PLANNING 2

URBAN PLANNING

SUBMITTED BY:OLANIO, MARCSUBMITTED TO:ARCH. PINEDA

1

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CITY - A CITY IS A RELATIVELY LARGE AND

PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. ALTHOUGH THERE IS NO AGREEMENT ON

HOW A CITY IS DISTINGUISHED FROM A TOWN WITHIN

GENERAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE MEANINGS, MANY CITIES HAVE A

PARTICULAR ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL, OR HISTORICAL STATUS BASED

ON LOCAL LAW.

URBAN - OF, PERTAINING TO, OR DESIGNATING A CITY OR TOWN. ;

LIVING IN A CITY

URBAN DESIGN - URBAN DESIGN IS THE COLLECTIVE TERM USED TO

DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING AND SHAPING CITIES, TOWNS

AND VILLAGES. WHEREAS ARCHITECTURE FOCUSES ON INDIVIDUAL

BUILDINGS, URBAN DESIGN ADDRESS THE LARGER SCALE OF GROUPS

OF BUILDINGS, OF STREETS AND PUBLIC SPACES, WHOLE

NEIGHBOURHOODS AND DISTRICTS, AND ENTIRE CITIES, TO MAKE

URBAN AREAS FUNCTIONAL, ATTRACTIVE AND SUSTAINABLE. URBAN

DESIGN IS AN INTER-DISCIPLINERY SUBJECT, THAT UNITES ALL THE

BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INCLUDING URBAN

PLANNING, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL

AND MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL & PLANNED CITIES

A PLANNED COMMUNITY, OR PLANNED CITY, IS ANY COMMUNITY THAT

WAS CAREFULLY PLANNED FROM ITS INCEPTION AND IS TYPICALLY

CONSTRUCTED IN A PREVIOUSLY UNDEVELOPED AREA. THIS

CONTRASTS WITH SETTLEMENTS THAT EVOLVE IN A MORE AD

HOC FASHION, WHILE NATURAL CITIES DO NOT NECESSARILY CONSIDER

THINGS THAT PLANNED CITIES DO.  LAND USE CONFLICTS ARE LESS

FREQUENT IN PLANNED COMMUNITIES SINCE THEY ARE PLANNED

CAREFULLY.

2

CONCEPT OF UTOPIA

A UTOPIA IS A CONCEPTION OF AN IDEAL SOCIETY IN WHICH THE

SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC EVILS AFFLICTING HUMANKIND

HAVE BEEN ERADICATED AND THE STATE FUNCTIONS FOR THE GOOD

AND HAPPINESS OF ALL. ALTHOUGH UTOPIAN LITERATURE DOES NOT

USUALLY DWELL ON THE PRACTICAL MEANS BY WHICH PERFECT

SOCIETIES ARE CREATED, ITS STATED AND IMPLIED CRITICISMS OF

SOCIAL ILLS AND ITS PRESENTATION OF ALTERNATIVE MODES OF

EXISTENCE HAVE ASSURED IT A PROMINENT PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF

THOUGHT. PLATO'S REPUBLIC , WRITTEN IN THE 4TH CENTURY, IS

GENERALLY REGARDED AS THE EARLIEST AND GREATEST WORK IN THE

GENRE, ALTHOUGH THE BIBLICAL GARDEN OF EDEN MIGHT BE

DESCRIBED AS A UTOPIA.

THE USE OF THE WORD UTOPIA (WHICH MEANS "NO PLACE" IN

GREEK) TO DESIGNATE A PERFECT SOCIETY BEGAN WITH THE

PUBLICATION IN 1516 OF SAINT THOMAS MORE'S UTOPIA, A LATIN ESSAY

DEPICTING THE WAY OF LIFE AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ON AN

IMAGINARY ISLAND. THE WORK CONSISTS OF TWO BOOKS: THE FIRST, A

SCATHING ACCOUNT OF CONDITIONS IN CONTEMPORARY ENGLAND, IS

DESIGNED TO CONTRAST SHARPLY WITH THE SECOND, A DELINEATION

OF MORE'S CONCEPTION OF A STATE RULED BY REASON. HE

DESCRIBES IN ABUNDANT DETAIL HIS IDEAL COMMUNITY'S RELIGION,

GOVERNMENT, EDUCATION, ECONOMICS, WARS, LAWS, AND

CUSTOMS. UTOPIA GAINED A WIDE AUDIENCE, AND THE TERM WAS

SUBSEQUENTLY APPLIED TO ALL SUCH CONCEPTS ADVANCED BY

SOCIAL THINKERS AND VISIONARIES.

