PLUMBING

- art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses

SCOURGING

- cleaning of the water closet via additional water volume and pressure

APPURTENANCE

- not classified as a fixture, fitting, or pipe

NATURE OF WATER

Inflow adding water to the hydrological system Outflow removing water from the hydrological system

COMPONENTS OF FLOW

Supply Distribution Use

Source Collection

Treatment Disposal

AIR GAP

- distance between the mouth of the faucet and the rim of the sink or lavatory

- air gap for lavatory: 25mm. minimum

WATER SOURCES

Rainwater: collected from roofs of buildings

Natural Surface Water: from ponds, lakes, and rivers

Groundwater: from underground via mechanical and manual equipment

WATER QUALITIES AND CORRECTION

1. Acidity: entrance of oxygen and CO2; corrodes ferrous pipes and clogs steel pipes

- correction: raised alkaline content

2. Hardness: presence of magnesium and calcium salts; clogs pipes and impairs laundry

and cooking

- correction: boiling

3. Turbidity: silt or mud on surface; causes discoloration and bad taste

- correction: filtration

4. Color: presence of iron or manganese; causes discoloration of fixtures and laundry

- correction: oxidizing filter

5. Pollution: contamination by organic matter; causes disease

- correction: chlorination

TYPES OF WATER

Pure Water: colorless, odorless water

Natural Water

Purified Water: treated physically and chemically

Contaminated Water: with organic biological substances

Polluted Water: undesirable due to dirt, color, odor and taste

Black Water: from water closet, with fecal matter

Gray Water: from laundry and floor drains

TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION METHODS

Aeration: water through atmosphere through jets to remove noxious gases

Coagulation and Precipitation: addition of coagulants to form gelatinous mass

Flocculation: slower combination of particles Coagulation: rapid mixing of dirty water Filtration: water passes through layers of sand and gravel

Sedimentation: water passes through basins of sediment

Chlorination: injection with chlorine gas

Activated Carbon Filters: coal

Reverse Osmosis: uses pressure to clean the water; may be used for product water and

wastewater

Fluoridation: introduction of fluoride into the water

Distillation: purification through evaporation and condensation

TYPES OF WELLS

Dug Wells

Bored Wells: similar to dug well, constructed with an auger

Jetted Wells: use of extreme water pressure, also called sand-point well

Driven Wells: dug with sharp pointed hollow drill

Wells should be more than 50 ft. away from pollution sources

TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH): static head + pipe friction + velocity head at point of

discharge

- Static Head: total discharge in elevation of water from suction level to

discharge level

- Pipe Friction: friction in suction and discharge lines

- Velocity Head: kinetic energy change from source

TYPES OF PUMPS

Rotodynamic Pump: rotating, centrifugal, and peripheral (to propel water)

Positive Displacement Pump: reciprocating (piston and plunger) and rotary

Special Pump: jet, gas lift, hydraulic ram, electromagnetic

Piston Pump: water is sucked into a sealed vacuum via piston

- Single Action Piston Pump: one motion via suction stroke and delivery

stroke

- Double Action Piston Pump: water is drawn in with either stroke

- Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

- Reciprocating Pump: piston pumps that operate at controlled speed

- Rotary Pump: piston pumps using pump driver

Centrifugal Pump

- Jet Pump: centrifugal pump used for draining water up from a well

o Deep Well Jet Pump: for high volume application

o Shallow Well Jet Pump: for residential wells

o Convertible Jet Pump: for deep wells and shallow wells

Turbine Pump

Jack Pump

Submersible Pump: fully submersible

Sump Pump: excess water must be pumped away from a particular area

TYPES OF TANKS

Overhead Tank: relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below (gravity

supply pump)

Cistern: reinforced concrete, underground connected to pump

Pressure Tank

Hot Water Tank

- Range Boiler: small, 30 60cm. , 180cm. maximum length, made of G.I., copper, or stainless steel

- Storage Tank: large, 60 130cm. , 5m. maximum length, made of heavy duty material with rustproof point

Pneumatic Tank: centralized or per bathroom group, makes use of a pressure

relief valve which relieves pressure automatically if necessary; helps water get

to upper floors if pressure is low

VALVES

- controls water system by isolating a certain section of the distribution network

TYPES OF VALVES

Gate Valve (full-way valve): completely closes or opens a line, best suited for main supply

and pump lines

- Wedge Shaped / Tapered Disc

- Double Disk Valve

Globe Valve: controls flow of water via movable spindle, can reduce water pressure

- Plug Type: for throttling

- Conventional Type: for shuttling (ball type)

- Composition Type: for steam and hot water

Check Valve: to prevent backflow and contamination

- Swing Type - Vertical Type

- Lift Type - Horizontal Type

Angle Valve: operates like a globe valve; reduces number of joints

Butterfly Valve: typically used to regulate fluid

Foot Valve (retention valve)

