plant structure, growth, and development
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Plant Structure, Growth, and Development. Introduction The Angiosperm Body Plant Growth. Introduction to Modern Plant Biology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
IntroductionThe Angiosperm BodyPlant Growth
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Introduction to Modern Plant Biology
• Molecular biology is identifying crucial genes (flower development); giving a better understanding of processes such as water flow, disease resistance, shoot and root control
• Structure and function is a key theme
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The Angiosperm Body
• Problems to be solved: gravity, light, water transport, reproduction, and desiccation
• Root and shoot systems
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The Root System
• Functions: anchor, store food, absorb and conduct water and minerals
• two types: taproot and fibrous root systems• role of root hairs• mycorrhizae• adventitious roots: form above ground from
stem or leaf
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The Shoot System
• Stems, leaves and flowers• growth occurs at apex• apical dominance has evolutionary
importance• underground stems:bulbs and
rhizomes(potatoes)-store food• leaves: main photosynthetic organ
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Types of Plant Cells
• Function determined by protoplast and cell wall adaptations• five types of plant cells: 1. Parenchyma-synthesis and storage
2. Collenchyma-support in young plants 3. Sclernchyma-thick secondary walls, lack
protoplast in mature cells?, supportive 4. Xylem-water conduction, two types: tracheids and vessel elements 5. Phloem-food conduction
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Tissue Systems
• Three tissue systems: dermal, vascular and ground tissues
• Dermal-single outside layer• Vascular-xylem and phloem, transport and
support• Ground-between dermal and vascular,
storage, synthesis, and support
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Plant Growth
• Meristems generate cells; two types: apical and lateral
• genetically determined life spans (most)• annuals and perennials• plants exhibit indeterminate growth• two types of growth: primary and secondary
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Root Growth
• Primary growth divided into three zones: 1. Cell division: apical meristem, this
differentiates into: protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem (primary tissues)2. Cell elongation: elongate at least 10X, pushes tip through the soil 3. Maturation: cells complete their differentiation
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Primary Tissues in the Root
• Protoderm: outermost layer of primary meristem, give rise to epidermis, many with root hairs
• Procambium: forms stele (central cylinder) containing xylem and phloem,
• Ground meristem: cortex between stele and epidermis, parechyma cells, stores food, endodermis single cell layer boundary between cortex and stele, pericycle inside endodermis
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Primary Growth of Stems
• Apical meristem forms primary meristems (protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium)
• Procambium forms vascular tissue in bundles
• Ground meristem forms pith and cortex• Protoderm forms epidermal tissues
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Leaf Growth
• Ground tissues form the mesophyll• procambium forms the veins• Protoderm forms the upper and lower
epidermis, guard cells waxy cuticle
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Secondary Growth
• Produced by growth in diameter• results from vascular and cork cambium• vascular produces xylem and phloem• cork cambium produces covering of roots
and stems that replace epidermis• occurs in all gymnosperms and most
angiosperms, rare in monocots
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Stages of Differentiation
• Apical meristem• differentiates into: protoderm, ground meristem,
and procambium• protoderm differentiations into epidermal
structures• procambium differentiates into the vascular tissues• ground meristem produces tissues that fill in
between the epidermis and vascular tissues
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Secondary Growth in Stems
• Vascular cambium produces secondary vascular tissues: xylem--forms wood; phloem--contributes to the formation of bark and sloughs off
• cork cambium produces the periderm (protective coat of plant, combination of cork cambium, layers of cork, and phelloderm,)
• bark-all tissues external to the vascular cambium
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Secondary Growth in Roots
• Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside
• cortex and epidermis split and are shed as the stele increases in diameter
• very similar to stems, produces annual rings