DURING THE 19TH CENTURY NUMEROUS ATTEMPTS WERE MADE

ACTUALLY TO ESTABLISH UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES. MOST WERE

EXPERIMENTS IN UTOPIAN SOCIALISM, SUCH AS THOSE ADVOCATED BY

THE COMTE DE SAINT-SIMON, CHARLES FOURIER, AND ÉTIENNE CABET

IN FRANCE, ROBERT OWEN IN BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES, AND

HIS SON ROBERT DALE OWEN IN THE UNITED STATES. ALTHOUGH THEY

DIFFERED CONSIDERABLY IN THEIR SPECIFIC VIEWS, THESE UTOPIAN

THINKERS CONCURRED IN THE BELIEF THAT IDEAL SOCIETIES COULD

3

BE CREATED WITHOUT MUCH DIFFICULTY, STARTING WITH THE

FORMATION OF SMALL COOPERATIVE COMMUNITIES MADE UP OF THEIR

FOLLOWERS. SAINT-SIMON REGARDED TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

AND LARGE-SCALE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AS BEING OF UTMOST

IMPORTANCE. FUTURE HAPPINESS, HE BELIEVED, WAS TIED TO

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH. FOURIER, IN CONTRAST, REPUDIATED INDUSTRY.

HE FAVORED AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES IN WHICH PEOPLE LIVED IN

SMALL, SELF-SUFFICIENT "PHALANXES" FREE FROM THE RESTRAINTS

IMPOSED BY CIVILIZATION. EXPERIMENTAL SETTLEMENTS BASED ON

THE THEORIES OF THE UTOPIANS WERE SET UP IN EUROPE AND THE

UNITED STATES AND INCLUDED ROBERT OWEN'S FAMOUS

COOPERATIVE COMMUNITIES IN NEW HARMONY, IND., AND NEW

LANARK, SCOTLAND. MOST DID NOT LONG SURVIVE; ONE OF THE

LONGEST LASTING WAS ONEIDA COMMUNITY, IN NEW YORK STATE,

WHICH LASTED FROM 1848 TO 1881. BY THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH

CENTURY THE UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS WERE BEGINNING TO BE ECLIPSED

BY MORE MILITANT RADICAL MOVEMENTS, INCLUDING ANARCHISM AND

MARXISM.

IN MODERN TIMES UTOPIANISM HAS FREQUENTLY SUGGESTED A

NAIVE AND IMPOSSIBLY IMPRACTICAL APPROACH TO REALITY.

NEVERTHELESS, THE TRADITION OF UTOPIAN LITERATURE HAS

PERSISTED AS A DEVICE FOR EXPOSING CONTEMPORARY ILLS. MUCH

RECENT WRITING HAS FOCUSED ON SCIENTIFIC UTOPIAS IN ADVANCED

TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. THE PUBLICATION OF SATIRIC

ANTIUTOPIAS, SOMETIMES CALLED DYSTOPIAS, HAS ALSO CONTINUED.

PROMINENT EXAMPLES OF THIS GENRE ARE ALDOUS HUXLEY'S BRAVE

NEW WORLD, GEORGE ORWELL'S NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR, AND KURT

VONNEGUT'S PLAYER PIANO (1951).

HISTORICAL LAYOUTS

IN THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD, AGRICULTURE AND OTHER

TECHNIQUES FACILITATED LARGER POPULATIONS THAN THE VERY

SMALL COMMUNITIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC, WHICH PROBABLY LED TO

THE STRONGER, MORE COERCIVE GOVERNMENTS EMERGING AT THAT

TIME. THE PRE-CLASSICAL AND CLASSICAL PERIODS SAW A NUMBER OF

4

CITIES LAID OUT ACCORDING TO FIXED PLANS, THOUGH MANY TENDED

TO DEVELOP ORGANICALLY. DESIGNED CITIES WERE CHARACTERISTIC

OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN, HARRAPAN, AND EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONS OF

THE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC (SEE URBAN PLANNING IN ANCIENT EGYPT).

DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN PLANNING FROM

REMAINS OF THE CITIES OF HARAPPA, LOTHAL, AND MOHENJO-DARO IN

THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (IN MODERN-DAY

NORTHWESTERN INDIA AND PAKISTAN) LEAD ARCHEOLOGISTS TO

CONCLUDE THAT THEY ARE THE EARLIEST EXAMPLES OF

DELIBERATELY PLANNED AND MANAGED CITIES. THE STREETS OF MANY

OF THESE EARLY CITIES WERE PAVED AND LAID OUT AT RIGHT ANGLES

IN AGRID PATTERN, WITH A HIERARCHY OF STREETS FROM MAJOR

BOULEVARDS TO RESIDENTIAL ALLEYS. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

SUGGESTS THAT MANY HARRAPAN HOUSES WERE LAID OUT TO

PROTECT FROM NOISE AND ENHANCE RESIDENTIAL PRIVACY; MANY

ALSO HAD THEIR OWN WATER WELLS, PROBABLY FOR BOTH SANITARY

AND RITUAL PURPOSES. THESE ANCIENT CITIES WERE UNIQUE IN THAT

THEY OFTEN HAD DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, SEEMINGLY TIED TO A WELL-

DEVELOPED IDEAL OF URBAN SANITATION.

CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL EUROPE - THE GREEK HIPPODAMUS (C. 407

BC) HAS BEEN DUBBED THE "FATHER OF CITY PLANNING" FOR HIS

DESIGN OF MILETUS; ALEXANDER COMMISSIONED HIM TO LAY OUT HIS

NEW CITY OF ALEXANDRIA, THE GRANDEST EXAMPLE OF IDEALIZED

URBAN PLANNING OF THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN WORLD, WHERE

THE CITY'S REGULARITY WAS FACILITATED BY ITS LEVEL SITE NEAR A

MOUTH OF THE NILE. THE HIPPODAMIAN, OR GRID PLAN, WAS THE BASIS

FOR SUBSEQUENT GREEK AND ROMAN CITIES. ARISTOTLE'S CRITIQUE

AND INDEED RIDICULE OF HIPPODAMUS, WHICH APPEARS IN POLITICS 2.

8, IS PERHAPS THE FIRST KNOWN EXAMPLE OF A CRITICISM OF URBAN

PLANNING.

THE ANCIENT ROMANS USED A CONSOLIDATED SCHEME FOR

CITY PLANNING, DEVELOPED FOR MILITARY DEFENSE AND CIVIL

CONVENIENCE. THE BASIC PLAN CONSISTED OF A CENTRAL FORUM

WITH CITY SERVICES, SURROUNDED BY A COMPACT, RECTILINEAR GRID

OF STREETS, AND WRAPPED IN A WALL FOR DEFENSE. TO REDUCE

5

TRAVEL TIMES, TWO DIAGONAL STREETS CROSSED THE SQUARE GRID,

PASSING THROUGH THE CENTRAL SQUARE. A RIVER USUALLY FLOWED

THROUGH THE CITY, PROVIDING WATER, TRANSPORT, AND SEWAGE

DISPOSAL. MANY EUROPEAN TOWNS, SUCH AS TURIN, PRESERVE THE

REMAINS OF THESE SCHEMES, WHICH SHOW THE VERY LOGICAL WAY

THE ROMANS DESIGNED THEIR CITIES. THEY WOULD LAY OUT THE

STREETS AT RIGHT ANGLES, IN THE FORM OF A SQUARE GRID. ALL

ROADS WERE EQUAL IN WIDTH AND LENGTH, EXCEPT FOR TWO, WHICH

WERE SLIGHTLY WIDER THAN THE OTHERS. ONE OF THESE RAN EAST–

WEST, THE OTHER, NORTH–SOUTH, AND INTERSECTED IN THE MIDDLE

TO FORM THE CENTER OF THE GRID. ALL ROADS WERE MADE OF

CAREFULLY FITTED FLAG STONES AND FILLED IN WITH SMALLER, HARD-

PACKED ROCKS AND PEBBLES. BRIDGES WERE CONSTRUCTED WHERE

NEEDED. EACH SQUARE MARKED BY FOUR ROADS WAS CALLED

AN INSULA, THE ROMAN EQUIVALENT OF A MODERN CITY BLOCK.