Safety Valve: for pipe lines with excessive pressure

Ball Valve

- Full Port: ball size = port size

- Restrictive: ball size is less than port size

FAUCETS AND BIBBS

Compression Cock: compression of soft packing

Key Cock: round tapered plug

Ball Faucet: ball connected to handle

Disk Faucet

DEFECTS IN THE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Water Hammer: knocking in pipes when faucets at lower level are shut off abruptly

Expansion / Contraction: pipes expand and contract due to temperature shift

Friction Head Loss: liquid flowing through pipe makes contact with pipe

enclosures, reducing speed of water flow

- commonly occurs in long pipes, small pipes, and lines with high number

of valves and fittings

COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

1. Direct Feed System (Upfeed): water supply is affected during peak load hours,

eliminates extra cost

2. Air Pressure System (Pneumatic): used for inefficient pressure, uses compressed

air to push the water, supply is affected by pressure loss

Pressure Tank Types:

- Conventional Steel Pressure Tank

- Bladder/Membrane Tank

3. Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System: water is pumped into the tank

and distributed to fixtures by means of gravity, water is subject to

contamination, high maintenance cost

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Upfeed & Gravity Return System: hot water rises on its own, continuing network

of pipes provide constant circulation

2. Downfeed & Gravity Return System: hot water rises to highest point fixtures via

gravity, distribution depends on hot water expansion and gravity

3. Pump Circuit System: pumps are used for efficient circulation

MAXIMUM AND PROBABLE DEMAND

Maximum Demand: maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures in terms

of units

MD = total fixture units

1 unit = approx. 7.5 gallons

Probable Demand: probable amount of water discharge in a given time

Lesser fixtures = greater probability of simultaneous use

STANDPIPE TYPES

1. Dry Standpipe: water conveyor from fire hose located at stairway landings

(maximum height at 1.22m); Siamese connection

2. Wet Standpipe: piping connected to main water line then to all levels, cross

connection between the fire line and water line should have 2 check valves

and 1 gate valve; Siamese connection

SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

1. Automatic Wet: lines constantly filled with water

2. Automatic Dry: equipped with activating sensor which triggers operation

SPRINKLER HEAD TYPES

1. Upright 2. Pendent

SPRINKLER SYSTEM LAYOUTS

1. Tree 2. Loop 3. Grid

PLUMBING FIXTURES

- Receptacles to provide, receive, and discharge water, liquid, and water carried wastes

SOIL FIXTURES

1. Water Closets

a. Classifications

i. Flush Tank

1. Integral Flush Tank

2. Closed Couple Flush Tank

3. Low Flush Flush Tank

4. High Flush Flush Tank

ii. Direct Flush Valve

b. Types by Mount

i. Floor Mounted

ii. Wall Hung

c. Types by Flush Action

i. Wash Down: bulge at front, smaller standing water amount

ii. Reverse Trap: siphon flushing

iii. Siphon Jet: larger trapway

iv. Siphon Vortex: whirlpool

v. Direct Flush Valve

vi. Squat Type

vii. Washout

2. Urinals

a. Types

i. Wall Hung

ii. Stall

iii. Pedestal

iv. Through

3. Kitchen Sinks

4. Bar Sinks

5. Laundry Tubs

6. Slop Sinks

7. Lavatories

a. Types

i. Pedestal

ii. Wall Hung

iii. Through

iv. Counter

b. Mounting

i. Flush

ii. Self-rimming

iii. Under counter

8. Bathtubs / Whirlpool Baths (Jacuzzi)

9. Bidets

BATHING FIXTURES

1. Floor Drains (total area of holes = total area of tailpiece) 2. Shower Baths / Compartments

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

General Rules

Waste Pipe: wastewater or liquid waste ONLY

Vent Pipe: for circulation

House / Building Drain: lowest horizontal piping

House / Building Sewer: house drain to a point 0.60 m. outside face of

foundation wall; less than 150mm only

Trap

Stack

Branch

TRAPS AND INTERCEPTORS

- P-Trap: used in lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, urinals; prevents pre-entry

of noxious gases

- Deep Seal P-Trap: 2x water size of P-trap, used for extreme conditions

- Stand Trap: used for slop sinks

- Running Trap: within line of house drain

- Drumtrap: fixture with large amount of wastewater discharge (e.g., bathtub)

- S-Trap: used before connection to ventilation

TRAP REQUIREMENTS

- Each shall be separately provided with waterseal trap (except those with

integral trap)

- Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm

- One trap may serve 3 single compartments where waste outlets are less than

0.75m. apart

CLEAN OUT REQUIREMENTS

- at upper terminal of horizontal sewer / waste line

- at every 15 m. of total developed length

- additional at horizontal line with aggregate offset angle more than 135o

- near connection between building line and sewer

VENTILATION

- Vent Pipe: opening for air circulation in a plumbing system

o Main soil and waste vent: connected to main soil and waste stack,

and continues to SVTR where waste does not travel through

- Main Vent (Vent Stack): collecting vent line; principal artery where vent

branches are connected, relief point

- Individual Vent / Back Vent (Re Vent): pipe to vent a fixture trap; connects to

