polish female migrants and their families - a study of care deficit
TRANSCRIPT
Polish female migrants and
their families - a study of care
deficit (POLFAMIGRA) Joanna Bielecka-Prus, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland
Marzena Kruk, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland
GENDER EQUALITY.
POLICY RESEARCH SOCIETY
Warsaw, 9-10 October 2014
This project is funded / co-funded from Norway Grants in the Polish-Norwegian Research
Programme operated by the National Centre for Research and Development
Context
• Political: emigration after 2004
• Social: unemployment rate 14%
• Economic: average wage: average wage/month:
2730 PLN (896$)
• Minimal wage/month: 1240 PLN (407$)
• Gini Index: 34.1 (growing) EU: 30.6; Norway: 25,0
DEMOGRAPHY – CONSEQUENCES
The latest Polish population forecast
predicts that (due to changes in the intensity
of births and deaths, and as a result of
migration) Polish population will be less
than 36 million in 2035 Data: Population numer in Poland in 2008 – 2035 – GUS forecast
DEMOGRAPHY – STATISTICAL DATA
3.
In 2035 the working age population will
exceed 9.6 million. People in retirement age
will thus constitute 26.7% of the total
population of Poland, which means that
more than every fourth Pole will be in
retirement age.
DEMOGRAPHY – STATISTICAL DATA
In discussions on demographic changes in
Europe, the hottest topics include changes
in the age structure, especially the aging of
the population and hence the problem of
care and the macro-scale consequences for
the economy, labor market and social
security system • (Report SHARE 2014: 47)
DIAGNOSIS
Together with quantitative changes, low number of births and lengthening average life expectancy lead to disparities in the distribution of population by age.
The share of children and young people clearly decrease, and the population of elderly people, who need intensive care grows, which leads to increased indicators of economic burden for working population.
Fertility rate -0,4; 1.32 children born/woman.
QUOTATION
„The population decline and the mass
exodus of young people to European labour
markets will drastically change their [old
people’s] professional and social status” (Trafiałek 2006: 326).
Polish migrantion
786
1000
1450
1950
2270 2210
2100 2000
2060 2130
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Main directions
MIGRATIONS OF WOMEN -
STATISTICAL DATA
According to the latest OECD report, the
tendency of Poles to foreign labor migration
is one of the highest in the OECD -
including a growing percentage of women in
migration streams for a numer of years.
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis of the situation of the elderly in
the context of international labour migration
of their children is one of the elements of an
adequate social policy, aiming to counteract
the negative effects of depopulation.
• K. Iglicka:
Women (and their children) coming back to
host country will meet diffeent kinds of
problems: with adaptation, double
marginalization, culture shock,
unemployment.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. To what extent does migration cause
changes in the model of family and
parenthood patterns?
2. Are demographic forecasts that Poland
will inevitably be a country of the elderly in a
few years true?
RESEARCH ANALYSIS OF CARE
1. The term „care” is analysed in three
aspects of life:
Family situation
Social situation
Life situation
1. How did life situation of an elderly person
change as a result of migration?
2. What is the job status of the elderly
person: employed / retired?
3. What is the health situaiton / care needs
of the elderly person?
ANALYSIS OF LIFE SITUATION
ANALYSIS OF FAMILY SITUATION
1. How and how often do the families which
stay abroad contact with their parents in
Poland?
2. How do parents contact with their children
who are labour migrants (Can they use
internet communicators, telephones, etc.)?
3. What are the relations between the elderly
and their children / grandchildren during
family reunions at home?
ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SITUATION
1. Do the elderly people feel lonely?
2. Do the elderly people stay in touch with
others / do they integrate with the society
in the place of residence?
3. How do the elderly people spend
Christmas and Easter, when their children
are abroad?
MODELS OF CARE IN EUROPE
1.
Transitional model (Eastern European)
(Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia,
Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia), characterized by
low financial spendings from state and health
care institutions, personal care of the elderly
person (Mucha, 2012: 196). Family, friends,
and religious organizations are the largest
social actors providing care to the elderly.
State institutions
Local Community
Family
MODELS OF CARE IN EUROPE
2. Extra-family model is a system of
organization of intergenerational
relationships in which each person has a
universal right to an individual assistance
and protection by the state institutions
(f.e. Denmark, Finland, Norway, Iceland and
Sweden).
MODELS OF CARE IN EUROPE
• 3. Externally-assisted family model
means assistance to care-providers,
mainly in a form of cash transfers and tax
relief or help from a care assistant (Anglo-
Saxon and Continental model). (c.f. Mucha
2012; Czapka 2010 )
WHICH MODEL IN POLAND?