EACH INSULA WAS 80 YARDS (73 M) SQUARE, WITH THE LAND

WITHIN IT DIVIDED. AS THE CITY DEVELOPED, EACH INSULA WOULD

EVENTUALLY BE FILLED WITH BUILDINGS OF VARIOUS SHAPES AND

SIZES AND CRISSCROSSED WITH BACK ROADS AND ALLEYS. MOST

INSULAE WERE GIVEN TO THE FIRST SETTLERS OF A ROMAN CITY, BUT

EACH PERSON HAD TO PAY TO CONSTRUCT HIS OWN HOUSE.

THE CITY WAS SURROUNDED BY A WALL TO PROTECT IT FROM

INVADERS AND TO MARK THE CITY LIMITS. AREAS OUTSIDE CITY LIMITS

WERE LEFT OPEN AS FARMLAND. AT THE END OF EACH MAIN ROAD WAS

A LARGE GATEWAY WITH WATCHTOWERS. A PORTCULLIS COVERED THE

OPENING WHEN THE CITY WAS UNDER SIEGE, AND ADDITIONAL

WATCHTOWERS WERE CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE CITY WALLS. AN

AQUEDUCT WAS BUILT OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS.

THE COLLAPSE OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION SAW THE END OF ROMAN

URBAN PLANNING, AMONG OTHER ARTS. URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE

MIDDLE AGES, CHARACTERISTICALLY FOCUSED ON A FORTRESS, A

FORTIFIED ABBEY, OR A (SOMETIMES ABANDONED) ROMAN NUCLEUS,

OCCURRED "LIKE THE ANNULAR RINGS OF A TREE", WHETHER IN AN

EXTENDED VILLAGE OR THE CENTER OF A LARGER CITY. SINCE THE

NEW CENTER WAS OFTEN ON HIGH, DEFENSIBLE GROUND, THE CITY

PLAN TOOK ON AN ORGANIC CHARACTER, FOLLOWING THE

6

IRREGULARITIES OF ELEVATION CONTOURS LIKE THE SHAPES THAT

RESULT FROM AGRICULTURAL TERRACING.

THE IDEAL OF WIDE STREETS AND ORDERLY CITIES WAS NOT

LOST, HOWEVER. A FEW MEDIEVAL CITIES WERE ADMIRED FOR THEIR

WIDE THOROUGHFARES AND ORDERLY ARRANGEMENTS, BUT THE

JURIDICAL CHAOS OF MEDIEVAL CITIES (WHERE THE ADMINISTRATION

OF STREETS WAS SOMETIMES PASSED DOWN THROUGH NOBLE

FAMILIES), AND THE CHARACTERISTIC TENACITY OF MEDIEVAL

EUROPEANS IN LEGAL MATTERS PREVENTED FREQUENT OR LARGE-

SCALE URBAN PLANNING UNTIL THE RENAISSANCE AND THE EARLY-

MODERN STRENGTHENING OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

ADMINISTRATION, AS EUROPEAN (AND SOON AFTER, NORTH AMERICAN)

SOCIETY TRANSITED FROM CITY-STATES TO WHAT WE WOULD

RECOGNIZE AS A MORE MODERN CONCEPT OF A NATION-STATE.

