Today we will: Juniors: Take SAT Quiz #9 /Research the Red

Scare for Crucible BackgroundFreshmen: Take SAT Quiz #9/ Take Myth

Quiz / Take notes on Mythology

Dec. 4,

2015

Stop:Can I see or hear your

cell phone?Fix it!

Homework:All: Juniors: Finish research projectFreshmen: Review Part One and Hero Stories

by Monday: Test One Tuesday!

Poetry Puritanism Re-take Proof of Practice by Friday Dec. 11

• Recopy your notes on puritanism (present two handwritten copies of notes)

• Find 2 examples of:– Hyperbole– Metaphor– Imagery (any type, but label it)

• Write 2 theme statements for each of the three poems.• Identify the tone of all three poems

CommunismEconomic and social system in which all (or nearly all) property and resources are collectively owned by a classless society and not by individual citizens. Based on the 1848 publication 'Communist Manifesto' by two German political philosophers,Karl Marx (1818-1883) and his close associate Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), it envisaged common ownership of all land andcapital and withering away of the coercive power of the state. In such a society, social relations were to be regulated on the fairest of all principles: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.

 Reading Quiz : IO AND PROMETHEUS, EUROPA, AND POLYPHEMUS

1. How did Zeus try to hide Io when she finally agreed to be with him?

2. Who did Hera give Io to for protection?

3. Explain Hermes role in this myth.

4. How was Europa’s story different from Io’s?

5. What design decorated Europa’s basket?

6. How did Zeus appear to Europa?

7. Why did Zeus like the Cyclops?

8. Who was the father of Polyphemus?

9. What did Polyphemus prefer to eat?

10.What did Odysseus’ men do to Polyphemus?

11.Explain how Odysseus and his men escaped. (How’d they get out

of the door?)

What About the Human Experience?

♀ Olympians couldn’t go to the underworld with the exception of Hades and Hermes (the messenger). So Demeter’s anguish is very close to what every human feels at a loved one’s death.

♀ This is the only time a god/goddess feels this type of mourning for another deity.

♀ Additionally, a symbolic connection between death and marriage is common in Greek literature, in part a reflection of high rates of maternal mortality.

So, Who Likes This Myth?♀ Jungians love the application of the female

archetypes: maiden, mother, crone (Demeter in disguise), Demeter is persuaded by Rheia (wise mother) to compromise.

♀ Freudians love it as wish fulfillment: Both for mothers everywhere who wish they could get their daughters back from marriage and all humans who wish they could bring back someone from the dead: Demeter can at least partially succeeds.

♀ Structuralists find many contradictions to be mediated: the acceptance death as opposed to the desire of life, the desire to remain a child as opposed to the necessity of marriage.

♀ Adherence of the ritual theorists point to the Eleusinian Mysteries and say, “Look how this myth grew directly from a ritual.”

♀ Even Frazer’s Dying God is not far off as Persephone could easily be read as being “the grain.”

All of these is appropriate to elucidate part of the myth, but none are complete in explaining the

appeal of the myth.

Eleusinian Mysteries♀ Took place annually in the town of Eleusis for

at least 1000, but most likely 2000 years falling into disuse around 400 AD.

♀ Mysteries meant “secrets” and were open only to initiates. Initiates were forbidden to tell non-initiates about the rites. (Like Fight Club☺)

♀ Initiates could be male or female, free or slave. The blending of the genders is most unusual.

♀ Qualifications for initiates: 1. You had to come to Eleusis—it was a location

specific religious ceremony. (This actually limited participation for those who lived far away and for the poor who could not afford travel.)

2. You could not be a murderer.3. You had to speak Greek.4. You had to sacrifice a pig—this also had a

limiting effect socio-economically.

What Do We Know?

Because it was secret, our knowledge is limited and probably biased.

Some initiates must have told the secret, the surviving written references observe the prohibition. They allude to details of the Mysteries but do not describe them.

The only writers who do describe the Mysteries are early Christian authors. Because they wrote with the desire to prove the Mysteries false, their testimonies may be biased and inaccurate.

What Do We Know?We know that the ceremonies had

three components:1.Things that were done2. Things that were said3. Things that were shown

The doing and saying may have been the acting out of some sort of religious dramas.

The things that were shown were of the greatest interest.

The Things That Were Shown

Considered the high points of the ceremony.

As the initiates proceeded through the initiation ceremony over several days they would go deeper into the great temple complex in Eleusis and the final ceremony, we think, was held in an under ground chamber.

(The temples are still there today in Eleusis which is now a suburb of Athens. The temple complex is surrounded by chemical and power plants .)

The Things That Were Shown

According to the Christian authors the sacred object shown was something obscene: statue, figurine, or symbol.

Other authors have suggested that this great revelation, the meaning of life and death was an ear of wheat being sliced in silence—rather tame?

Cutting an Ear of Wheat? Really?

The power of a religious symbol seen from within a religion doesn’t depend on what that symbol is or how it would look from the outside.

Another example would be the act of Christian Communion. The objects involved have little meaning in and of themselves. It is what they symbolize that makes them powerful.

In this religion that was concerned with life and death, issues of mortality and immortality, Persephone’s decent and return from the underworld, cutting an ear of living grain to symbolize the death and rebirth of all life may have been highly powerful. So it is possible that this was the high point.

Details that Connect We know enough to recognize many

details in the Homeric Hymn as aetiologies for parts of the ritual of the Mysteries.

1. When Demeter arrives she drinks barley meal, mint, and pennyroyal. The initiates drank a similar drink in the ceremony.

2. Demeter’s visit to Eleusis explains why the Mysteries are celebrated there.

3. On a conceptual level, the connection with death and the afterlife is aetiological, because initiation promised a happy afterlife.

4. If we had more information we might recognize other details as aetiological as well.

Happily Ever After

Initiates were promised a happier afterlife than they would otherwise have.

“Whoever on this earth who has seen these is blessed, but he who has no part in the holy rites hath another lot as he wastes away in dank darkness.”

--Homeric Hymn to Demeter

Happily Ever After

The reason people became initiates was to guarantee a happier afterlife.

With more details about the rituals, we might understand more about the promise. Some believe that the Demophoön in the fire episode has some aetiological value.

Afterlife

The standard view in other Greek literature is substantially less pleasant.

The Underworld, Tartaros, as described by Homer in The Odyssey is a place of dim shadowy existence much less desirable than life in this world.

The ghost is called and eidolon—”image”—what survives in the afterworld is much less real or important than the living person on earth. This differs from Christianity or Islam.

Afterlife

The word for soul, “psyche” originally meant “the breath”—the thing that leaves the body at death—the thing that makes the difference between and live body and dead body.

Spirits in Tartaros are described as being witless, not even knowing themselves. In The Odyssey, Odysseus must give them a drink of blood to regain their wits and remember who they were when they lived.

Honor Code“I have neither given nor received any unauthorized aid, nor do I have knowledge of anyone else doing so.” Signature

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