policy defined radio and professional certification -------- a study of

TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP

© Copyright 2008 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation at Baylor Univ. - 081114 Rev 1 – 10/26/08 - HSB

Policy Defined Radioand

Professional Certification--------

A Study of Developments in Wireless Technology

and theInternational Association of Radio and Telecommunications Engineers

(iNARTE)

Prepared forB.E.A.R.S. Seminar at Baylor University

November 14 2008



Better use of Spectrum

Spectrum Efficiency (b/s/Hz)

New spectrum management paradigm

International agreements including global circulation of terminals

Data load

Range

Security

Technology Obstacles for Wireless Interoperability

Quality of service (real-time)

Reliability (asynchronous)

Power consumption

Homologation

Technology migration

Cost



Policy Defined Radio

Cognitive Radio

Adaptive Radio

Reconfigurable radio

Smart radio

Software Defined Radio

Fixed Function Devices

Ultra Wideband

Technologies and Initiatives



• Spectrum management– “Command and Control” will not take us into the future– Legal and economic debate, should spectrum be treated as a

property right? Is it better treated as a public commons, perhaps with use leasing?

– Simulations show 80-100 X improved use

• Network management– Improved quality of service– Adaptive assignment of resources– Use of ontologies

(John get’s gold service)

Focus Issues



The Spectrum Problem

RF spectrum is a limited resource.

Demand for wireless applications is exploding.

Using the current “command and control” methods of spectrum management we are running out of spectrum.

Some frequencies have special properties making the highly desirable for some applications.



All Spectrum Is Assigned, But…



… Most Spectrum Is UnusedMaximum Amplitudes

Frequency (MHz)

Am

plid

ue (d

Bm

)

Heavy UseHeavy Use

Sparse UseSparse Use

Heavy UseHeavy Use

Medium UseMedium Use



• Spectrum Occupancy Study Goals

• Test Descriptions• Spectrum Occupancy

Measurements• Methods to Extract

Transmitter Parameters

NYC report available:http://www.sharedspectrum.com/?section=measurements



Measurement Location and Antennas

Faraday cage used to reduce undesired collection equipment RF noise

Location had excellent line-of-sight to NYC

LPA antenna 1000-3000 MHz Discone antenna 30-1000 MHz



High Utilization (Public Safety Band)

High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum Signal

Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin)

50% Duty Cycle is too High, 19% Utilization Measured Using Small Frequency Bins (450-455 MHz)

17% Duty Cycle



Low Utilization Band

Less Than 1% Apparent Duty Cycle



Mid-Level Utilization – TX Aux Band

Mobile Video Links

Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 120 MHz/501=240 kHz/bin)



Developing the Technology and System Concepts to Dynamically Access Available Spectrum

ReactFormulate Best

Course of Action

ReactReactFormulate Best Formulate Best

Course of ActionCourse of Action

AdaptTransition

network to new emission plan

AdaptAdaptTransition Transition

network to new network to new emission plan emission plan

CharacterizeRapid waveform

determination

CharacterizeCharacterizeRapid waveform Rapid waveform

determinationdetermination

SenseReal time, Low-

power, wideband monitoring

SenseSenseReal time, LowReal time, Low--

power, wideband power, wideband monitoringmonitoring

AutonomousAutonomousDynamic Dynamic SpectrumSpectrumUtilizationUtilization

Goal: Harvest and reuse spectrum in real time



Dynamic spectrum access has been made possible by the convergence of

new developments in:

computer science, software engineering and

radio engineers.



The Network Management Problem

Increasing expectations for quality of service.

Optimizing network performance. In real-time. Allow organizations to set their own priorities.

Selection among radio access technologies.

Context sensitive regulations.



Policy-Based Controls• Policy Framework

– Implementations Must Fit With National And International Regulations

– Algorithms Must be Adaptable

• Regional and operational situations• Evolving policies

• Policy-Based “Metalanguage”– Translates Policy Rules Into Radio Behavior Controls– Decouples Technology From Regulatory Process– Control Operation Based on Policies and Situations– Use Semantic Web Technologies (DAML/OIL/OWL)



Sense

High Level Architecture

SystemStrategyReasonerRadio

PlatformPolicy

Reasoner

DeviceConfiguration

SystemPolicy

AccreditedPolicy

Transmit



Concept of Operation

Develop Develop RequestRequest

RF Resource Request

Process Process RequestRequest

Determine Determine

OpportunitiesOpportunitiesSelect Select

OpportunitiesOpportunitiesRF

Transmit Plan

Bound: Yes/NoUnbound: Binding

Constraints



Principle of Policy Defined Radio

• Suitable for Range of Architectural Implementations– Centralized and decentralized

• Identify “Interference-Preventing” Core Set– Extensible to other features (subleasing, microcharging,...)