RENAISSANCE EUROPE - FLORENCE WAS AN EARLY MODEL OF THE

NEW URBAN PLANNING, WHICH TOOK ON A STAR-SHAPED LAYOUT

ADAPTED FROM THE NEW STAR FORT, DESIGNED TO RESIST CANNON

FIRE. THIS MODEL WAS WIDELY IMITATED, REFLECTING THE ENORMOUS

CULTURAL POWER OF FLORENCE IN THIS AGE; "[T]HE RENAISSANCE

WAS HYPNOTIZED BY ONE CITY TYPE WHICH FOR A CENTURY AND A

HALF— FROM FILARETE TO SCAMOZZI— WAS IMPRESSED UPON

UTOPIAN SCHEMES: THIS IS THE STAR-SHAPED CITY". RADIAL STREETS

EXTEND OUTWARD FROM A DEFINED CENTER OF MILITARY, COMMUNAL

OR SPIRITUAL POWER.

ONLY IN IDEAL CITIES DID A CENTRALLY PLANNED STRUCTURE

STAND AT THE HEART, AS IN RAPHAEL'S SPOSALIZIO (ILLUSTRATION) OF

1504. AS BUILT, THE UNIQUE EXAMPLE OF A RATIONALLY

PLANNED QUATTROCENTO NEW CITY CENTER, THAT

OF VIGEVANO (1493–95), RESEMBLES A CLOSED SPACE INSTEAD,

SURROUNDED BY ARCADING.

FILARETE'S IDEAL CITY, BUILDING ON LEONE BATTISTA

ALBERTI'S DE RE AEDIFICATORIA, WAS NAMED "SFORZINDA" IN

COMPLIMENT TO HIS PATRON; ITS TWELVE-POINTED SHAPE,

7

CIRCUMSCRIBABLE BY A "PERFECT" PYTHAGOREAN FIGURE, THE

CIRCLE, TOOK NO HEED OF ITS UNDULATING TERRAIN IN FILARETE'S

MANUSCRIPT. THIS PROCESS OCCURRED IN CITIES, BUT ORDINARILY

NOT IN THE INDUSTRIAL SUBURBS CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS ERA (SEE

BRAUDEL, THE STRUCTURES OF EVERYDAY LIFE), WHICH REMAINED

DISORDERLY AND CHARACTERIZED BY CROWDING AND ORGANIC

GROWTH.

FOLLOWING THE 1695 BOMBARDMENT OF BRUSSELS BY THE

FRENCH TROOPS OF KING LOUIS XIV, IN WHICH A LARGE PART OF THE

CITY CENTER WAS DESTROYED, GOVERNORMAX EMANUEL PROPOSED

USING THE RECONSTRUCTION TO COMPLETELY CHANGE THE LAYOUT

AND ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF THE CITY. HIS PLAN WAS TO

TRANSFORM THE MEDIEVAL CITY INTO A CITY OF THE

NEW BAROQUE STYLE, MODELED ON TURIN, WITH A LOGICAL STREET

LAYOUT, WITH STRAIGHT AVENUES OFFERING LONG, UNINTERRUPTED

VIEWS FLANKED BY BUILDINGS OF A UNIFORM SIZE. THIS PLAN WAS

OPPOSED BY RESIDENTS AND MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES, WHO WANTED

A RAPID RECONSTRUCTION, DID NOT HAVE THE RESOURCES FOR

GRANDIOSE PROPOSALS, AND RESENTED WHAT THEY CONSIDERED

THE IMPOSITION OF A NEW, FOREIGN, ARCHITECTURAL STYLE. IN THE

ACTUAL RECONSTRUCTION, THE GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE CITY WAS

CONSERVED, BUT IT WAS NOT IDENTICAL TO THAT BEFORE THE

CATACLYSM. DESPITE THE NECESSITY OF RAPID RECONSTRUCTION

AND THE LACK OF FINANCIAL MEANS, AUTHORITIES DID TAKE SEVERAL

MEASURES TO IMPROVE TRAFFIC FLOW, SANITATION, AND THE

AESTHETICS OF THE CITY. MANY STREETS WERE MADE AS WIDE AS

POSSIBLE TO IMPROVE TRAFFIC FLOW.

AMERICAS - MANY CENTRAL AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS ALSO PLANNED

THEIR CITIES, INCLUDING SEWAGE SYSTEMS AND RUNNING WATER.

