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Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside from the primary purpose)

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Page 1: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Plant Organs – Roots & Stems3 things to know

STRUCTURE - anatomyFUNCTION – what is the primary purpose

MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside from the primary purpose)

Page 2: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Roots/Purpose• Plant organs that anchor a plant• Absorb water, dissolved

minerals • Contain vascular tissue

Page 3: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Basic types of modified roots• Fibrous roots – many small branching

roots• Tap roots – single, thick structures store

food (carrots)• Prop roots – support a plant (corn)• Aerial roots – allow plants to attach to

trees, rocks, etc. (spanish moss)• Pneumatophores – ‘breathing’ roots in

swamps (mangroves)

Page 4: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Examples

Page 5: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Mangrove swamps

Page 6: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside
Page 7: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside
Page 8: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Root structure

• Layers of the root• 1. Root hairs – increase surface area• Absorb water, oxygen and dissolved

minerals

• 2. Cortex – transports water and minerals parenchyma cells

Page 9: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Root structure

• 3. endodermis – layer of cells with waterproof cell walls to form a seal• controls the flow of water

• 4. pericycle – new roots arise as offshoots of older roots

Page 10: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Root growth

• Roots grow two ways• 1. apical meristem -protective root

cap• 2. vascular cambium • New cells increase root diameter

Page 11: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Stems

• Purpose - Transport food and water & act as support

• Xylem moves water up from roots• Phloem carries food (sugar) as well as

hormones and viruses• Sink – any portion of the plant that stores food• Translocation – movement of sugar in the

phloem

Page 12: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Stems – Basic Types

• Herbaceous (soft) and can photosynthesize (green)• Woody – like tree trunks contain

vascular and cork cambium

Page 13: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Stems/Function

• Specialized stems store food• Allow plant to survive drought, cold and grow • Examples• Corms – short, thickened, underground stem

surrounded by leaf scales• Tuber – swollen, underground stem that has

buds• Rhizomes – underground stems

Page 14: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Corm

Page 15: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside
Page 16: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside
Page 17: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside
Page 18: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside
Page 19: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside
Page 20: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Stem internal structure

• Vascular tissue arrangement determined by plant type• Woody stems Xylem becomes woodPhloem and cork make up bark

Page 21: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

Growth of the stem

• Apical meristems –at the tip• Secondary growth – increase in

diameter via the vascular cambium or lateral meristem• Meristems along the stem give rise to

leaves and branches

Page 22: Plant Organs – Roots & Stems 3 things to know STRUCTURE - anatomy FUNCTION – what is the primary purpose MODIFICATION – other possible functions (aside

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