plasmas alex friedman this work was performed under the auspices of the u.s. department of energy by...

Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract Number W-7405-Eng-48. It is LLNL Report Number UCRL-PRES-23098, and may be obtained in Powerpoint form at: http://hifweb.lbl.gov/public/slides/Friedman-Plasma- Grades3-5-rev4.ppt … or in PDF (Adobe Acrobat) form at: http://hifweb.lbl.gov/public/slides/Friedman-Plasma-Grades3-5-rev4.pdf

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Plasmas

Alex FriedmanThis work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract Number W-7405-Eng-48.It is LLNL Report Number UCRL-PRES-23098, and may be obtained in Powerpoint form at: http://hifweb.lbl.gov/public/slides/Friedman-Plasma-Grades3-5-rev4.ppt … or in PDF (Adobe Acrobat) form at: http://hifweb.lbl.gov/public/slides/Friedman-Plasma-Grades3-5-rev4.pdf

Plasma is the 4th state of matter

Page 3: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

A plasma is a collection of charged particles

- charge = electrons+ charge = ions = atoms whose electrons have been ripped off

Page 4: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Plasmas behave differently than gases

In a regular gas, the atoms move in straight lines until they bang into each other.

In a plasma, the ions and electrons push and pull on each other all the time.

Particles with the same charge repel each other.

Electrons push other electrons away, and ions push other ions away.

Particles with opposite charges are attracted to each other.

Ions pull on electrons, and electrons pull on ions.

+ +

- -

Page 5: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Plasma balls contain helium, neon, argon, and other gases.

When the power is switched on, some of the gas atoms have their electrons ripped from them.

This produces a plasma.

Page 6: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

The sun is a plasma, burning with fusion “fire”

Page 7: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Plasma fills the universe

Catseye Nebula

Page 8: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Bug nebula

Page 9: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Carina nebula

Page 10: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Rosette nebula

Page 11: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Thor’s helmet

Page 12: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Fireworks and a comet and lightning, all at once!

Page 13: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Auroras (northern lights) are plasmas 100 miles up

Between sun and earth is plasma

Plasmas respond to electric and

magnetic forces

(this is a solar prominence)

Page 14: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

~ 40 keV

~ 1 keV

~ 100 eV

~ 13.6 eV

~ 1 eV

~ 0.027 eV

ionization of H

-280 °F = -173 °C = 100 °K

1,340 °F = 727 °C = 1,000 °K

17,500 °F ≈ 9,700 °C ≈ 10,000 °K

180,000 °F ≈ 100,000 °C or °K

1,800,000 °F ≈ 1,000,000 °C or °K

18,000,000 °F ≈ 10,000,000 °C or °K

180,000,000 °F ≈ 100,000,000 °C or °K

1,800,000,000 °F ≈ 1,000,000,000 °C or °K

Page 15: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Matter is in the plasma state when it is hot enough, and not too tightly packed

“scientific notation” uses 1033 to mean 10 followed by 33 zeros

Page 16: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

Fusion occurs when light ions are joined together to make a heavier ion. This releases energy.

Fusion power plants will “fuse” two kinds of Hydrogen …

Deuterium (D) + Tritium (T) Helium (He) + neutron (n) + energy

Page 17: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

To fuse, the ions have to be hot enough (moving fast enough); they are a plasma

To make a lot of energy, this plasma must be kept together long enough for a lot of it to burn

Page 18: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

“Beams” of ions are plasmas, too

They are “non-neutral plasmas” because they contain only a few electrons.

But - sometimes too many electrons sneak in and cause trouble!

Page 19: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory

power plant uses the heat to make electricity

ion beams heat the targets and ignite a fusion “burn”

targets containing D and T are sent flying into a metal room

We are trying to use beams of heavy ions to create small fusion fires (little stars), one after the other

Page 20: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory

In our experiments, we’re studying how ion beams behave, and how they heat matter

Page 21: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

My group uses computer simulations to study ion beams

0. 1.5-7.5

7.5

0.5 1.0Z (m)

X (mm)

Page 22: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory

We just learned that we will be able to build a new ion beam accelerator, called NDCX-II

Page 23: Plasmas Alex Friedman This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National

We have talked about several things

• Plasmas - collections of charged particles whizzing around while pushing and pulling on each other

• Fusion - smashing together light ions in a plasma to make heavier ions, and energy

• Heavy Ion Fusion, using beams of heavy ions to heat plasma and make electricity - what we are trying to do

• Computer simulations of ion beams - my own work

Thanks for your attention

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