• Separate Policies From Engineering– Avoid advocacy for specific spectrum sharing policies

• Provide For Richness/Complexity of Policies– Regulations neither flat nor hierarchical

• Allow For Diversity of Policy Sources– Peer-Peer and hierarchical policy authorities– Enable extension to “cognitive” optimizing logic



Levels of Policy Regulation

RegionalRegional

NationalNational NationalNational

Gov’tGov’t Non-Gov’tNon-Gov’t

AgenciesAgencies Commercial & Civil Commercial & Civil OwnersOwners

DoDDoDServicesServices

UnitUnit UnitUnit UserUser UserUser UserUser UserUser UserUser

Interference

Interference

Prevention

Prevention

QOS, Cost

QOS, Cost Optimization

Optimization

Policy AuthorityPolicy Authority

PolicyPolicy FocusFocus Ontology-Based Policy Controls Enable Combining Ontology-Based Policy Controls Enable Combining

and Processing Rules From Multiple Authoritiesand Processing Rules From Multiple Authorities



Core Theories of Innovation

Sustaining vs disruptive innovation

Value formula theory

Low end & new market disruption

Resources, processes and values theory

Value chain theory

Integration vs modularity



Low End Disruption

Time

Ret

urn

on In

vest

Effo

rt or

Res

ourc

es (R

OI)

Incr

ease

d Q

ualit

y

Establis

hed C

ompany

Impro

ving Q

uality

Incr

ease

d Q

ualit

y &

Pro

fit M

argi

n

Customer’s Need/Desire for Quality



Disruptiv

e Entra

nt

Impro

ving Q

uality

Incr

ease

d Q

ualit

y &

Pro

fit M

argi

n






Sustaining or Disruptive?

Most innovations can be nurtured to be sustaining or disruptive.

Incumbents welcome sustaining innovations that solve their current problems or the problems of their current customers.

Incumbents resist or oppose innovations that are disruptive.



Policy Defined Radioand

iNARTE



What is iNARTE?• iNARTE was established

in 1982 as a result of Government deregulation.

• A Non-Profit Certifying body.

• Programs in:– Telecommunications– Wireless– EMC– ESD– Product Safety

• An FCC Commercial License Examiner

• iNARTE offers validated methodology for the identification and verification of Engineers and Technicians who are able to evidence competency, experience, appropriate education and training for a specified expertise.

• iNARTE has certified more than 16000 members in 26 countries



Certification CriteriaiNARTE Certification

1.Experience

2.Examination

4. Education

3.References



What is the value proposition? Who are the customers?

iNARTE offers a credible, 3rd party opinion of competence in a specialized field.

Different people are looking for different things:

Documentation of training & knowledge. Knowledge & experience. Work readiness – knowledge, experience,

judgment and character.



Is a certification program viable?

A mature program will certify ~25% of the potential candidates.

It takes ~1000 certifications or a specialty with ~4000 full time practitioners to support a viable program.

How do you take a census of participants in an emerging field?

Established fields have known data sources The participants are not yet in a new field



What is the body of knowledge?

A competent practitioner has command of the body of knowledge and experience in applying it.

In an emerging field the body of knowledge is rapidly changing!

What does experience mean when what you did yesterday may actually train you to do the wrong things tomorrow?



What organization holds the center of the body of knowledge?

Typically alliances are built with key organizations in a discipline and with the opinion leaders in the discipline.

The leaders in the field make sure that the test is current and adequately surveys the required knowledge.

What organization do you build an alliance with?



Conclusions Innovations:

Move the boundaries Take organizations back to their core formulas Challenge established business cases Require new processes

The same organization can seldom mature an innovation as both sustaining and disruptive.

Sustaining innovations are best matured by focus and discipline.

Disruptive innovations are best matured by exploration, diversity and flexibility.



Conclusions

Wireless is changing in fundamental ways.

Innovations will be matured by some to be sustaining and by others to be disruptive of current business models.

Convergence is creating new technical specialties.

policy defined radio and professional certification -------- a study of

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