policy & nutrition example: obesity conceptual frameworks: 1.kingdon policy model 2.iom obesity...
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Policy & Nutrition
Example: Obesity
Conceptual Frameworks:1. Kingdon Policy Model
2. IOM Obesity Prevention Organizing Framework
Policy – Webster’s
• Wise, expedient, or prudent conduct or management
• A principle, plan, or course of action, as pursued by a government, organization, individual, etc.
Policy Making – Webster’s
• The act or process of setting and directing the course of action to be pursued by a government, business, etc.
Examples of PoliciesState County MPO/RDC City
Legislation
Ordinance
Resolution
Tax Ordinance
Internal Policy
Plans
Design Manual
From Thunderhead Alliance: Complete Streets Report
Structures, Policies, SystemsLocal, state, federal policies and laws to
regulate/support healthy actions
InstitutionsRules, regulations, policies &
informal structures
CommunitySocial Networks, Norms, Standards
InterpersonalFamily, peers, social networks,
associations
IndividualKnowledge, attitudes,
beliefs
Levels of Influence in the Social-Ecological Model
Intervention Categories with Strong Evidence of Effectiveness for the 10 greatest Achievements in Pubic Health: From IOM report: Preventing Childhood Obesity, 2005…
Community Wide Campaigns
School based intervention
Mass media strategies
Laws and regulations
Reducing costs to patients
Vaccination X X X X
Motor vehicle safety
X X X X
Safer work places
X X
Control of infectious disease
X X X X
Decline in deaths from CHD and stroke
X X X
Community Wide Campaigns
School based intervention
Mass media strategies
Laws and regulations
Reducing costs to patients
Safer and healthier foods
X X X X X
Healthier mothers and babies
X X X X
Family Planning
X X X
Water Fluoridation
X
Recognition of tobacco as a health hazard
X X X
Kingdon JW. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
2002
Participants
The Streams
Agenda Setting
Alternative Specification
Coupling the Streams/ Windows
National Policy Participants
• President
• Members of congress
• Civil servants
• Lobbyists
• Journalists
• Academics
• Others
Basics
Kinds of Participants
• Visible: those who receive press and public attention – high level electeds and their appointees, the media, political parties, etc.– Affects the agenda
• Hidden: academic specialists, career bureaucrats, congressional staffers– Affects the choice of alternative solutions
Basics
Policy Entrepreneurs
• Willing to invest resources in return for future policies
• Can be elected officials, career civil servants, lobbyists, academics, journalists
• Entrepreneurs:– Highlight problem indicators to dramatize problem– Push for one kind of problem definition or another –
invite electeds to see for themselves– “Soften up” by writing papers, giving testimony,
holding hearings, getting press coverage, meeting endlessly…..
Problems
Why do some problems get attention?1. Indicators – large magnitude or change
2. Focusing event – disaster, crisis, personal experience
3. Feedback about existing programs – evaluation, complaints, etc.
Agenda Setting
Problem Recognition is Key
Policy entrepreneurs invest resources:– Bringing their conception of problems to
official’s attention– Convincing officials to see the problem the
way they want it to be seen
Agenda Setting
Google Hits for Obesity –
1/29/05 2/20/07
Obesity 8,650,000 31,100,000
Obesity and “New York Times”
214,000 932,000
Obesity and “Wall Street Journal”
49,300 386,000
Obesity and “Seattle Times”
13,100 91,700
Obesity and CBS 97,100 863,000
Decisions about Problem Recognition:
Made through persuasion– Use indicators to argue that conditions should
be defined as problems– Argue that proposals meet tests of feasibility
or value acceptability
Agenda Setting
Y O U R T I M E / H E A L T HThe Year of ObesityOur perennial interest in losing weight became a national obsession in 2004By MICHAEL D. LEMONICK
Politics
Developments in the political arena are powerful agenda setters.– National mood– New administrations– New partisan/ideological distributions in
congress– Interest groups that press (or fail to press)
demands on government
Agenda Setting
Political Decisions
Consensus is built by bargaining– Trading provisions for support– Adding elected officials to coalitions by giving
concessions– Compromising from ideal positions to those
that will gain wider acceptance
National mood and elected officials more important than interest groups for political decisions
Agenda Setting
Agenda Setting
• Agenda = list of subjects to which officials are paying some serious attention at any given time
Basics
Obesity 'a threat' to U.S. security Surgeon general urges cultural shiftKim Severson, Chronicle Staff Writer
Tuesday, January 7, 2003
Alternative Specification
• Narrows the large set of possible alternatives to that set from which choices are actually made.
Basics
Alternative Specification
• Alternatives are generated and narrowed in the policy stream and by:
• Hidden participants: Loosely knit communities of academics, researchers, consultants, career bureaucrats, congressional staffers, analysts who work for interest groups who:
• Float ideas, criticize each other works, hone ideas, recombine ideas
Alternative Specification
Generation of Policy Alternatives
• Generation of policy alternatives analogous to natural selection
• Order developed from chaos
• Criteria include:– Technical feasibility– Congruence with values– Anticipation of future constraints (budget,
public acceptability, politicians’ receptivity)
Alternative Specification
• Ensure daily, quality physical education for all school grades. Currently, only one state in the country -- Illinois -- requires physical education for grades K-12, while only about one in four teenagers nationwide take part in some form of physical education.
