Polymer

large

molecules

atoms

Synthetic Macromolecules

Natural Macromolecules

thousand

types

Man-made

example

plasticsnature

proteins

nylon

Organic

fats

Carbohydrategiant

ORGANIC MACROMOELCULES

Are giant molecules containing thousands of atoms

There are two types of macromolecules(polymer)

•Synthetic Macromolecules are man-madepolymer for example plastics, trylene and nylon

•Natural Macromolecules- They exist in nature

For example proteins, fats and carbohydrates

At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to• define a monomer, polymer and the process of polymerisation

•describe macromolecules in terms of large molecules built from small units

• draw the structure of polymer from a given alkene eg Polyethene

• draw other types of polymer such as PVC Polystyrene and Teflon

MACROMOLECULES

ADDITION

POLYMERISATION

CONDENSATION

POLYMERISATION

SYNTHETIC

POLYMER

NATURAL

POLYMER

USES USES USES

POLYMERISATION

MONOMERS

MACROMOLECULE

Polymerisation is the process of joining together a large number of small molecules in a form of a chain

A Monomer is the small molecules which is one link of the chain of the molecules

A polymer is the long chain of molecules

Addition polymerisation is a process whereby monomers of the same kind link to form a long chain molecules without any gain or loss of material

C C=H

H

H

HC CH

H

H

H

Ethene -double bond breaks up, two single bonds are available for bonding with other ethene molecules

C CH

H

H

HC CH

H

H

HC CH

H

H

HC CH

H

H

H

C CH

H

H

HC CH

H

H

HC CH

H

H

HC CH

H

H

H

These units link up to form POLYETHENE

1. Plastics bags, sheets, film

2. Plastics bottles, buckets, containers

3. Insulating covering for telephone cables

1. Light, easily moulded

2. Non-electric conductor

PolyVinylChloride PVC

C C=H

H

H

Cl

C C=

C C=H

H

H

ClC C=H

H

H

Cl

--->Double bond open up

Monomer

Vinyl Chloride

Monochloroethene

C CH

H

H

ClC CH

H

H

ClC CH

H

H

ClC CH

H

H

Cl

PolyVinylChloride PVC

1. Making water pipes

2. Insulating material

3. Waterproof materials eg raincoat

1. Prevent rust

2. Non-electric conductor

3. Waterproof

POLYSTYRENE

C C=H

H

H

C6H5

C C= --->Double bond open up

Monomer

Styrene

POLYSTYRENE

C C=H

H

H

C6H5

C C=H

H

H

C6H5

C CH

H

H

C6H5

C CH

H

H

C6H5

C CH

H

H

C6H5

1. Making medicine bottles

2. Making foams used in ceiling tiles and packaging

1. Light, unbreakable

2. Heat insulator, protect fragile apparatus

TEFLON

C C=F

F

F

F

C C= --->Double bond open up

Monomer

Tetrafluoroethene

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHENE PTFE

C C=F

F

F

FC C=F

F

F

F

C CF

F

F

FC CF

F

F

FC CF

F

F

FC CF

F

F

F

1. Non-stick saucepans

2. As lubricant

1. Non-stick surface, not affected by heat

2. Slippery surface

Condensation polymerisation is a process two or more different types of monomers link to form a long chain polymer with elimination a small molecule such as water

The monomers are Di-carboxylic and ethane 1, 2 diol

H C6H4CO

O HC

O

O + C2H4 O HOH

Di-Carboxylic acid Ethane 1,2 diol

H2O

C2H4OCO

C6H4C

O

O C6H4CO

OC

O

O

Ester Linkage

TERYLENE

H C6H4NN

HN

HH C6H4

CO

O HCO

O

NYLON

1, 6 Hexane diamine 1, 6 Hexane dioic acid

C6H4CO

C

O

C6H4NH

N

HC6H4

CN

N

H

H2O

Amide Linkage

Terylene

1. As fibres for manufacture of clothing

2. Car safety belt

3. Yatch sails, climbing ropes

1. Dry rapidly, long lasting

2. Strong

3. Non-rotting

Nylon

1. As fibres for use in ropes, stockings, shirts and other clothing

2. Replace steel parts in machines eg wheel bearing

1. Strong, light, great tensile strength

2. Smooth, hard and strong