IN MEXICO, TENOCHTITLAN WAS THE CAPITAL OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE,

BUILT ON AN ISLAND IN LAKE TEXCOCO IN WHAT IS NOW THE FEDERAL

DISTRICT IN CENTRAL MEXICO. AT ITS HEIGHT, TENOCHTITLAN WAS ONE

OF THE LARGEST CITIES IN THE WORLD, WITH OVER 200,000

INHABITANTS.

8

MODERN PLANNING - MODERN URBAN PLANNING DATES FROM THE

1850S AND THE CONTRASTING PROJECTS TO UPDATE PARIS AND

EXTEND BARCELONA. IN 1852, BARON GEORGES-EUGÈNE

HAUSSMANN WAS COMMISSIONED TO REMODEL THE MEDIEVAL STREET

PLAN OF PARIS BY DEMOLISHING SWATHES OF THE OLD CITY AND

LAYING OUT WIDE BOULEVARDS, EXTENDING OUTWARDS BEYOND THE

OLD CITY LIMITS. HAUSSMANN'S PROJECT ENCOMPASSED ALL ASPECTS

OF URBAN PLANNING, BOTH IN THE CENTRE OF PARIS AND IN THE

SURROUNDING DISTRICTS, WITH REGULATIONS IMPOSED ON BUILDING

FACADES, PUBLIC PARKS, SEWERS AND WATER WORKS, CITY

FACILITIES, AND PUBLIC MONUMENTS. BEYOND AESTHETIC AND

SANITARY CONSIDERATIONS, THE WIDE THOROUGHFARES FACILITATED

TROOP MOVEMENT AND POLICING.

THE PLAN CHOSEN TO EXTEND BARCELONA WAS A RIGOROUS

PROJECT BASED ON A SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE CITY AND ITS

MODERN REQUIREMENTS. IT WAS DRAWN UP BY THE CATALAN

ENGINEER ILDEFONS CERDÀ TO FILL THE SPACE BEYOND THE CITY

WALLS AFTER THEY WERE DEMOLISHED FROM 1854. HE IS CREDITED

WITH INVENTING THE TERM ‘URBANIZATION’ AND HIS APPROACH WAS

CODIFIED IN HIS GENERAL THEORY OF URBANIZATION (1867).

CERDÀ'S EIXAMPLE (CATALAN FOR 'EXTENSION') CONSISTED OF 550

REGULAR BLOCKS WITH CHAMFERED CORNERS TO FACILITATE THE

MOVEMENT OF TRAMS, CROSSED BY THREE WIDER AVENUES. HIS

OBJECTIVES WERE TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF THE INHABITANTS,

TOWARDS WHICH THE BLOCKS WERE BUILT AROUND CENTRAL

GARDENS AND ORIENTATED NW-SE TO MAXIMIZE THE SUNLIGHT THEY

RECEIVED, AND ASSIST SOCIAL INTEGRATION. 

REACTION - BY THE LATE 1960S AND EARLY 1970S, MANY PLANNERS

FELT THAT MODERNISM'S CLEAN LINES AND LACK OF HUMAN SCALE

SAPPED VITALITY FROM THE COMMUNITY, BLAMING THEM FOR HIGH

CRIME RATES AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS.

MODERNIST PLANNING FELL INTO DECLINE IN THE 1970S WHEN

THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHEAP, UNIFORM TOWER BLOCKS ENDED IN

MOST COUNTRIES, SUCH AS BRITAIN AND FRANCE. SINCE THEN MANY

9

HAVE BEEN DEMOLISHED AND REPLACED BY OTHER HOUSING TYPES.

RATHER THAN ATTEMPTING TO ELIMINATE ALL DISORDER, PLANNING

NOW CONCENTRATES ON INDIVIDUALISM AND DIVERSITY IN SOCIETY

AND THE ECONOMY; THIS IS THE POST-MODERNIST ERA.

