Topic: MalariaTaxonomic Classification:

Kingdom: ProtistaPhylum: ApicomplexaClass: Sporozoa

Parts of the Apical Complex-for penetration and invasion of cell

Microneme Subpellicular tubules Polar rings Rhoptries

Life Cycle:Schizogony

Asexual Cycle Man as IH Stages:

o Trophozoiteso Schizonto Merozoite- infective to red Cellso Gametocyte- infective to

mosquito

Sporogony Sexual cycles Mosquito as DH Stages:

o Zygoteo Ookineteo Oocysto Sporozoite- Infective to Man

Vectors- for Malarial parasite transmission via the “proboscis” (salivary Gland).

1. Anopheles minimus flavirostris2. Anopheles litoratis3. Anopheles maculates4. Anopheles mangyanus

Classical Malarial Paroxysms:1. Cold Stage: 15-60 minutes2. Hot Stage: 2-6 hours3. Sweat Stage: 2- 4 hoursLaboratory Diagnosis1. Thick and Thin Smear (gold Standard)- stained with Giemsa or Wright Stain- Blood smears every 6-8 hours

Qualitative Reporting:+ : 1-10 parasite /100 thick Field++ : 11-100 parasite/ 100 thick

Field+++: : 1-10 parasite/ thick field++++ : 10 parasites/ thick Field

Quantitative Reporting:# of Malarial parasite/L = # of parasite count/ 200 WBC * 8000For QBC

2. QBC: Quantitative Buffy Coat- uses capillary tube with Acridine

Orange- (+) bright green & yellow under

fluorescent microscope3. RDT: Rapid Diagnostic Test

- uses the principle of immunochromatography

a. HRP II detection- Parachek P.f., Para HIT fecal Test

b. LDH Detection- to differentiate falcifarum from non falcifarum, DIAMED Optimal IT

4. Culture Method-uses in vitro continuous culture in human Erythrocytes-RPMI 1640(Rosewell Park Memorial Institute)

5. Serological Testa. IHA (Immunohepato

agglutanation)b. IFATc. ELISA

Treatment: Chloroquine/ Quinine/ Primaquine/ Tetracycline/ Doxycycline

Point of Difference P. falcifarum P. malariae P. vivax P. ovaleType of Malaria Malignant

Tertian Subtertian

Quartan Benign Tertian Benign or ovale Tertian

Length of sexual Cycle 9-10 days 15-20 days 8-9 days 14 daysLength of Asexual Cycle 36-48 hours 72 hours 48 hours 48 hoursSize of Infected RBC Normal Normal Enlarged Normal to

slightly Enlarged

Type or RBC infected Young and old Old /senescent Young Young# of merozoites in Schizont

8-36 (12-32) 6-12 (Rosette Formation/fruit pie/Flowery daisy head)

12-24 (8-12) Usually 8 (6-12)

Ring Form Single/ Multiple

Single Single Single

# of Chromatin Dots Single/ double Singles Single/dense SingleAccolé/appliquè/Marginal Form

Present Not present Not Present Not Present

Multiple Infection of Same RBC

Common “sticky RBC”

Rarely Rarely Rarely

Gametocyte Crescent/ Banana Shape

Round/ oval Round/ Oval Round / Oval

Asexual Stage in the Peripheral Smear

Not all Stages All Stages All Stages All Stages

Malarial Stipplings Mauer’s Dots/ Cuneiform dots

Ziemann dots Schuffner’s dots James’ Dots