• Ensure that more food options that are low in fat and calories, as well as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat or non-fat dairy products, are available on school campuses and at school events. A modest step toward achieving this would be to enforce existing U.S. Department of Agriculture regulations that prohibit serving foods of minimal nutritional value during mealtimes in school food service areas, including in vending machines.
• Make community facilities available for physical activity for all people, including on the weekends.
• Create more opportunities for physical activity at work sites.
• Reduce time spent watching television and in other sedentary behaviors. In 1999, 43 percent of high-school students reported watching two hours of TV or more a day.
• Educate all expectant parents about the benefits of breast-feeding. Studies indicate breast-fed infants may be less likely to become overweight as they grow older.
• Change the perception of obesity so that health becomes the chief concern, not personal appearance.
• Increase research on the behavioral and biological causes of overweight and obesity. Direct research toward prevention and treatment, and toward ethnic/racial health disparities.
• Educate health care providers and health profession students on the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity across the lifespan.
Federal Government
• Establish an interdepartmental task force and coordinate federal actions
• Develop nutrition standards for foods and beverages sold in schools
• Fund state-based nutrition and physical-activity grants with strong evaluation components
• Develop guidelines regarding advertising and marketing to children and youth by convening a national conference
• Expand funding for prevention intervention research, experimental behavioral research, and community-based population research; strengthen support for surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation efforts
State and Local Governments
• Expand and promote opportunities for physical activity in the community through changes to ordinances, capital improvement programs, and other planning practices
• Work with communities to support partnerships and networks that expandthe availability of and access to healthful foods
State and Local Education Authorities and Schools
• Improve the nutritional quality of foods and beverages served and sold in schools and as part of school-related activities
• Increase opportunities for frequent, more intensive, and engaging physical activity during and after school
• Implement school-based interventions to reduce children's screen time
• Develop, implement, and evaluate innovative pilot programs for both staffing and teaching about wellness, healthful eating, and physical activity
“Softening-up”
• Policy Entrepreneurs push for consideration in many ways and in many forums.
• Most proposed alternatives have long gestational period
• Recombination (coupling of already familiar elements) is more effective than mutation (wholly new forms).
Alternative Specification
NANA promotes within the legislative and executive branches of government a better understanding of the importance of healthy eating, physical activity, and obesity control to the nation's health and health-care costs. One of the primary goals of NANA is to cultivate champions for nutrition, physical activity, and obesity prevention in Congress and federal agencies. Efforts include supporting effective education programs, advocating adequate funding for programs, and promoting environmental changes that help Americans eat better and be more active.
http://cspinet.org/nutritionpolicy/nana.html
National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity
NANA is made up of more than 300 organizations.
NANA Priorities
• Model local school wellness policies
• Strengthen national school lunch and other child nutrition programs
• Strengthen national and state nutrition, physical activity and obesity programs
POLICY OPTIONS to promote nutrition and activity
Nutrition Labeling on Menus/Menu Boards at Chain Restaurants
Decrease Marketing of Low-Nutrition Foods to Children
Improve School Foods
Increase Physical Activity in Schools Support Physical Activity through Transportation Policy
Promote Fruit and Vegetable Intake
Increase Resources for Nutrition and Physical Activity Programs (including Soft Drink Taxes)
Lives of the “Streams”
• The three streams have lives of their own.– Problems are recognized and defined– Policy proposals are developed according to
their own incentives and selection criteria and are often waiting for a problem or political event they can be attached to
– Political events flow along on their own schedule
Coupling the Streams
• The probability of rising on the agenda is increased if all 3 streams are joined
• Partial couplings between 2 streams are less likely to result in policy changes
Window
• Window of opportunity open when policy advocates can push their solutions
• Advocates can wait for problems to “float” by that they can attach their solutions to or wait for the political stream to be advantageous.
• Windows do not stay open long.
Entrepreneurs Take Advantage of Open Windows
• Can make the critical couplings when policy windows open.
• Bring resources to the fray
• Bring claims to a hearing
• Political connections and negotiating skills add to ability to move policy forward
• Sheer persistence is essential
Organizing Framework for Public Health Interventions
(IOM, Preventing Childhood Obesity, 2005)
• The information environment
• Access and opportunity
• Economic factors
• The legal and regulatory environment
• Prevention and treatment programs
• The social environment
Information Environment Opportunities
• Health ed campaigns and other persuasive communication
• Require product labeling
• Restrict harmful or misleading advertising
Access and Opportunity
• Community environment– Restrict access like we have for tobacco?
• School environment
Economic Factors
• Government has power to tax and spend– Taxes on calorie dense, low nutritional quality
foods?– Incentives or subsidies for fruits and
vegetables?