MINIMALLY PLANNED CITIES STILL EXIST. HOUSTON IS A LARGE

CITY (WITH A METROPOLITAN POPULATION OF 5.5 MILLION) IN A

DEVELOPED COUNTRY WITHOUT A

COMPREHENSIVE ZONING ORDINANCE. HOUSTON DOES, HOWEVER,

RESTRICT DEVELOPMENT DENSITIES AND MANDATE PARKING, EVEN

THOUGH SPECIFIC LAND USES ARE NOT REGULATED. ALSO, PRIVATE-

SECTOR DEVELOPERS IN HOUSTON USE SUBDIVISION COVENANTS

AND DEED RESTRICTIONSTO EFFECT LAND-USE RESTRICTIONS

RESEMBLING ZONING LAWS. HOUSTON VOTERS HAVE REJECTED

COMPREHENSIVE ZONING ORDINANCES THREE TIMES SINCE 1948. EVEN

WITHOUT TRADITIONAL ZONING, METROPOLITAN HOUSTON DISPLAYS

LARGE-SCALE LAND-USE PATTERNS RESEMBLING ZONED REGIONS

COMPARABLE IN AGE AND POPULATION, SUCH AS DALLAS. THIS

SUGGESTS THAT NON-REGULATORY FACTORS SUCH AS URBAN

INFRASTRUCTURE AND FINANCING MAY BE AS IMPORTANT AS ZONING

LAWS IN SHAPING URBAN FORM.

FORMS OF URBANISM & NEW URBANISM

NEO-TRADITIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

NEO-TRADITIONAL DEVELOPMENT (NTD) OR NEO-TRADITIONAL

TOWN PLANNING IS AN URBAN DESIGN TREND WHICH HAS DRAWN THE

ATTENTION OF PLANNERS AND ARCHITECTS DURING THE PAST TWO

DECADES. THIS POST MODERN FLOW IS FOCUSED ON CREATING WELL-

PLANNED, MIXED-USE, COMPACT CITIES.

DENSITY HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NTDS. NEO-

TRADITIONALISTS TRY TO PLAN COMMUNITIES WITH DENSE FABRIC AS

WELL AS PROMOTING PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE AMENITIES. THIS IS A

REACTION TO THE RECENT CRITICISMS OF URBAN SPRAWL. CRITICS OF

URBAN SPRAWL BELIEVE THAT SPRAWLING URBAN AREAS AND

10

SUBURBS CAUSE LOW SENSE OF COMMUNITY, HIGH CONSTRUCTION

COSTS, HIGH AUTOMOBILE DEPENDENCY, HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTIONS, LOW PUBLIC HEALTH, ETC.

URBAN CONTAINMENT

URBAN CONTAINMENT AS “THE POLICY OF LIMITING SPRAWL BY

RESTRICTING OUT-OF-TOWN DEVELOPMENT.”1 WHILE THIS IS A SIMPLE

DEFINITION, IT IS TRUE THAT URBAN CONTAINMENT AIMS TO LIMIT

SPRAWL, AND THAT IT DOES SO BY RESTRICTING DEVELOPMENT

OUTSIDE OF A DESIGNATED ZONE. BUT A SLIGHTLY BROADER VIEW IS

NECESSARY IN ORDER TO INCLUDE THE AIMS OF URBAN CONTAINMENT

IN TERMS OF IN-TOWN DEVELOPMENT AS WELL.

THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF URBAN CONTAINMENT ARE THE

EFFICIENT DELIVERY OF PUBLIC

FACILITIES; THE PRESERVATION OF FARMS AND FOREST LAND; THE

REDUCTION OF AIR, WATER AND LAND

POLLUTION; AND THE CULTIVATION OF QUALITY OF LIFE BY CREATING A

DISTINCTLY URBAN AMBIENCE.

WHEN THESE OBJECTIVES ARE IMPLEMENTED EFFECTIVELY, URBAN

CONTAINMENT PROVIDES FOR THE

ACCESSIBILITY OF ALL DESTINATIONS IN AN URBAN AREA TO ALL THE

AREA’S RESIDENTS2. SHOPPING,

JOBS, AND SCHOOLS ARE CLOSER TO HOME AND MORE EASILY

SERVICED BY PRIVATE AND PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION. THE URBAN AREA’S POLLUTION IS REDUCED BY

COMPACT DEVELOPMENT, AND

CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC PARKS ARE WELL COORDINATED

TO CORRESPOND WITH TRAFFIC

11

PATTERNS, MAKING THEM MORE RELEVANT TO THE LIVES OF AN URBAN

AREA’S RESIDENTS.

