polish higher education system university of warsaw
TRANSCRIPT
Polish Higher Education System
University of Warsaw
Rapid growth of HE sector social and economic changes
recognition of the impact of education on well-being and position in the society
development of private HEIs extension of educational offer by public HEIs
new rules for financing HEIs: allocation of public funds strongly dependent on the number of students
• paid studies to counteract budget cuts• higher admission limits to non-paid studies
Act on Higher Education (1990)Act of 27 July 2005, Law on Higher Education
Changes in Polish HE after 1989
Primary and secondary education in Poland
Primary school
6 years
Gymnasium 3 years
General lyceum
3 years
Specializ. lyceum
3 years
Technical school
4 years
Vocational school
2-3 years
Complementary lyceum
Complementary technical school
Maturity examination – maturity certificate
Post-secondary school
1-2.5 yearsHIGHER
EDUCATION
Higher education in Poland
Post-diploma studies1-2 years
PhD studies
3-5 years
Uniform Master level courses
5-6 yearsFirst cycle (BA-level courses) 3-4
years
Second cycle (MA-level courses)
2 years
Polish HEIs & number of students
HEIs
112
106 130(29%)
318(71%)
448
1990/91 2007/08
public
private
source: Central Statistical Office, 2009
students [in thousands]
404
661(34.1%)
1937
1990/91 2007/08
1276(65.9%)
• statutes• organisational structure• study programmes*• academic regulations
guaranteed by the Polish Constitution “Higher education institutions are provided with autonomy ...”
• election of authorities (rectors, deans, ...)• employment - policy & individual decisions• enrolment limits & admission procedures • curricula (must comply with „standards” set by ministry)• allocation of funds received from ministry• tuition fees for paid study programmes
*list of programme names (fields of study) is defined by ministry
for „small” HEIs, to be approved by
ministry
Autonomy of HEIs
basic form of studies: 2-cycle system (from 2007)long Master programmes – only in a few selected fields
PhD-level education – 3rd cycle fewer restrictions in introducing interdisciplinary
degree programmes and programmes in new fields more flexibility in defining curricula
more „output-oriented” and less restrictive „standards”
credit transfer and accumulation – obligatory part of academic regulations at HEIs
obligatory ECTS & Diploma Supplement
2005 - Law on Higher Education (1) Bologna process in Poland
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION degree programmes or individual courses can
„normally” be taught in foreign languages degree programmes can be offered jointly by
two or more HEIs, including international HEIsjoint diplomas – left for regulation by Minister
Polish HEIs can establish their units abroad & foreign HEIs can establish their units in Poland
subject to approval by ministry
simplified procedures for hiring academic staff from abroad
2005 - Law on Higher Education (2)
State level: Students Parliament• opinion on any state-level decision (incl. proposed legal acts)
concerning students• representatives in Council for Higher Education • representative in Presidium of State Accreditation Committee
HEI (faculty) level: students self-government 20% of members of senate (faculty council) & rector (dean)
election committees• opinion on any senate/rector (faculty council/dean) decision
concerning students• should approve academic regulations adopted by senate• must approve a candidate for vice-rector (vice-dean)
responsible for student affairs• allocation of financial aid: rules & individual decisions• participation in periodic evaluation of academic staff
Participation of students in decision-making process
focus on lifelong learning (non-traditional students)
various age (mostly adult) different educational needs and capabilities
wrong distribution of graduates with regard to their field of study
„saturation” of HE system with traditional students
demographic changes
Need for Lifelong Learning (LLL)
Percentage of population aged 25-64 participating in education and trainingin the four weeks prior to the survey, 2000-2006
Source: Delivering lifelong learning for knowledge, creativity and innovation,
European Commission, COM(2007) 703, Nov. 2007
Participation of adults in LLL
dominant position of formal education no legislative basis for recognition of non-formal /
informal learning pessimistic perspectives need for legal changes that would allow for
recognition of non-formal / informal learning Survey by Conference of Rectors and Academic
Schools in Poland (CRASP), November 2007:
no opinion
14%
desirable,possible by 2010
31%
desirable,unlikely innear future
31%
undesirableor
unrealistic24%
Status of non-formal / informal learning
raising awareness of LLL importance and opportunities it offers among education professionals, politicians and society in general
development of a comprehensive vision and strategy of LLL, covering all levels of education and training, in dialogue with all stakeholders
breaking barriers hampering the recognition of non-formal / informal learning
securing appropriate financial resources
Poland – doing quite well in many areas of the Bologna Process – needs to focus on LLL
Conclusions
Financing education in Poland
education87.1%
research12.3%
economicactivity
0.6%
- HEIs (PUBLIC & PRIVATE):
98.1%
1.5%
85.1% 14.3%
- PRIVATE
- PUBLIC
Budget of HEIs in 2007/08
0,7%
source: Central Statistical Office, 2009
state budget58.4%
others6.3%
tuition35.3%
State spending on HE: 2.5 bn euros = 1.00% GDP
59% students pay tuition fee• > 95% at private HEIs• > 40% at public HEIs
PRIVATE
97.0%
2.9%
71.2%others6.9%
21.8%
PUBLIC
0.1%
Financing education
Student population in Poland
Figure 2.8 Expected demographic changes within the population aged 20-29, over the
period 2005-2015
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Chile
New
Zea
land
Sw
eden
Nor
way
Uni
ted S
tate
s
Uni
ted K
ingd
om
Aus
tral
ia
Den
mar
k
Luxem
bou
rg
Net
her
land
s
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Can
ada
Mex
ico
Ger
man
y
Aus
tria
Icel
and
Bel
gium
Tur
key
Fin
land
Fra
nce
Kor
ea
Ital
y
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Irel
and
Slo
vak
repu
blic
Hun
gary
Pola
nd
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Port
ugal
Jap
an
Gre
ece
Spa
in
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2006.
