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Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Australia

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Page 1: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Sarath Ranganathan

MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD

Department of Respiratory Medicine

Royal Children’s Hospital

Melbourne, Australia

Page 2: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s
Page 3: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne

Page 4: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Royal Children’s Hospital, Sydney(Don’t go to Sydney!)

Page 5: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Empyema = pus within

Page 6: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Overview

• Epidemiology

• Investigations

• Microbiology

• The treatment controversy:

The Fuss about Pus!

Page 7: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Secretion AbsorptionPleuralCirculation

• Pleural space contains 0.3 mL/kg of fluid

• Pleural fluid circulation- lymphatics deal with several 100 mLs of extra fluid/ 24 hrs

Page 8: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Secretion AbsorptionLung infection

Inflammation

Cytokines from mesothelial cells

Inflammatory cells

Vascular permeability

Bacterial invasion

Neutrophil migrationProcoagulant state

fibrinolysis

Fluid

Page 9: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Burden of empyema in Australia

Pneumonia admissions per million

Empyema admissions per million

Page 10: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Guidelines

• British Thoracic Society (2005): www.brit-thoracic.org.uk

• Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (2011): www.thoracic.org.au

Page 11: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Investigation pathway to diagnosis

Signs of empyema: respiratory distress, prefers to lie on one side, scoliosis, decreased expansion, decreased vocal fremitus, stony dull to percussion, absent breath sounds, decreased vocal resonance, whispering petriloquy, mediastinal shift

Page 12: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Physical examination in empyema

Clinical sign Sensitivity

Specificity PPV NPVDecreased expansion 0.74 0.91 0.68 0.93Decreased tactile vocal fremitus 0.82 0.86 0.59 0.95Stony dullness 0.53-0.89 0.71 0.55 0.97Absent breath sounds 0.42-0.88 0.83-0.9 0.57 0.96

Adapted from Diaz‐Guzman and Budev. Cleveland Clinic J Med 2008;75:297‐303

Page 13: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Investigations

Page 14: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Investigations‐Ultrasound

• Differentiate pleural fluid from solid lung

• Estimates size and position

• Demonstrates loculations and debris

• Identify abscesses

• Marks spot for drain insertion

• Very user dependent

Page 15: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Septations seen on thoracic ultrasound

Page 16: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Pus and Septations seen during video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)

Page 17: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

No routine role for chest computed tomography

Page 18: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Blood Investigations

• ↑White cell count• ↑ CRP/ESR/procalcitonin

– Not good for differentiating viral/bacterial pneumonia

– Useful to monitor progress in empyema

• ↑ Platelets• Blood cultures‐minority will be positive• LDH

Page 19: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Pleural Fluid Investigations

• Microbiology– Culture– Stain for AFB– Molecular studies

• Cytology– ↑ lymphocytes in malignancy and TB

• Biochemistry‐ no data for LDH, pH

Page 20: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Australian Research Network in Empyema (ARNiE)

Page 21: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Bacteria identified from blood and pleural fluid investigations

Strachan et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1839‐45

Page 22: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

S. Pneumoniae serotypesStrachan et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1839‐45

Page 23: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

S. Pneumoniae serotypes in relation to age and vacination status

Strachan et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1839‐45

Page 24: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Vaccine‐serotypes identified from pleural fluid in ARNiE compared with national surveillance data

Page 25: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Pleural fluid –immunochromatogenic assay

Page 26: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Utility of a bedside immunochromatographic testStrachan et al. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011;46:179‐83

PPV = 93%NPV = 84%

Page 27: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Aims of treatment

– Sterilise pleural cavity– Get rid of fluid– Return to normal activity– Return to normal lung function

– Expand the lung– Early discharge

Page 28: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Controversies in Management• Antibiotics 

• recurrent thoracocentesis– Shoseyov et al. Chest 2002;121:836

• chest tube drainage alone– Chan et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:375

• chest drain + fibrinolytics– Thomson et al. Thorax 2002;57:343

• Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery– Sonnappa et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;15:221‐7

• Open decortication

↑ Length of stay

Page 29: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Controversies in Management• Antibiotics 

• recurrent thoracocentesis– Shoseyov et al. Chest 2002;121:836

• chest tube drainage alone– Chan et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:375

• chest drain + fibrinolytics– Thomson et al. Thorax 2002;57:343

• Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery– Sonnappa et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;15:221‐7

• Open decortication

↑ Technical skills

Page 30: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Controversies in Management• Antibiotics 

• recurrent thoracocentesis– Shoseyov et al. Chest 2002;121:836

• chest tube drainage alone– Chan et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:375

• chest drain + fibrinolytics– Thomson et al. Thorax 2002;57:343

• Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery– Sonnappa et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;15:221‐7

• Open decortication

↑ Cost

Page 31: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

VATS decortication

Page 32: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Pathway from diagnosis of empyema

Re-evaluate

Drain adequacyLung abscessBronchopleural fistulaNecrotising pneumoniaAtypical pneumoniaHost factorsWrong diagnosis

Page 33: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Choosing Fibrinolytics versus VATS

Choose Fibrinolytics if:

Technical competence in chest drain insertion available

Technical skill and experience in VATS unavailable

Child where anesthesia risk too high

Choose VATS if:

Technical competence and experience in VATS available

Don’t mind paying for increased costs!

Surgeons inserts chest drains under general anesthetic anyway

Septations and loculations advanced?

Page 34: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Inflammation in loculated and free‐flowing exudates

Chung et al. Chest 2005; 128:690‐697 

Page 35: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Conclusions from recent experience

• Empyema epidemiology is changing

• Molecular surveillance is important

• Extending vaccine coverage is indicated

• Management depends on local expertise

• Refer for specialist help sooner improves treatment outcomes

Page 36: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s

Acknowledgements

• Professor Adam Jaffe

• Ms. Roxanne Strachan

• ARNie

• Mr Michael Nightingale

Page 37: Pleural Empyema: the Australian ExperiencePleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s