plasma membrane endoplasmic - bgbunict.it · basic model of membrane structure • lipids are...
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Plasmamembrane
Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ribosome
Golgiapparatus
MitochondrionLysosome
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1- Compartimentazione
2- Localizzazione per attività biochimiche
3- Barriera selettiva
4- Trasporto di soluti
5- Risposta a segnali esterni
6- Interazioni fra cellule
7- Produzione d’energia
Funzioni
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Modello a mosaico fluido
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Basic Model of Membrane Structure
• Lipids are fluid, i.e. free to move in two dimensions.lateral diffusion (107/sec), rotate, flex, bob, flip-flop
• 70-80% of membrane proteins are integral; rest peripheral.
Singer and Nicolson (1972) Fluid mosaic model
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Il rapporto quantitativo tra proteine e lipidi è molto variabile tra i diversi tipi di membrane, ed è associato alle loro
proprietà funzionali
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Le membrane più ricche di proteine risultano molto permeabili comunicazione (membrana mitocodrialeesterna)
Le membrane più ricche di lipidi isolamento (guaina mielinica delle fibre nervose)
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Colesterolo
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Diminuisce la fluidità dellamembrana a temperature elevate poiché si intercala con i suoi anelli rigidi
Aumenta la fluidità a bassetemperature perché impedisce che le catene idrocarburiche dei fosfolipidi si assestino adeguatamente quando latemperatura si abbassa riducendo la tendenza alla gelificazione
Ruolo stabilizzatore del Colesterolo
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La fluidità dipende:
• Dalla lunghezza delle catene di acido grasso
• Presenza di doppi legami
• Presenza di colesterolo
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La fluidità è tanto maggiore quanto piùnumerose sono le catene lipidiche corte
ed insature, in quanto hanno minori possibilità di contrarre tra loro
interazioni idrofobiche
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Diversity of Membrane Lipids
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• Zattera lipidica: RAFTLa membrana non è del tutto uguale per tutta la sua
lunghezza. In certe regioni vi sono altre componenti
definite zattere lipidiche , regioni ove si accumulano
particolari proteine e lipidi per cui presentano uno
spessore maggiore , si concentrano in particolare :
colesterolo ,sfingolipidi , particolari proteine della
membrana
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1 – singola α elica
2 – multiple α elica
3 – foglietto β arrotolato
4 – ancorata alla superficie citosolica da un α elica
5 – ancorata mediante un lipide
6 – ancorata mediante un oligosaccaride
7 e 8 – ancorate ad altre proteine
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Le proteine transmembrana, come i fosfolipidi sono molecole anfipatiche.
Gli aminoacidi idrofobicisono segnati in verde ed in giallo
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• Le proteine di membrana sono mobili ma esistono dei limiti alla loro mobilità.
• Regioni ben definite della cellula presentano funzioni diverse in quanto sono caratterizzate da proteine diverse
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Ci sono meccanismi che controllano la mobilitàdelle proteine (complessi giunzionali, elementi del citoscheletro)
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• I carboidrati entrano nella composizione delle membrane in percentuale limitata
(3-8%). Essi sono in genere costituiti da oligosaccaridi associati a proteine,
formando le glicoproteine, oppure a lipidi, formando i glicolipidi.
• E’ possibile tuttavia riscontrare anche catene polisaccaridiche associate alle
proteine per formare i proteoglicani integrali di membrana.
• La componente carboidratica si trova sempre localizzata dal lato
• extracitoplasmatico della membrana e va a costituire il cosidetto rivestimento
cellulare o glicocalice.
• I glicolipidi e le glicoproteine di membrana possono funzionare come antigeni (ad
esempio i determinanti dei gruppi sanguigni ABO), oppure come recettori per i
diversi tipi di molecole segnale.
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• Tutti gli elementi della membrana sono in costante turnover!
• Le proteine vengono continuamente sintetizzate dal RER, i lipidi dal REL ed gli zuccheri dal RER e Golgi
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Diffusione sempliceDiffusione attraverso i pori
Diffusione Facilitata
Trasporto Attivo
Trasporto Attraverso vescicole
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Trasporto passivo o diffusione• Non si ha consumo di energia perché segue le leggi
della diffusione
• Richiede l’esistenza di un gradiente elettrochimico
• Avviene sempre dal versante a maggiore concentrazione verso quello di concentrazione minore
Trasporto attivo• Si ha consumo di energia
• Avviene contro il gradiente di concentrazione
• Avviene sempre attraverso proteine di membrana specializzate permeasi o pompe
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Diffusione semplice• Attraverso il doppio strato lipidico
• Attraverso proteine canale
Diffusione facilitata• Attraverso proteine canale
• Attraverso proteine vettrici carrier
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OSMOSI
Trasporto passivo di H2O attraverso la membrana plasmatica
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Diffusione facilitata e diffusione semplice
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Il cambiamento di conformazione può mediare il trasporto passivo
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UniportoTrasporto accoppiato
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Pompa sodio-potassio
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Trasporto accoppiato sodio-glucosio
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La differente distribuzione delle proteine conferisce specifichecaratteristiche funzionali
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Trasporto transcellulare del glucosio
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LISOSOMI
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Tre modalità di trasporto attivo
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Esocitosi
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Endocitosi
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Esocitosi
Endocitosi
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Smistamento delle proteine nella cellula
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Dal Volume: La Cellula, un approccio molecolare
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Dal Volume: La Cellula, un approccio molecolare
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Dal Volume: La Cellula, un approccio molecolare
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Trasporto intracellularedi proteine
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Trasporto attraverso i pori nucleari
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Trasporto vescicolare
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Secrezione Costitutiva e
Secrezione Regolata
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