pmscs industry 120 bln.usd annual turnover 80 %of exporting companies registered in the usa and uk...
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PMSCs Industry120 bln.USD annual turnover
80 %of exporting companiesregistered in the USA and UK
Every fifth soldier in Iraq - through PMSCs
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Multilayer Regulatory FrameworkNational
(laws and regulations)Regional
(Model laws and agreements)International partial
(self-regulation of Groups of companies)International universal
(UN, ICRC, ICJ, etc.)
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National Regulation
USA (1968, 1996,2000, 2007)South Africa(1998, 2007)United Kingdom (2001)
France (2003)Russia (2000)
Afghanistan(2008-2010), etc.
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Regional Initiatives
OAU Convention on Eliminationof Mercenarism in Africa
(adopted 1977,came into force in 1985)
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Regional InitiativesCommonwealth of
Independent States (CIS)(12 states)
Model Law “On counter-acting Mercenarism”
2005Includes clauses on PMSCs
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Regional InitiativesCouncil of Europe
in 2005 adopted Recommendation 1713on Democratic Controlover Security Sector,
which includes requirementto regulate PMSCs
and create Control organ, preferably through EU
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United KingdomOut of 40 largest PMSCs
registered in Britainonly 5 are contracted by
UK governmental agencies.Information on other 35 PMSCs
is not collected,not known to authorities
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United KingdomRegistration of PMSCs
under “business as usual” rulesin general Companies Registerby executive Department for
Business.Law (2001) on Private Security
Services does not regulate export
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United Kingdom“Green Paper” and
Parliamentary motionsmotivated by scandals around
PMSCs in Iraqfinally didn’t end in adoption
of any new specific regulations for PMSCs
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South Africa
Foreign Military Assistance Act (1998)
New Act (2007) – not enforced.Mechanism is based upon
permissions through NCACC.Often circumvented by PMSCs.
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Afghanistan- Systematic “purge” ofPMSCs in 2 0 0 8-2010
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There are 20 millionsof Kalashnikovsin Afghanistan
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In 2009 only 39 PMSCs registered by Ministry of Interior(23000 employees), others are announced illegal
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In 2010 quantity of “permitted” PMSCsraised to 51.
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We do dismissed PMSCs employees go?
Upgrade of Army and Policeup to 130.000
Local villages “Self-defense” armed formations
Pushtun border-guard contingent(up tom 85.000)
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DIAG program:Disbandment ofIllegal Armed Groupings
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DIAG: 105 districts
17.000 weapons confiscated
18.000 weapons registered (legalized)
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DIAG: 105 districts
2500 illegal armed groupings reported
513 illegal armed groupings disbandedduring 2010
Groups of less than 5 armed fightersare not counted
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District leadershipwhich succeeded to disbandnegotiated quantityof Armed groupingsgets 150.000 – 300.000 USDfor the local development projects(bridges, schools, etc.)
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USAMilitary Extraterritorial
Jurisdiction Act (MEJA) of 2000(DoD missions only)
MEJA Expansion and Enforcement Act of 2007
(all state contracted PMSCs missions)
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USA
International Traffic in ArmsRegulations (ITAR),
Part of the Arms Export ControlAct
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USANo centralized
Register for PMSCsin a national scale.
Aggregated data for Iraq:180,000 PMSCs employees,from over 100 countries,
employed by 630 companies
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Problemof outsourcing
Inherently statefunctions
to non-state actors
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INHERENTLY STATE FUNCTIONS:
Functions that a State cannot outsource to PMSCs:
• direct participation in hostilities,
waging war and/or
* combat operations,
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INHERENTLY STATE FUNCTIONS:
Functions that a State cannot outsource to PMSCs. * taking prisoners, intelligence, use of and other activities related to weapons of mass destruction police powers, especially the powers of arrest or detention including interrogation
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SERVICES PROVIDED BY PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES
• Maintenance• Logistics• Military counselling and security• Military intelligence• Training • Protection of premises, persons and convoys• Enforcing public order• Operational support in combat• Direct participation in combat
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IRAQMASSACRE OF 16 SEPTEMBER 2007
17 CIVILIANS KILLED AMONG WHICH CHILDREN AND WOMEN
OVER 20 CIVILIANS INJURED
WITHOUT PROVOCATION ACCORDING TO US MILITARY REPORTS
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L-3 COMMUNICATIONS-TITAN CACI
ABOU GHRAIB SCANDAL
INVOLVEMENT OF 2 PMSC: CACI AND TITAN
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Conclusions
Existing system ofregulation for PMSCs
remains limited and inadequate
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Conclusions
Specific regulationsfor PMSCs exist only
in a handful of countries,and mostly not in a formof a comprehensive law
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Conclusions
Regional level regulations(OAU, CIS, CE, etc.)
applies to PMSCs only marginally
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Conclusions
Standards of nationalregulation differ dramatically.
Easy to register PMSC ina country with no regulations.
No limitation yet for registration inoff-shore zones.
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Conclusions
Mostly registration of PMSCsis not differentiated from
“business as usual”.Licensing system absent or
limited to legal bodies (not employees)
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ConclusionsStandard criteria for
minimum requirements towardscontracts with PMSCs
are not defined by law.
Nor requirements to personnel(absence of criminal record,
level of training, training in IHL)
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Conclusions
National or internationalcomprehensive registers
of PMSCs are absent.No regular reporting required by states
from PMSCs.Most governments do not
possess information on actual
contracts and activities of their PMSCs.
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Conclusions
System of sanctionsor even investigationsin case of violations ofhuman rights or laws
by PMSCs or their employeesis absent.
No system of remedies.
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ConclusionsProposed Convention
tries to overcomemost of these gapsin legal regulation
of PMSCsthrough upgrading both
International and national regulation.
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
States should formseparate system of
registration for PMSCs
Prohibit register PMSCs inOff-shore zones
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Create UN-basedInternational Register
for PMSCs
Of the UN Register forConventional Arms
(172 states annually report)
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTIONTransparency,responsibility ,accountancy
Annual report of the statesto the UN
on main state contracts with PMSC s,on registration and licensing
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
System of advanced licensing
Licensing companiesLicensing personnelLicensing contracts
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Enable “countries of operation”to possess entry control
over companies and personnel
Right to expel companies
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Oblige companiesProvide appropriate trainingIn IHL and Human Rights Law
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Parliamentary oversightover PMSCs:
HearingsInvestigationsSubcommitteeNational law
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Principle of state monopolyOn use of force
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Define military and securityfunctions which are
in principlenot outsourcable
from the state
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Examples:Not to allow PMSCs
use, protect or transport WMD
Afghanistan defined“protection of religious sites”
as un-outsoursable
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTIONDraw “red line”
Beyond which activitiesof PMSC become
pure mercenarism
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Only legitimate waysof acquiring and transporting
weapons
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Create mechanism of interstatecomplaints
«What your company isdoing on my territory?»
«How my companyBehaves at your territory?»
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
Monitoring ofPMSCs’ activities
AndSanctions against PMSCs
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONVENTION
PMSCs is NOT «business as usual»It is highly specific export,
requiring rigid “export control”
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