VS or directly to open air

o of an individual vent shall not be less than 32 mm. (1 ) nor less in size than of the of the drain it is connected to

- Unit, Common, or Dual Vent: one VS serves 2 traps

- Yoke / By-Pass Vent: upward pipe from soil or waste stack below the floor to

adjacent VS above floor

- Relief Vent

- Loop Vent: stack vent

- Wet Vent: vent pipe portion where wastewater flows through

- AAV (Air Admittance Valve): cannot be substituted for relief vent

- Local Vent: shaft that conveys foul air from fixture to outer air

- Sovent

- Utility Vent

HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES

- Grease Trap: for fixtures where grease may be introduced

o Earth Cooled Grease Trap, Mechanical Grease Trap

- House Trap: placed in the house drain immediately inside building foundation

- Drain Tiles: prevents groundwater from seeping into the basement

- Garage Trap (Garage Catchbasin): water-filled tank under garage to collect waste

- Backflow Valve: used in house drains to prevent backflow

- Sewage Ejector: sump pump for sewage disposal at basement

SEPTIC TANK: watertight covered receptacle designed to receive sewage discharge

- Sludge: solid organic matter

- Scum: lighter organic material/matter

- Effluent: liquid content of sewage

SEWERS

- Combination Public Sewers: storm + sanitary

- Storm Sewers

- Sanitary Sewers: regular sanitary waste only, terminates in a disposal plant for treatment

o Intercepting Sewers (collecting sewers): termination point of tributary sewers,

with 1:50 slope (2%)

o Tributary Sewers: termination of individual units

CESS POOL: non-watertight lined excavation which receives sanitary system discharge

SEEPAGE UNITS: circular pit, termination of septic tank

PRIVY: oldest form of organic waste disposal

WASTE PIPE TYPES

- Indirect Waste Pipe: pipe that does not connect directly to the drainage system

- Direct Waste Pipe: pipe that connects directly to the drainage system

WASTE PIPE PROBLEMS

- Trap Seal Loss: inadequate ventilation of traps

- Siphonage

- Back Pressure

- Capillary Action

- Evaporation: extreme temperature, idleness

- Wind effects: strong winds blow the trap seal

- Retardation of flow: atmospheric pressure or gravity

- Deterioration of materials: formation of acids

PIPES AND FITTINGS

- Cast Iron Pipe: most common for structures less than 25 storeys

o SV Type (general), XV Type (heavy duty and underground)

o Standard pipe, single hub pipe, double hub pipe, hubless pipe

- Acid Resistant Cast Iron: cast iron + silicon, for chemistry labs

- Asbestos: asbestos fibers + Portland cement, joined by tar soak or cement

mortar

- Lead: oldest pipe, highly acid-resistant, poisonous

- G.I.: 15 to 20 year life, subject to mineral deposits leading to friction head loss

- Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe: acid waste resistant

- Copper Pipe: durable, corrosion-resistant, installed by solder or flaring

o K Type: heaviest, underground; green

o L Type: lighter, residential water supply line; blue

o M type: lightest, small water supply line; red

- Brass Pipe: most expensive, 15% zinc + 85% copper, acid resistant

- Plastic / Synthetic Pipe: rust and corrosion resistant

o Rigid:

PVC CPVC: Chlorinated PVC UPVC: Unplasticized PVC PP: Polypropylene

ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene SR: Styrene Rubber Plastic

o Flexible (tubing):

PE: Polyethylene coil form, for gas PB: Polybutadiene coil form, for chemicals and water

supply

- Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe: cheapest pipe, for house sewers

- Vitrified Clay Pipe: oldest material, public sewers

- Galvanized Steel: from mild steel

FIXTURE UNIT VALUES FLO

OR

DR

AIN

LAV

ATO

RY

/

WA

SH

BA

SIN

BA

THTU

B

KIT

CH

EN

SIN

K

LAU

ND

RY

TUB

SH

OW

ER

BA

TH

SLO

P S

INK

UR

INA

L

WA

TER

CLO

SET

BA

THR

OO

M

GR

OU

P

PUBLIC 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 6 8

PRIVATE 1 2 2 2 2 3 4

WSFU (Water System Fixture Unit) = corresponding pipe

WSFU x 7.5 = gallons per minute

for maximum trap loading: 32 mm (1) 38 mm (1) 51 mm (2) 76 mm (3) 102 mm (4)

FIXTURE

UNITS 1 3 4 6 8

PUBLIC 2 2 2 6 6 PRIVATE 1 1 1 4 4

Lavatory: 0.45L / sec (28.3L / min)

Minimum slope: 2% or 20mm / m. (1/4 per foot)

for pipes: MAX

FIXTURE

UNIT 1 8 24 48 84 256 600 1380

PIPE SIZE 32 38 51 65 76 102 127 152 MAX

LENGTH

(m) 14 18 37 55 65 91 119 155