem in developing countries

Pressure on agriculture

Deforestation/Desertification

Vertical Housing schemesDecrease in capacity of roads to

carry motor vehicles

Demographic Transitions

External Migrations

Psychological Issues

Status Inequality

Fear of Infant mortality increases

fertility rates.

Improvement in technology

Rapid Expansion of Agriculture

Improvement in public health

Decrease in education level, due to

Decrease in health standards, due to

Religious and Ideological

Conservativeness

Allah is the Provider

40

population growth and its problem

Documents