Political Geography Definitions and numbersThe evolving concept of stateBoundaries and shapesHistory of boundariesUSAOTHERSBoundaries within statesGerrymanderingState cooperationPolitical Geography and terrorism*

First wave (1500-1825) focused on the AmericasSecond wave (1825-1950) focused Africa and AsiaDECOLONIZATION

** way between Hispaniola and Cape Verde Islands

Latin American Independence**

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Colonial Possessions, 1914

POST WWI DIVISIONS

Southwest Asia Independence**

Colonial Possessions, 1914

1500-1800s

Colonial Possessions, 1914

NEW??**

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Colonial Possessions, 1914

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Africas Independence*

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Colonial Possessions 2006

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POST WWI DIVISIONS

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYETHNIC GROUPS

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Political Geography Definitions and numbersThe evolving concept of stateBoundaries and shapesHistory of boundariesUSAOTHERSBoundaries within statesGerrymanderingState cooperationPolitical Geography and terrorism*

GOVERNING FORMSFEDERALUNITARY

Nigerias Federal Government Allows states within the state to determine whether to have Sharia LawsSharia Laws Legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws

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Electoral College Votes**

Political Geography Definitions and numbersThe evolving concept of stateBoundaries and shapesHistory of boundariesUSAOTHERSBoundaries within statesGerrymanderingState cooperationPolitical Geography and terrorism*

Federal States and Electoral Geography*

GerrymanderingWasted Vote Excess vote Staked vote*

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Political Geography Definitions and numbersThe evolving concept of stateBoundaries and shapesHistory of boundariesUSAOTHERSBoundaries within statesGerrymanderingState cooperationPolitical Geography and terrorism*

Supranational political bodies

North Atlantic Treaty Organization*

The Organization Of American States*

African Union*

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

European Union!*

identitieseconomics

**LEAGUE OF NATIONS

UNITED NATIONS*

United Nations Members

Political Geography Definitions and numbersThe evolving concept of stateBoundaries and shapesHistory of boundariesUSAOTHERSBoundaries within statesGerrymanderingState cooperationGeography of terrorism*

Political Geography and Terrorism*

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Political Geography Definitions and numbersThe evolving concept of stateBoundaries and shapesHistory of boundariesUSAOTHERSBoundaries within statesGerrymanderingState cooperationPolitical Geography and terrorismIRAQ SOLUTIONS*

Differences in the Middle East*

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*********GEOPOLITICAL CHANGE.

At the onset of European colonialism before 1700, much of South Asia was dominated by the powerful Mughal Empire. Under Britain, the wealthiest parts of the region were ruled directly, but other lands remained under the partial authority of indigenous rulers. Independence for the region came after 1947, when the British abandoned their extensive colonial territory. Bangladesh, which was formerly East Pakistan, gained its independence in 1971 after a short struggle against centralized Pakistani rule from the west.

**** COLONIAL SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Caption: With the exception of Thailand, all of Southeast Asia was under Western colonial rule by the early 1900s. The Netherlands had the largest empire in the region, covering the territory that was later to become Indonesia. France maintained a large colonial realm in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, as did Britain in Burma and Malaysia (including Singapore and Brunei). The Philippines was initially colonized by Spain but passed to the control of the United States in 1898.

Keywords: Southeast Asia, geopolitics, political geography, borders, boundary, boundaries, empires, colonies, colony, colonialism, imperialism, Europe**Figure: 6-31

Title: EARLY SUB-SAHARAN STATES AND EMPIRES.

Caption: Lost in the current political boundaries of Sub-Saharan Africa are the many African states and empires that existed long before Europeans advanced their territorial claims in the region. Most African kingdoms ceased to exist by 1900, but several, such as Buganda (in Uganda) and Abyssinia (Ethiopia), existed well into the mid-20th century. (From Aryeetey-Attoh, 1997, Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, p. 63; and Stock, 1995, Africa South of the Sahara, New York: Guilford Press, p. 62)

Keywords: Sub-Saharan Africa, geopolitics, political geography, borders, boundary, boundaries, empiresEuropean interest in Africa began with the Portuguese in the late 1400s desiring resources and trade opportunities. European colonialism took a long time to establish control in Africa and for many years only the coastal locations and trading posts were under European domination. The European toponyms for coastal locations give some clue as to the importance of these places (e.g. Ivory Coast, Gold Coastnow Ghana, and Slave CoastNigeria and Benin). One of the reasons for European reluctance to move inland were the numerous infectious tropical diseases. Also, various African groups resisted the European push into the interior.The real scramble for Africa occurred after 1850 as Europeans began to consolidate their control over territories and to compete with one another for areas and resources. This was also the time of great European explorations into the unknown interior of Africa. All of this culminated in the Berlin Conference in which several European states met to carve up all of Africa into various spheres of influence. Much intrigue and political wrangling went into the process. At the end of the conference, Africa had been politically subdivided by the European powers although 80% of Africa was stilled ruled locally. During the following 20 years readjustments and consolidations took place. By the beginning of World War I in 1914, virtually all of Africa was under colonial administration.Independence for most states did not take place until the 1950s and 1960s. The pace of independence was fairly rapid. In some locations it was peaceful while in others it was violent. Portugal did not give up its possessions of Angola and Mozambique until the 1970s and much violence followed. Namibia did not gain full independence until the 1990s as it was effectively a colony of another African stateSouth Africa.The impacts of colonialism and the Berlin Conference are still evident today. The boundaries of the modern states is a relict of the Berlin Conference. During the colonial period economies were reoriented along with trade routes. Additionally, European political, economic, social, and cultural systems were introduced.

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Title: MULTICULTURAL IRAQ.

Caption: Iraq's complex colonial origins produced a state with varying ethnic characteristics. Shiites dominate south of Baghdad, Sunnis hold sway in the western triangle zone, and Kurds are most numerous in the north near oil-rich Kirkuk and Mosul.

Keywords: Southwest Asia and North Africa, Middle East, geopolitics, political geography, borders, boundary, boundaries, wars, Kurds, religions, Islam, Sunnis, Shiites, United States, North America, ethnicity, ethnicities**************************