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Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves

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Page 1: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Chapter 23Roots, Stems and

Leaves

Page 2: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of

vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of vascular

tissue Contrast meristematic tissue with other

plant tissues

Page 3: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Specialized Tissues in Plants

Three main organs of plants: ROOTS: underground organs that absorb

water and minerals Also anchor the plant and hold it upright

STEMS: supporting structures that connect roots and leaves

Carry water and nutrients Holds leaves up to light

LEAVES: carry out photosynthesis Capture light, flat so cover more surface area Cuticle and adjustable pores protect leaves from water

loss

Page 4: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Tissue Systems Within the roots, stems and leaves are

FOUR specialized tissue systems: DERMAL TISSUE: forms the skin of a plant (is

the outermost layer of cells) VASCULAR TISSUE: like the plant’s

bloodstream (transports water and nutrients throughout the plant)

GROUND TISSUE: cells between the dermal and vascular tissues

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE: found only in the tips of shoots and roots

Page 5: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Dermal tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

Stem

Root

Leaf

Three tissues of

plants

Page 6: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Dermal Tissue Outer covering of a

plant Consists of:

Epidermis: outermost layer Cuticle: thick, waxy layer that protects against

water loss and injury (covers epidermis) On under side of leaves, contains guard cells

which regulate water loss and gas exchange

Page 7: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Vascular Tissue Transport system: “bloodstream” Consists of xylem and phloem

Xylem: water-conducting tissue Transports water to leaves

Phloem: food-conducting tissue Takes sugar to the roots

Page 8: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Ground Tissue Tissue that lies between dermal and

vascular tissue Consists of parenchyma, collenchyma

and sclerenchyma

Page 9: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Meristematic Tissue

New growth is produced in cells that make up meristematic tissue

It is the ONLY plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis!! Best place to see this at the tip of a

shoot/root where apical meristem is located

Page 10: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of
Page 11: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Section 23-2 Roots Learning Targets Describe the two main types of roots Identify the tissues and structures in a

mature root. Describe the different functions of

roots.

Page 12: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Roots Functions:

Absorb water and nutrients Anchor plant

TWO MAIN TYPES OF ROOTS: Taproots: found mainly in dicots

EX: carrot, dandelions, beets, radishes, oak tree

Fibrous Roots: found mainly in monocots Help to prevent erosion EX: grass

Page 13: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

ROOTS

Page 14: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Root Structure Epidermis of root is covered with

tiny projections called root hairs

Increase surface area of root to absorb more water

Roots grow in length as their apical meristem produces new cells near the root tip The fragile new cells are covered by a tough

root cap that protects the root as it forces its way through soil

Page 15: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Root FunctionRoots anchor the plants into

the ground and absorb water and nutrients.

Roots use osmosis and active transport to move water and nutrients into the plant roots to support the plants growth

Page 16: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Section 23-3 StemsDescribe the main functions of stems

Contrast monocot and dicot stems

Explain how primary growth and secondary growth occur in stems

Page 17: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Stems 3 IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS:

Produce Leaves, branches and flowers Hold leaves up in the sunlight Transport substances between roots and

leaves Composed of dermal, vascular and

ground tissue (like the rest of the plant)

Page 18: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Stem Parts Nodes: where

leaves are attached

Internodes: regions between the nodes

Buds: contain undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves

Page 19: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Monocot v. Dicot Stems

Moncots: vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem

Page 20: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Monocot v. Dicot Stems

Dicots: vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder

Page 21: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Primary vs. Secondary Growth

Plants grow in two main ways:Primary Growth: produced by cell divisions in the apical meristem (tips of roots and shoots)

Secondary Growth: the type of growth in which the stem increases in width.

Page 22: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

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Page 23: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Secondary Growth:WOOD

WOOD is actually layers of XYLEM Heartwood: older xylem

in center of wood, that no longer conducts water

Darkens with age as it accumulates impurities

Sapwood: surrounds heartwood, active in transport

Page 24: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

WOOD Growth Rings Indicate age of tree and

environmental conditions Thick rings indicate the

growing season experienced adequate moisture

Thin rings indicate there was less water (draught)

Page 25: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Wood Bark

Cork

Cork Cambium

Phloem

Vascular Cambium

Xylem: Sapwood

Xylem:HeartwoodContains old, nonfunctioningxylem that helpssupport the tree

Contains active xylem that transports water and minerals

Produces new xylem and phloem, which increase the width of the stem

Transports sugars produced by photosynthesis

Produces protective layer of cork

Contains old, nonfunctioning phloem that protects the tree

Page 26: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Section 23-4 LeavesDescribe how the structure of a leaf enables it to carry out photosynthesis

Describe how gas exchange takes place in a leaf

Page 27: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Leaf Structure Main organs of photosynthesis

Makes food for plants (glucose: C6H12O2)

Structure is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis Blades: thin, flattened to increase surface

area to absorb sunlight Attached to stem by petiole

Epidermis: outer layer Cuticle: waxy, protective layer

Protects tissues and limits water loss

Page 28: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Leaf Structure

Page 29: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Leaf Function Photosynthesis

Most of photosynthesis carried out in MESOPHYLL layer

Packed with chloroplasts Palisade Mesophyll: column-shaped cells just

under epidermis Absorb most of light coming into leaf

Page 30: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Leaf Function

Veins

Xylem

Phloem Vein

Cuticle

Epidermis

Palisademesophyll

Epidermis

Stoma

Guardcells

Spongymesophyll

Page 31: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Leaf Structure/Function

Spongy Mesophyll: loose tissue layer beneath palisade with air spaces between cells Air spaces connect with outside through

STOMATA

Page 32: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Leaf Structure/Function

STOMATA: pores in underside of leaf that let carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out of the leaf Each stoma consists of two GUARD CELLS

Guard Cells: cells in the epidermis that control the opening and closing of the stomata by responding to water pressure changes

Page 33: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Single stomata Multiple stomata

Page 34: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Stomata/Guard Cells

Stoma Open Stoma Closed

Guard cells

Inner cell wall

Stoma

Guard cells

Inner cell wall

Page 35: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Leaf Structure/Function Gas Exchange

Leaves take in CO2 and give off O2 during photosynthesis Plant leaves allow gas exchange by opening their stomata

If kept open all the time, there would be large amounts of water loss due to transpiration

Plants keep stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place, not long enough to lose too much water

Guard cells regulate opening/closing of the stomata If water pressure is high, they open the stomata If water pressure is low, they close the stoma

Page 36: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Leaf Structure/Function

Veins

Xylem

Phloem Vein

Cuticle

Epidermis

Palisademesophyll

Epidermis

Stoma

Guardcells

Spongymesophyll

Page 37: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Section 22-5 Transport in PlantsExplain how water is transported throughout the plant

Describe how the products of photosynthesis are transported throughout the plant.

Page 38: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Water Transport Combo of root pressure, capillary action and

transpiration provides force to move water through the xylem Root Pressure: pressure created by water entering

the tissues of a root that pushes water upward in a plant stem

Capillary Action: tendency of water to rise in a THIN tube

Water is attracted to the walls of the tube and to other water molecules

Transpiration: loss of water through plant leaves by evaporation

When water is lost through transpiration the leaf “pulls” water upward from the roots

Moves water from HIGH to LOW pressure

Page 39: Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves. Section 23-1 Learning Targets Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants Identify the specialized cells of

Water Movement

Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.

Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.


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