political geography by: graham d. and nitzan f.. political geography the study of the political...
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Political Geography
By: Graham D.And
Nitzan F.
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Political Geography
The study of the political organization
of the world.
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How Is Space Politically Organized Into States and
Nations?
• State- a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government • To officially become a state, it must
be recognized by other states
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Territoriality
• Robert Sack defines territoriality as “the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, relationships, and phenomena, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area
• Sack sees human territoriality as a key ingredient in the construction of both social and political spaces
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Territoriality
• Robert Audrey argued that human territoriality is analogous to the instinct in animals to control and defend territory
• Sack argued back that human territoriality takes many different forms, depending on the social and geographical context, and should not be compared to animal instinct
• Sovereignty- A principle relationship of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states.
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Nations-State
• Nation- as a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals
• Nation-State: a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same area
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Multistate Nations, Multinational States, and Stateless Nations
• Multination State- A state with more than one nation within its borders
• Multistate Nation- When a nation stretches across borders and across states
• Stateless Nation- Nations that do not have a state
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Construction of the Capitalist World Economy
• Wallerstein defines world-system theory in 3 tenants.
1.The world economy has one market and a global division of labor.
2.Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the contexts of the world economy
3.The world economy has a 3-tier structure
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How Do States Spatially Organize Their Governments?
• Centripetal Forces- Forces that unify people together and attract them to certain places
• Centrifugal Forces- Forces that divide people and/or push them out of countries
• Government tend to focus on the forces that would benefit them the most.
• Ex. India and China would focus on centrifugal forces because of it’s overpopulation
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Form of Government
• Federal System- A system in which state territories are divided into regions, substates, provinces, or cantons.
• Unitary System- A system with one, all-powerful government
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Electoral College• Territorial Representation- A region picks a
person to represent them in governmental decision making
• Reapportionment- the process by which districts are moved according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same amount of people.
• Gerrymandering- A form of redistribution in which electoral districts or constituency boundaries are deliberately modified for electoral advantage
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Why Are Boundaries Established, And Why Do Boundaries Disputes Occur?• Boundary- A vertical plane that cuts through
the rocks below and airspace above, dividing one state territories from another
Types of boundaries• Geometric Boundaries- Boundaries defined by
latitudinal and longitudinal lines• Physical-political: Boundaries that follow an
agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape
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FIN
Any questions???