2005 = 100
Expected demographic changes within the population aged 20-29 over the period 2005-2015
Demography
small proportion of graduates in some areas science – 3.9% engineering, manufacturing – 7.5%
high proportion of graduates in other areas social sciences, business, law – 41.4% education – 11.9%
source: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education – Poland, Sept. 2007
growing unemployment among
HEI graduates
Structure of graduates
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
250
Pola
nd 2
, 3
Hun
gary
3
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Gre
ece
1,2
Chile
4
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
1
Mex
ico
Kor
ea
Port
ugal
3
Sw
eden
Irel
and
Sw
itze
rlan
d 2
, 3
Aus
tral
ia
Uni
ted K
ingd
om
Jap
an1
Uni
ted S
tate
s
Fin
land
Net
her
land
s
Nor
way
2
Ital
y 2,3
Den
mar
k1
Tur
key
2, 3
Ger
man
y
Aus
tria
Spa
in
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2007.
Index of change (1995 = 100)
Change in the number of students in tertiary education between 1995 & 2007 (%)
The growth has reached its limits!In 2006/07, for the first time since 1990, the number of students has decreased
Student population
Mobility
Erasmus student exchange (PL) 1998-2007
1426
220
2813
466
3691
614
4321
750
5419
966
6278
1459
8388
2332
9974
3220
11219
3730
11879
4528
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000OutgoingIncoming
01/0200/0198/99 99/00 02/03 03/04 06/0705/0604/05 07/08
Erasmus mobility, Europe 2006/07
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
AT BE BG CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK
Students
Poland 11,219
Erasmus outgoing students (Polish HEIs, including University of Warsaw)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000 PolandUW
01/0200/0198/99 99/00 02/03 03/04 06/0705/0604/05 07/08
Erasmus incoming students(Polish HEIs, including University of Warsaw)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000Poland
UW
01/0200/0198/99 99/00 02/03 03/04 06/0705/0604/05 07/08
providing adequate financial support for outgoing students
1998/99: 375 euro/month2007/08: 347 euro/month (from Erasmus) + support from HEIs
overcoming legal obstacles in the development of joint degree programmes
promotion of the Polish system of HE and Polish HEIs
programmes & courses taught in foreign languages at Polish HEIs
source: Erasmus National Agency
Means to enhance mobility
Doctoral degree studies
Doctoral degrees awarded by eligible: HEIs - individual faculties research institutes of Polish Academy of Sciences
and ‘branch’ R&D institutes
Until early 1990’s: unstructured trainingteaching or research assistant at a university or research institute• routine teaching and administrative duties • supervised research work
structured trainingPhD programme offered by a university(faculty) or research institute• coursework• supervised research work• limited teaching duties
Two paths to doctoral degree
2,695
10,482
1990/91
source: Central Statistical Office 2009
25,622
32,725
1995/96 2000/01 2005/06
no. PhD students
Doctoral studies Rapid growth after 1990
2006/07
31,814
2,695
10,482
1990/91
other institutions(Academy of Sciences, …)
25,622
31,814
1995/96 2000/01 2007/08
92.3%
7.7%8.5% part-
time
30.3%
HEIsfull-time
69.7%
private
public
91.5%
source: Central Statistical Office 2009
PhD students
1.3%
source: Central Statistical Office 2009
up to 26 27-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51+
37.3%34.2%
12.8%
7.0%4.0% 3.4%
age of PhD recipients
38.6%
Age of PhD recipients
until 2005: Doctoral studies regulated by the Act on Scientific Title and Degrees (not by the Act on Higher Education)
Doctoral studies supervised by vice-rector/vice-dean responsible for research (not for education)
Traditional separation of MSc and PhD programmes
special course offer for PhDlow number of courses – for economic reasons
low flexibility and attractiveness of the curriculum
PhD research frequently unrelated to work done at Master’s level
long time to degree Law on Higher Education (2005):doctoral studies (third-cycle studies) – part of higher education system
Problems and challenges (1)
• only 40% of doctoral students receive scholarships (from university or faculty budget)
• scholarships are low (300-450 euro/months)
• new forms of financial aid (from university or faculty budget) available since 2006 – insufficient
• limited opportunities for extra support from research grants
Unattractive financial status of students
little attractiveness of PhD studies for potentially best candidates
part-time or full-time employment outside university
large number of dismissals slow progress in research (long time to
degree)
Problems and challenges (2)
• ca. 5500 PhD degrees awarded each year
• limited opportunities for hiring at HEIs (saturation or decrease in the number of students predicted)