• „A change in the composition of family
networks will lead to an increase in the
category referred to as the "sandwich
generation„, which means a double
burden, usually for women, who are
required to care of their children, parents
and, increasingly often grandparents. (Mucha, Krzyżowski 2012)
Research background
•Changes in family structure
•Significant role of grandparents
•Moral and legal obligations
•Stigmatization of mother leaving children behind
•Weak state support for parents (Moskal, 2012,
Krzyżowski & Mucha 2012).
POLFAMIGRA
Budget: Total cost: 1 700 000 PLN. Requested funding: 1 700 000
Duration of Project: 1 September 2013-31 May 2016
University of Bergen Maria Curie-Skłodowska
University Prof. Lise Widding Isaksen
Dr Alicja Sadownik Prof. Zofia Kawczyńska-Butrym
Prof. Mirona Ogryzko-Wiewiórowska
Dr Joanna Bielecka-Prus
Dr Elżbieta Czapka
Dr Marzena Kruk
POLFAMIGRA
• The central aim of this project is to explore the concept
of different dimensions of care deficit (for example:
children rearing, healthcare) and examine how it can be
related to migration.
• The hypothesis is that care is a gendered and socially
stratified “public good” taken for granted as a free and
available good created in the family institution with or
without support from the wider society. Care for family
members is an invisible women’s work and even if it is
unpaid, it forms a basis for the wider society (Widding
Isaksen, 2010).
Research question
•Is there a deficit of care (over the elderly and children) in a situation of
female migration? In what areas?
•Do female migrants feel obliged to organize care for their elderly
parents if they are unable to manage themselves?
•How will female migrants will participate in organizing care for their
parents when they are unable to live on their own?
•What influences the form and the quality of the care of children/the
elderly left in the country of origin?
Research methods
Stage 1. A survey on female migrants will be conducted (N=400). Snowball
sampling method have been employed. The criterion of sample selection will be
having elderly parents/grandparents (65+) back at home or underage children. (N)
Stage 2. Stage 2 will contain partially structured interviews (100) with migrants’
parents/grandparents aged 65+ in Poland, migrants’ children aged 12+ (junior high
school and high school age) and interviews with children care givers, social
workers (20 interview) and school masters (10 interviews) and priests (20
interviews). (PL)
Stage 3. In the final stage in-depth interviews (N=50) with female migrants in
Norway will be conducted (N)
Research methods
conference that aims to conclude our work and that will
gather representatives from the academic, political, social
as well as the educational and healthcare sector. Local
media will be again invited to cooperation.
workshop with experts from the field of practice to
elaborate model of social support
curricula of classes for postgraduate and undergraduate
students in the area of social policy
Quantitative research: female
in Norway
• Research in the process:
N=162
First coming to Norway
6,8 4,9
47,5 40,7
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
1970-1988 1989-2003 2004-2009 2010-2014
%
Reasons of leaving Poland
43,2
31,5
25,3
18,5
11,7 8,0 7,4 5,6
21
05
101520253035404550
%
How long have you been in Norway?
14,5
23,3 22,0
30,8
9,4
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
up to 1 year from 1 year to3 years
3 years-5years
5 years-10years
over 10 years
%
Education
2%
7%
38% 53%
primary
vocational
high school
university
What do they do in Norway?
75,9
17,9
4,3 3,0 6,9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Work Looking forwork
Social benefits Care ofchildren
Other
%
Type of work
23%
25%
52%
in accordance withcompetence
partly accordance
not in accordance
Occupation Work in Norway
56%
44% white collar
blue collar
23%
63%
14%
white collar
blue collar
unemployed
Marital status
16%
55%
17%
3% 6%
3%
single
married
unmarried partner
widowed
devorced
in separation
Number of children
29%
62%
6%
3%
1
2
3
4
average = 1,82
Age of children
20
30 26
26 0-3
from 3 to 10
from 11 to 18
above 18
Who do the children ask for help?
60
24
5 6 4
mother
father
parents
grandparents
sb else
Who helps?
63
13
12
6 6
mother
father
parents
grandparents
sb from family
Living members of the family
91,9
63,5 67,5
45,2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
mother father mother-in-law father-in-law
%
Types of problems
62,9
34,0 30,2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
with health financial emotional
%
61,7 67,1
60,6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
with health financial emotional
%
Do female help?
Ways of helping in health problems
56,3
22,9
13,5
8,3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
financial conversations organizing of carein Poland
arriving to help
Ways of helping in emotional problems
75,5
22,5 17,5
10,0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
conversations arrival financial help of otherpersons
%
Housework problems
32,3
28,4
23,2
14,8
23,9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
transport cleaning shopping cooking other
%
Help with housework
30%
70%
yes
nie
Institutional help with housework
7%
18%
75%
yes
no
no need
Conclusons
• The majority of the migrants are male and between 25
and 39 years old. A traditional male breadwinner
• Temporary migrants
• High level of mistrust to Polish institutions
• Problem of stigmatization and gender discourse
• New area of deficit