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R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48.

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Page 1: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL

This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-

Eng-48.

Page 2: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

Improved neutron detection antineutrino tagging (Super-K, SONGS) active neutron shield (LUX) national security (LLNL Portal Monitoring Project)

Improved light collection antineutrino spectral measurements reduce required PMT coverage

Unwanted additives what makes good water go bad?

Page 3: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

3

• Viable: • GdCl3 relatively inexpensive• Small concentrations of Gd in water improve neutron

capture significantly• Gd capture signature (8 MeV γ- cascade) easily

detectable

• Workable?• What is GdCl3 effect on transparency?• What are the physical effects of GdCl3 caused by

extended exposure to SK detector components?

Optimal?

Page 4: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

Injection andMeasurement

Optics

Storagetank

PMT tank DeionizingFiltering

Sterilization

Alignmentmirror

Nitrogen purge and relief valve

Nitrogen purge

Recirculationpump

drain mixing tankand pump

Light transmission arm

Baffled joints

4

Page 5: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

5

Page 6: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

Light transmission

arm

Acrylicwindow

reflectedbeamintegrator primary

beamintegrator

beam splitter

PMT

PMT lightintegrator

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

9.54 meters

Not shown: collamators, baffles, filters

LLNL Test Set-Up

6

337 N2 Laser

w/ dye attachement

Page 7: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

primary

reflected

ns

V

Typical Waveform for 337nm

7

Page 8: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

By putting filters of known transmittance (<1% uncertainty) into theinjected primary beam, the system is seen to be linear towithin 2% over a 40% variation in transmission

The system is also stable to variations in PMT gain to better than 1%

Page 9: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

0.650

0.670

0.690

0.710

0.730

0.750

0.770

0.790

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0

Hrs

R/P

Sto

ppe

d re

circ

+/- 2%

pure water fall offin transparency overtime (337 nm)

0.9 %/day

Preliminary

Stability…

Page 10: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

0.180

0.230

0.280

0.330

0.380

0.430

0.480

0.530

0.580

0.630

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0

Hrs

R/P

Ad

de

d 0

.2%

Gd

Cl3

Inje

cte

d m

ixin

g t

an

kW

ate

r a

nd

filt

ere

d

Inje

cte

d m

ixin

g t

an

kW

ate

r a

nd

filt

ere

d

Removed GdCl3

Test of GdCl3Addition at 337 nm

~13%/day

Preliminary

Page 11: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

Ad

de

d 0

.2%

Gd

Cl3

Injected Pure Water @ 8 MOhm

Test of GdCl3Addition at 400 nm

Preliminary

Injected Pure Water @13 MOhm

Page 12: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

Ad

de

d 0

.2%

Gd

Cl3

Injected Pure Water@ 8 MOhm

Injected Pure Water @ 13 MOhm

Test of GdCl3Addition at 420 nm

Preliminary

~8.5% /day

Page 13: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

ResultsPure water in stainless steel slowly looses

transparency at 337, 400 and 420 nm. For 337nm measurements, the water was

deoxygenated via nitrogen bubbler to 0.9 ppm (typical air is 8-9 ppm) as measured by dissolved oxygen measurement.

For 400nm & 420nm measurements, initial dissolved oxygen was measured at .15 ppm.

Addition of GdCl3 makes the water transparency drop much faster (factor of 15).

Injection of water from polypro tank shows that water stored there suffered no/little degradation in transparency.

Loss of transparency directly from GdCl3 very small (consistent with 0 at all three wavelengths).

13

Page 14: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore
Page 15: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

Conclusion:

GdCl3 is not a suitable additive for detectors with steel walls. May be OK for other materials.

Page 16: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

Super-Kamiokande water must be continuouslyand cleaned – else transparency drops slowly

similar behavior seen in IMB (plastic walls)

and SNO (acrylic walls – but much slower degradation)

REDUCING THE REQUIREMENT FOR RECIRC WILLLOWER COST OF MEGATON SCALE DETETOR

Page 17: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

Test with FeCl3 10 ppm Fe+3 ion makes water look like ice

tea. Clearly very low levels can affect transparency

next week we will test 0.1 ppm slowly raise concentration to measure molar

attenuation coefficient test Ni, Cr metal ions for similar behavior

Page 18: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

Future Change steel pipe for acrylic one use polypro tank for materials testing of

HDPE and other potential plastic liners for LUX and future detectors

Investigate coatings for steel for cryostat treatment

monitor Water SONGS for stability (acrylic sides)

Page 19: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore
Page 20: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

lower tank (6 sides)- 3/8” thick UVT acrylic,-Gd-water fill -5 side external Tyvek wrap

8 ea. 8” PMTs (1 cm spacing in both directions)

Upper tank (5 sides)3/8” thick UVT acrylic4 sides external Tyvek wrapPure water fill to 10 cm

Water SONGS1 cm black Delryn lid

100 cm

50 cm

15 cm

0.2% wt. GdCl350 cm

- total external dimensions = 100 cm x 50 cm w x 80 cm ht

Page 21: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

The antineutrino interacts with a proton producing…

– A 0-7 MeV positron (+ annihilation gammas)

– A neutron which thermalizes, captures and creates a delayed 8 MeV gamma cascade

– mean time interval ~30 μsec ~ capture time of neutron

Both energy depositions and the time interval are measured

The time since the most recent muon is also measured

Antineutrino Detection

21

_𝜈e + p = n + e+

Page 22: R.Svoboda, U.C. Davis /LLNL This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore

BackgroundAntineutrinos are not the only particles that produce our

coincident signalCosmic ray muons produce fast neutrons, which scatter

off protons and can then be captured on GdImportant to tag muons entering the detector

22


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