estimation of food additives intake by polish population m.sc. alicja walkiewicz, prof. iwona...
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Estimation of food additives intake by Polish population
M.Sc. Alicja Walkiewicz, Prof. Iwona Traczyk National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw
Warsaw, 16 April 2013
Monitoring of food additives
Directives of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning:
sweeteners (94/35/EC),
colours (94/36/EC),
food additives other than colours and sweeteners (95/2/EC),
point out that Memebr States should establish system to monitor the consumption and use of food additives.
Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 16 December 2008 on food additives:
Member States shall maintain system to monitor the consumption and use
of food additives on a risk-based approach.
Monitoring of food additives
Information obtained through the monitoring system:
on changes in the food additives market,
levels of additives usage,
enables to ensure that consumption of these chemicals does not exceed
the ADI (established by SCF, presently by EFSA), as well as setting the
restrictions of conditions of additives usage if there is such a need.
Report from the Commission on Dietary Food Additive Intake in the European Union, 2001
The report represents the first attempt to obtain the overview of food
addtives intake in Europe (12 European countries).
It was found that there is a need for further intake assessment
of the following additives:
- 8 food additives/ groups of additves in population of adults,
- 17 food additives/ groups of additves in population of children,
- 9 food additives with ADI but permitted for use in certain foodstuffs
at Quantum satis.
Member States should participate in the next monitorng tasks on dietary
intake of food additives.
Selected food additives to estimate intakeSelected food additives to estimate intake
Potassium nitrite (E 249), sodium nitrite (E 250)
Polysorbates:
Polyoxyethylen sorbitan monolaurate (E 432)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (E 433)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (E 434)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (E 435)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate (E 436)
Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (E 481), calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate (E 482)
Sorbitan monolaurate (E 493), sorbitan monooleate (E 494)
Aluminium sulphate (E 520), aluminium sodium sulphate (E 521), aluminium potassium sulphate (E 522), aluminium ammonium sulphate (E 523)
Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic (E 541)
Study on the intake of selected food additives by Polish population
in the scope of Twinning Project
„Improvement of implementation of food safety surveillance”
in the years 2008-2009
National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin,
Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, Warsaw
Material and methods
The basic for estimating selected food additives intake by Polish
population was information concernig consumption of foodstuffs
at the individual level.
The data on food consumption come from the first countrywide
representative study of dietary habits and nutritional status of Polish
population in the project entitled:
„Household Food Consumption and Anthropometric Survey”, conducted
by the National Food and Nutrition Institute in 2000.
The study was undertaken and executed thanks to financial support
by The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).
It was carried out in cooperation with the Polish Central Statistical Office
(GUS).
24-hour recalls were used to collect the data of food consumption.
To help in the assessment of food consumed quantities the „Album
of photographs of food products and dishes” set up by the NFNI was
used.
The monograph:
Szponar L., Sekuła W., Rychlik E., et al: Badania indywidualnego spożycia żywności i stanu odżywienia w gospodarstwach domowych (Household food consumption and anthropometric survey), IŻŻ, 101, Warsaw, 2003
The study covered 4134 individuals (aged 1-96 years) who were the members
of 1362 randomly selected families from all over Poland.
The amount of studied individuals was as follows:
- females - 2223 (54%).
- males - 1911 (46%).
Adults accounted for 70%.
Children and teens accounted for 30%.
The data on food consumption for adults from that study were incorporated
into Concise European Food Consumption Database, EFSA, 2008, website
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/datexfoodcdb/datexfooddb.htm .
Aim of the study on the food additives
The estimation of selected food additives intake with diets by Polish
population;
The assessment of risk for human health resulting from food additives
intake expressed as percent of Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
or Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI).
For that purpose the body weight data of the surveyed was used,
gathered during the project - „Household Food Consumption and
Anthropometric Survey”, 2000.
Age (Years) N Body weight (kg)
1-3 118 13,6
4-10 455 26,6
11-17 581 51,7
Total 1-17 1154 37,9
18-74
males 1278 79,6
females 1578 67,0
≥75
males 46 71,6
females 78 66,2
≥18 2980 72,5
Total (1-96) 4134 62,8
Characteristics of examined population
Levels of selected food additives in foodstuffs
Maximum doses of food additives permitted by the Regulation
of the Minister of Health of 18 September 2008 on food additives, which
is harmonized with EU directives.
