population ecology chapter 52. population - group of individuals living in same area at same time....
TRANSCRIPT
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Population Ecology
Chapter 52
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• Population - group of individuals living in same area at same time.
• Population density - # of individuals per unit area.
• Population dispersion - arrangement of population in area.
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• Dispersion patterns happen 3 ways.• 1Clumped dispersion - individuals in
groups.• 2Uniform dispersion – individuals
evenly spaced out.• 3Random dispersion - individuals
live regardless of where other individuals live.
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CLUMPED
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UNIFORM
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RANDOM
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• Demography - study of statistics of a population.
• Life tables - show summary of specific ages of population and survival rates.
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• Survivorship curve - can see how many individuals are alive at specific ages.
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• Reproductive tables - reproductive rates at various ages.
• Focus only on females and not males in these tables.
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• Life history - traits that affect organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival.
• 1Big-bang reproduction (produce large number of offspring sometimes followed by the organism’s death)
• Known as semelparity.
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The agave plant
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• 2Repeated reproductive episode - organism produces smaller numbers of offspring.
• This is also known as iteroparity.
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• Change in population - # of births minus # of deaths during that same time.
• Equation : N/t = r; r= difference between birth and death rates, N= change in population size, and t= change in time.
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• Limitations on population growth due to resources.
• K = carrying capacity.• Carrying capacity – max # of
individuals an area can handle based on resources.
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• Logistic population growth model - incorporates affect of population density on rate of increase.
• Carrying capacity cannot be exceeded - graph is S-shaped.
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Carrying capacity equals change in population size
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Cannot exceed carrying capacity
Carrying capacity
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• Life histories - predict how population will reproduce.
• 1K-selection - live and reproduce around K.
• 2r-selection - high rates of reproduction, but live in environments where populations are well below K.
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• 2 factors determine the growth of a population.
• 1Density-dependent factors increase their effect as density increases (negative feedback)
• 2Density-independent factors - not affected by density increase.
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• Negative feedback - caused by several different factors.
• One - resources (force populations to stop reproducing if conditions are crowded)
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As # of planted seeds increase,# reproducing decreases
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• Competition for resources can force decreased reproduction rates.
• Need to defend space can reduce population size.
• Predation can decrease the size.
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• Human population has been steadily growing since 1650.
• Zero transition growth # of births = # of deaths.
• Only way to steady out population growth.
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• One of the difficulties with population growth is looking at the distribution of ages.
• The problem is that the carrying capacity of Earth has not been determined.
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GECJcW2Ifm4