thursday, february 23rd plant growth and structure
TRANSCRIPT
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Thursday, February 23rd
Plant Growth and Structure
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The Plant Body
• The plant body is divided into two main parts• 1. Roots: Anchors plants in the ground and
absorbs water and minerals• 2. Shoots: above ground framework for
leaves, flowers, and fruits
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Two form of Root Systems
• Taproot• Fibrous Root System
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Taproot
• Large central root (primary root) off which smaller roots (lateral roots) grow
• Taproots have small surface area so they are not as effective at absorbing water and nutrients
• However, the large root can store nutrients and water – Think of a CARROT
• Advantage to plants that grow in regions of minimal water
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Taproot
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Fibrous Root System
• Composed of a diffuse system of roots, no single main root
• Greater surface area and extends further absorbing more water and nutrients
• Ex: ferns and grass
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Fibrous Root System
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Root System Parts & Functions
• Primary Root - Central root of plant, extending from the stem• Lateral roots - Roots growing directly
off the primary root • Root Hairs - Hairs that extend from
the root and greatly increase surface area
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Apical Root Meristem • Apical Root Meristem - Cell
growth at the tip of the primary root, required for growth of the plant body
• Root Cap – protects the root, these cells are sloughed off and replaced as the root moves through the soil
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• Meristem Cells are not differentiated yet – they are like stem cells for plants
• When they divide, they produce another meristem cell and a differentiated cell
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Types of Growth
• Primary growth – results in increase of length (height in shoots, depth in roots)• Secondary Growth – result in
increase of diameter
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Vascular Tissue (in roots and shoots)
• Cells arranged to form tubes through which water and nutrients can flow through the plant
• Two Types:–Xylem conveys water and minerals up
the root–Phloem conveys the product of
photosynthesis down from the leaves
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Structures in the Stem
• The stem provides structural support for the plants leaves, flowers, and fruits• Nodes - the point where the leaves are
connected to the stem • Internodes – stretches of stem
between the nodes
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Structures in the Stem
• Terminal Buds - Underdeveloped shoot at the tip of a stem• Auxiliary buds - Underdeveloped
shoot where petiole (joins stem to leaf) meets the stem • Apical Shoot Meristem - Cell growth
at the tip of the stem
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Leaf Structure• Leaf - primary site of photosynthesis.
Includes petiole • Cuticle -waxy coating on plants that
prevent water loss and also protects the plant from bacteria & viruses• Stomata - tiny pores in the leaves
surface that allows substances (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide) to pass through the plant
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Stoma (singular for Stomata)
Guard Cell
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Guard Cell• Guard Cell – sausage-shaped cells that look
like a mouth. They control whether the stomata is open or closed
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Page 730 In Your Book• There is a diagram of a plant body I want
you to sketch in your journal. • You should label the following structures:• “Shoot Apex” and “Root Apex” where
Apical Meristem cells are located• Node, Internode, Leaf, Petiole, Primary
Root, Lateral root, Root System, Shoot System
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Pg 730
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Auxin promotes elongation
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Gravitropism
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Gravitropism
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Gibberellin
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Ethylene
• Bananas are picked when they’re green so they are easier to ship.
• Once they reach a storage location close to where they’re going to be sold, they are artificially ripened using Ethylene
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Pg 730