Playable One-Switch Video Games for Children with Severe Motor Disabilities

based on GNomon

Sebastián Aced López*

Fulvio Corno

Luigi De Russis

GNomon

CONTEXT

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GNomon

CONTEXT

Play is the leading source of development in

the early years.

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GNomon

CONTEXT

Play is the leading source of development in

the early years.

Two forms of play: open-ended and

structured play (Games).

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GNomon

CONTEXT

Play is the leading source of development in

the early years.

Two forms of play: open-ended and

structured play (Games).

Video Games are unique thanks to their

interactiveness.

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GNomon

CONTEXT

Play is the leading source of development in

the early years.

Two forms of play: open-ended and

structured play (Games).

Video Games are unique thanks to their

interactiveness.

2

GNomon

PROBLEM

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GNomon

PROBLEM

3

Children with sensorial, cognitive or motor disabilities cannot

use standard input/output devices to play video games.

Children with severe motor disabilities that rely on One-

Switch interaction for accessing electronic devices.

GNomon

PROBLEM

3

Children with sensorial, cognitive or motor disabilities cannot

use standard input/output devices to play video games.

Children with severe motor disabilities that rely on One-

Switch interaction for accessing electronic devices.

GNomon

PROBLEM

3

Children with sensorial, cognitive or motor disabilities cannot

use standard input/output devices to play video games.

Children with severe motor disabilities that rely on One-

Switch interaction for accessing electronic devices.

These children are EXCLUDED from playing dynamic video

games, as those played by their peers without disabilities.

GNomon

ONE-SWITCH INTERACTION

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GNomon

DYNAMIC vs SCANNING

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GNomon

Timely responses

Time-Independent interaction

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DYNAMIC vs SCANNING

GNomon 5

Timely responses

Highly interactive

Time-Independent interaction

Limited interaction

DYNAMIC vs SCANNING

GNomon 5

Timely responses

Highly interactive

Moving elements

Time-Independent interaction

Limited interaction

Stationary elements

DYNAMIC vs SCANNING

GNomon

Timely responses

Highly interactive

Moving elements

5

Time-Independent interaction

Limited interaction

Stationary elements

DYNAMIC vs SCANNING

GNomon

RESEARCH QUESTION

Is it possible to make dynamic

one-switch video games,

without scanning, but playable

by children with severe motor

disabilities

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GNomon

GNomon

GNomon

GNomon

A framework that enables the creation of

dynamic one-switch video games.

Based on the NOMON mode of interaction.

Provides functionalities to support

common dynamic game actions.

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GNomon

HOW GNomon WORKS?

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GNomon

HOW GNomon WORKS? (1)

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A clock is associated to

each selectable element

GNomon

HOW GNomon WORKS? (2)

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A clock is associated to

each selectable element

Same rotation speed

Different phase

GNomon

HOW GNomon WORKS? (3)

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A clock is associated to

each selectable element

Same rotation speed

Different phase

Probability of being the

selection is calculated for

each clock

GNomon

HOW GNomon WORKS? (4)

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A clock is associated to

each selectable element

Same rotation speed

Different phase

Probability of being the

selection is calculated for

each clock

Selection occurs if

probability reaches a

threshold

GNomon

HOW GNomon WORKS?

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A clock is associated to

each selectable element

Same rotation speed

Different phase

Probability of being the

selection is calculated for

each clock

Selection occurs if

probability reaches a

threshold

GNomon

GNomon ACCESSIBILITY

GNomon was designed in close

collaboration with a team of expert

speech therapists, physiotherapists and

psychologists.

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GNomon

GNomon ACCESSIBILITY

GNomon was designed in close

collaboration with a team of expert

speech therapists, physiotherapists and

psychologists.

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BEFORE

AFTER

GNomon

GNomon ACCESSIBILITY

GNomon was designed in close

collaboration with a team of expert

speech therapists, physiotherapists and

psychologists.

Indicators for facilitating interaction

Eye-catching design

Auditory and visual feedback

BEFORE

AFTER

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GNomon

THE GAMES

Three mini-games were made to evaluate

the playability of dynamic One-Switch

games based on GNomon:

One Switch Demo

One Switch Ladybugs

One Switch Invaders

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GNomon

LADYBUGS AND INVADERS

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GNomon

EVALUATION

The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:

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GNomon

EVALUATION

The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:

Learnability

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GNomon

EVALUATION

The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:

Learnability

Effectiveness

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GNomon

EVALUATION

The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:

Learnability

Effectiveness

Errors

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GNomon

EVALUATION

The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:

Learnability

Effectiveness

Errors

Satisfaction

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GNomon

EVALUATION

The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:

Learnability

Effectiveness

Errors

Satisfaction

Memorability

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GNomon

PARTICIPANTS

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GNomon

PARTICIPANTS

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GNomon

PARTICIPANTS

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PARTICIPANTS

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

Ag

e (

years

)

Participants

P1

P2

Cognitively able

Female

Male

GNomon

PROCEDURE

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PROCEDURE

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SESSION 1 SESSION 2

1

3

GNomon

PROCEDURE

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SESSION 1 SESSION 2

1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS

GNomon

PROCEDURE

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SESSION 1 SESSION 2

1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS

2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS 2 DEMO

GNomon

PROCEDURE

14

SESSION 1 SESSION 2

1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS

2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

GNomon

PROCEDURE

14

SESSION 1 SESSION 2

1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS

2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

GNomon

PROCEDURE

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SESSION 1 SESSION 2

1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS

2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

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GNomon

PROCEDURE

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SESSION 1 SESSION 2

1

3

2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

2

1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS

2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS

GNomon

RESULTS

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RESULTS

Average session duration: 13 min

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GNomon

RESULTS

Average session duration: 13 min

All the 8 children had fun while they were

playing

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GNomon

RESULTS

Average session duration: 13 min

All the 8 children had fun while they were

playing

All the children understood the interface

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GNomon

RESULTS

Average session duration: 13 min

All the 8 children had fun while they were

playing

All the children understood the interface

3 participans were able to play satisfactorily

One Switch Invaders

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CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION

Dynamic One-Switch video games based on GNomon are playable by children with severe motor disabilities:

Learnability: two selection, in average, for learning the mechanism

Effectiveness: the GNomon interface allowed them to play and achieve the mini games goals

Errors: errors decreased with practice (within the same test)

Satisfaction: All the children liked the games while they were playing

Memorability: All the children remembered the games and the interface mechanism

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GNomon

CONCLUSION

Dynamic One-Switch video games based on GNomon are playable by children with severe motor disabilities:

Learnability: two selections, in average, for learning the mechanism

Effectiveness: the GNomon interface allowed them to play and achieve the mini games goals

Errors: errors decreased with practice

Satisfaction: all the children liked the games while they were playing

Memorability: all the children remembered the games and the interface mechanism

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GNomon

THANK YOU