Mismatch of training goals with needs of labour market
professional careers outside of academia
At most HEIs, no serious attempts to adapt
doctoral training still, in principle, oriented towards future university employees
Problems and challenges (3)
Expenditures on science in 2008
24,0%
46,9%
11,1%
9,0%
9,1% Natural
Technical
Medical
Agricultural
Social andhumanities
Total: 1 512 532 000 EUR = 5 892 826 000 PLN
Average exchange rate PLN/EUR for 2006 according to the National Bank of Poland, 1 EUR = 3,8960 PLN
Structure of expenditures on R&D activity in Poland by fields of science in 2006
19,5
35,3
14,7
9,0
21,6 Natural
Technical
Medical
Agricultural
Social andhumanities
Structure of R&D activity personnel by fields of science in 2006
7 4908% 12 723
13%
5 0465%
70 33174% Scientific units of the
Polish Academy ofScience
Branch research -development
Business enterprises
Higher educationinstitutions
Researchers in selected type of unit of R&D activity in 2006
Research projects in the field of natural sciences 128 520 311 €
Research projects in the field of technical sciences 160 555 951 €
Research projects in the field of social sciences, humanities and exact sciences
37 764 525 €
Statutory, investment activities and particular research 650 703 692 €
Research-supporting activities 18 875 004 €
Scientific and scientific-technological international cooperation
46 642 660 €
Other activities 124 592 217 €
TOTAL: 1 167 654 360 €
* Budgetary Act for 2008 as of 23 January 2008 r. Average exchange rate PLN/EUR for 2008 according to the National Bank of Poland, 1 EUR = 3,5129 PLN
Expenditures on research within competence of the ministry as planned for 2008
3 800 535 € 8%
6 754 788 €14%
7 481 697 €16%
23 710 265 € 51%
3 416 431 €7%
1 945 401 € 4%
Statutory activities EU research programmes
Peer-reviewed research grants Investments in R&D infrastructure (buildings and equipment)
Other funds Particular research (intended mainly for young scientists)
TOTAL: € 47 109 118 = 165 489 619 PLN
Expenditures on UW research by type of activity
723
4 394
1 564
366
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Books Articles Book chapters Other publications
Publications of the teaching staff of the University of Warsaw
8632
7169
6353
5428
4066
3259
2338
968370 295 282 98 79
49674585396612241284153616001862
2172
194 1750
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
DE UK FR IT ES NL BE SE GR PL AT DK FI PT HU CZ IE SI SK EE LT CY LV MT LU
Data source: National Contact Point for EU Research Programmes (http://www.6pr.pl/statystyki/listopad2006ke.html#tab1)
Number of participants in FP6 projects by country (EU-25)
3
3
4
1
8
5
2
2
11
3
3
1
5
3
1
1
11
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Geography
Medical Biology
Biology
Innovative Technologies
Informatics
Chemistry
Nuclear Physics
Geophysics
Physics
Mathematics
Psychology
Political Science
Sociology
Science Dissemination
Science Management
Regional Policy
Economic Sciences
Number of projects (67 in total)
FP6 projects by research discipline
2 546
2 133
1 940
1 420
1 213
851 775 703584
473 399 329 319 285 256 230 181 180 110 109 88 68 66 49 37
408
2 915
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
DE UK FR IT ES NL BE SE GR AT FI PL DK PT HU CZ IE RO SI BG SK EE CY LV LT MT LU
Data source: National Contact Point for EU Research Programmes (http://pako3.ippt.gov.pl/index.php/uczestnicyprojektow/51)
Number of participants in FP7 projects by country (EU-27)
3
3
4
1
3
1
1
1
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Economic Sciences
Chemistry
Physics
Informatics
Mathematics
Sociology
Modern Languages
Science Dissemination
Psychology
Number of projects (18 in total)
Data source: UW Research Services Office, own statistics.
Number of projects being implemented under FP7 by research discipline
COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) CULTURE Programme European Science Foundation (ESF) European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Trust for Civil Society in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE Trust) International Visegrad Fund Norwegian Financial Mechanism and EEA Financial Mechanism Howard Hughes Medical Institute Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Welcome Trust Volkswagen Stiftung Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation (Taiwan)
Other exemplary sources of research projects external funding
apart from EU programmes
Thank you for your attention!
University of WarsawInternational Relations Office
www.bwz.uw.edu.pl ; www.iro.uw.edu.pl
Presentation prepared by Laura Dryjańska, based on materials provided by:
Conference of Rectors of Academic Schools in Poland (CRASP)
University of Warsaw Research Services Office
National Statistical Office Foundation for the Development of the
Education System OECD