Legal and Regulatory Environment
• Pubic health law is one of 8 emerging themes identified by IOM as important to the future of pubic health training. Three components:– Laws– Regulation– Litigation
State Nutrition and Physical Activity Legislative Database
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DNPALeg/
2001 2002 2003
Nutrition bills introduced 88 58 174
Nutrition bills enacted 32 15 35
Physical Activity
Bills introduced
167 148 240
Physical activity bills enacted
28 33 55
State Nutrition and Physical Activity Legislative Database
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DNPALeg/
2004 2005 2006
All States
WA State
All states
WA All
States
WA
Nutrition bills introduced
172 8 280 4 220 1
Nutrition bills enacted
28 2 55 0 38 1
Physical Activity
Bills introduced
214 8 340 6 273 6
Physical activity bills enacted
50 1 72 6 47 2
State Nutrition Legislation Enacted 2001-2006
Category # Bills
Assistance Programs 12
Cafeteria Meals/Food Service (schools) 49
Nutrition Education 46
Farmers Market 9
Liability 22
Access to Obesity Treatment Services 13
Grocery Store/Food Market 0
Labeling (Ephedrine) 1
Restaurant (all about liability) 5
Worksite (tax credits for “certain benefits”) 1
SB5436 - 2004
• Requires state school directors convene advisory committee to develop model policy on: access nutritious foods and development, appropriate exercise. Policy to address nutritional content of foods and beverages and the availability and quality of health, nutrition, and physical education curricula. SPONSOR: Kohl-Welles
SB6601 - 2004
• No distributor, manufacturer or seller of food and non-alcoholic beverages will be held liable for claims resulting from weight gain, obesity or related health conditions due to long-term consumption of a product. SPONSOR: Brandland, Companion Bill: HB2994
HB1254 - 2005
• In regards to a specialized "Share the Road" license plate. Proceeds beyond costs of implementation will be used towards contracting with a qualified nonprofit organization to promote bicycle safety and awareness education in communities throughout Washington. The organization must promote bicycle safety and awareness education in communities throughout Washington. The Washington state traffic safety commission shall establish a program for improving bicycle and pedestrian safety, and shall cooperate with the stakeholders and independent representatives to form an advisory committee to develop programs and create public private partnerships which promote bicycle and pedestrian safety. Sponsor: Wood
HB 1413 and SB 5396- 2005
• Relates to expanding the criteria for habitat conservation programs, sets forth funding and guides the the interagency committee for outdoor recreation. Defines trail as a means public ways constructed for and open to pedestrians, equestrians, or bicyclists, or any combination thereof, other than a sidewalk constructed as a part of a city street or county road for exclusive use of pedestrians. Not less than twenty percent of appropriations for habitat programs must be used for the renovation, or development of trails. Sponsor: Dunshee Companion bill: SB5396
SB 5186 - 2005
• Provides for county and city plans, wherever possible, to include urban planning approaches that promote physical activity. Transportation planning in cities, towns, and counties should incorporate policy and infrastructure changes that promote non-motorized transit. State agencies applying for loans or grants must have incorporated elements in their plans that increase access to walking and biking in their communities. Superintendent of Public Instruction to promote adoption of school-based curricula and policies that provide quality physical education for all students. Sponsor: Franklin
SB 6003 - 2005
• Relating to commute trip reduction tax credit. Offered to employers and property owners who are taxable and provide financial incentives to their own or other employees for ride sharing, for using public transportation, for using car sharing, or for using nonmotorized commuting before July 1, 2013, are allowed a credit against taxes payable. Sponsor: Jacobsen
SB6197 - 2006
• Creates the Governor's Interagency Council on Health Disparities to create an action plan and statewide policy to include health impact reviews that measure and address other social determinants of health that lead to disparities as well as teh contributing factors of health care that can have broad impacts on improving status, health literacy, physical activity, and nutrition. SPONSOR: Franklin
Regulation
• “If the tobacco experience is any guide, it is likely that the food companies will act just enough t o avoid government regulation…..to date companies have been much more comfortable with educational campaigns emphasizing personal responsibility and the need for increased physical activity, than proposing major policy or structural change.”
IOM, Preventing Childhood Obesity, 2005
Regulatory Options
• FDA has authority to enforce laws about labeling and false claims, not to deal with nutritional adequacy.
IOM, Preventing Childhood Obesity, 2005
Litigation
• Powerful tool for tobacco, gun violence, lead paint• Initial attempts at fast food litigation have been “less than
successful”• Future is unclear• Several states have passed legislation aimed at
prohibiting lawsuits against food and beverage manufactures for obesity-related health problems.
• Documents obtained through discovery could damage the public's perception of food companies.
IOM, Preventing Childhood Obesity, 2005
The Social Environment: Policy and Norms for Health Promotion
• Norms are: – standards or models– Voluntary or expected way of behaving
• Norms drive policy
• Policy can also drive norms
Steps that previous efforts have taken before norms on the role of Government changed
(Kersh and Marone, 2002)
• Social disapproval• Medical science• Self-help• Demonize the user• Demonize an industry• Mass movement• Interest group action