In the case of food products which can be homemade or industrially produced (e.g. cakes, soups, sauces), content of food additives in the diets was assessed under the assumption of 2 scenarios:
Scenario I assumes that all food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulation are produced by food industry and contain targeted additives.
Scenario II assumes that 50% of food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulation comes from industry.
Estimated intake of food additives by Polish population - scenario I
E No Name of food additive ADI
Estimated average intake [% ADI]
Children
(1-3 years)
Adults (18 years)
Total
(1-96 years)
E 249
E 250
Potassium nitrite
Sodium nitrite 0.1 mg/kg 308% 143% 156%
E 432
E 433
E 434
E 435
E 436
Polyoxyethylen sorbitan monolaurate (polisorbate 20)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polisorbate 80)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (polisorbate 40)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (polisorbate 60)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate (polisorbate 65)
10 mg/kg 230% 70% 94%
Scenario I - all food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulation are produced by food industry and contain targeted additives
Estimated intake of food additives by Polish population - scenario I
E No Name of food additive
ADI
Estimated average intake [% ADI]
Children (1-3 years)
Adults
(18 years)
Total
(1-96 years)
E 481
E 482
Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate
20 mg/kg 214% 88% 116%
E 493
E 494
Sorbitan monolaurate
Sorbitan monooleate
5 mg/kg 891% 310% 439%
E 520
E 521
E 522
E 523
Aluminium sulphate
Aluminium sodium sulphate Aluminium potassium
sulphate
Aluminium ammonium sulphate
7 mg/kg (PTWI)
0.01% 0.03% 0.03%
E 541 Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic
7 mg/kg
( PTWI)
30% 4% 7%
Scenario I - all food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulation are produced by food industry and contain targeted additives
Estimated intake of food additives by Polish population – scenario II
E No Name of food additive ADIEstimated average intake [% ADI]
Children (1-3 years)
Adults (18 years)
Total (1-96 years)
E 432
E 433
E 434
E 435
E 436
Polyoxyethylen sorbitan monolaurate (polisorbate 20)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polisorbate 80)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (polisorbate
40)Polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monostearate (polisorbate 60)Polyoxyethylene sorbitan
tristearate (polisorbate 65)
10 mg/kg 167% 46% 63%
E 481E 482
Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate
20 mg/kg 196% 79% 104%
E 493E 494
Sorbitan monolaurateSorbitan monooleate
5 mg/kg 737% 239% 342%
Scenario II - 50% of food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulationcomes from industry
Project „Flavours, additives and food contact material exposure task”
(Akronym - FACET) in the scope of 7FP
in the years 2008-2012
Aim of the project
Development of sustainable surveillance system which allows
to estimate specific food chemical intake, including food additives.
The project involved 20 institutions (research centres, academia,
industry) from 13 EU countries.
Participants of FACET projectParticipants of FACET project Country
University College Dublin (UCD)IrelandCREMe Software Ltd. (CREME)
University of Ulster (UU)
The Food and Environment Research Agency
Food Chemical Risk Assessment Ltd (FCRA)
European Council of the Paint, Printing Ink and Artists Colours Industry (CEPE)
FoodDrinkEurope
Agence Française de Sécurité, Sanitaire des Produits de Santé (Afssa)
National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research (INRAN)
Joint Research Centre (JRC)
Technical University of Munich (TUM)
FABES Ltd (FABES)
Fraunhofer Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung (Fraunhofer)
National Food and Nutrition Institute (IZZ)
National Public Health Institute (KTL)
Innventia
National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies
Central Food Research Institute (CFRI) Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto (FCNAUP)
University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)
Project website address - www.ucd.ie/facet
A software as a tool to assess the risk for human health associated with the intake of flavours, additives and substances migrating from food contact materials, as well as facilitating the risk management.
A tool can be used by Member States in the monitoring system of food additives according to the Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives.
Joint Research Centre (JRC)Institute for Health and Protection Consumers, Ispra
http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our_activities/food-cons-prod/chemicals_in_food
Conclusions
It is essential to conduct studies on food additives intake based on
the actual levels of addtives usage in food production.
The special attention has to be paid for small children who are potencially
exposed to the higher intake of food additives, due to: their low body weight, different tastes in food, often preferring sweetened, coloured and
flavoured foods.
It is necessary to educate population on the selection of foodstuffs
in the daily diet. Adherence to the principles of proper nutrition,
by the way, the use of diverse and varied diet, including selection of
unprocessed food can support lower intake of additives from food.