COMPACT CITY

COMPACT CITY IS A HIGH DENSITY URBAN SETTLEMENT THAT HAS THE

FOLLOWING MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

CENTRAL AREA REVITALISATION

HIGH-DENSITY DEVELOPMENT

MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT

SERVICES AND FACILITIES: HOSPITALS, PARKS, SCHOOLS, LEISURE AND

FUN

ECO-CITY

AN ECO-CITY IS AN ECOLOGICALLY HEALTHY CITY. ECO-CITIES

ARE PLACES WHERE PEOPLE CAN LIVE HEALTHIER AND ECONOMICALLY

PRODUCTIVE LIVES WHILE REDUCING THEIR IMPACT ON THE

ENVIRONMENT. THEY WORK TO HARMONIZE EXISTING POLICIES,

REGIONAL REALITIES, AND ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS MARKETS WITH

THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS. ECO-

CITIES STRIVE TO ENGAGE ALL CITIZENS IN COLLABORATIVE AND

TRANSPARENT DECISION MAKING, WHILE BEING MINDFUL OF SOCIAL

EQUITY CONCERNS.

UTOPIAN CITY DESIGN CONCEPTS

GARDEN CITY(VILLAGE)- GARDEN CITY IS A VILLAGE IN THE TOWN

OF HEMPSTEAD IN CENTRAL NASSAU COUNTY, NEW YORK, IN

THE UNITED STATES. IT WAS FOUNDED BY MULTI-

MILLIONAIREALEXANDER TURNEY STEWART IN 1869, AND IS LOCATED

ON LONG ISLAND, TO THE EAST OF NEW YORK CITY, 18.5 MILES (29.8 KM)

FROM MID-TOWN MANHATTAN, AND JUST SOUTH OF THE TOWN

OF NORTH HEMPSTEAD. A VERY SMALL SECTION OF THE VILLAGE IS IN

NORTH HEMPSTEAD.

12

GARDEN CITY(METHOD)- THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT IS A METHOD

OF URBAN PLANNING THAT WAS INITIATED IN 1898 BY SIR EBENEZER

HOWARD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. GARDEN CITIES WERE INTENDED TO

BE PLANNED, SELF-CONTAINED COMMUNITIES SURROUNDED BY

"GREENBELTS" (PARKS), CONTAINING PROPORTIONATE AREAS OF

RESIDENCES, INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE.

INSPIRED BY THE UTOPIAN NOVEL LOOKING BACKWARD,

HOWARD PUBLISHED HIS BOOK TO-MORROW: A PEACEFUL PATH TO

REAL REFORM IN 1898 (WHICH WAS REISSUED IN 1902 AS GARDEN

CITIES OF TO-MORROW). HIS IDEALISED GARDEN CITY WOULD HOUSE

32,000 PEOPLE ON A SITE OF 6,000 ACRES (2,400 HA), PLANNED ON

A CONCENTRIC PATTERN WITH OPEN SPACES, PUBLIC PARKS AND SIX

RADIAL BOULEVARDS, 120 FT (37 M) WIDE, EXTENDING FROM THE

CENTRE. THE GARDEN CITY WOULD BE SELF-SUFFICIENT AND WHEN IT

REACHED FULL POPULATION, ANOTHER GARDEN CITY WOULD BE

DEVELOPED NEARBY. HOWARD ENVISAGED A CLUSTER OF SEVERAL

GARDEN CITIES AS SATELLITES OF A CENTRAL CITY OF 50,000 PEOPLE,

LINKED BY ROAD AND RAIL.

CITY BEAUTIFUL - THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT WAS A REFORM

PHILOSOPHY CONCERNING NORTH

AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING THAT FLOURISHED

DURING THE 1890S AND 1900S WITH THE INTENT OF

USING BEAUTIFICATION AND MONUMENTAL GRANDEUR IN CITIES. THE

MOVEMENT, WHICH WAS ORIGINALLY ASSOCIATED MAINLY

WITH CHICAGO, DETROIT, AND WASHINGTON, D.C. PROMOTED BEAUTY

NOT ONLY FOR ITS OWN SAKE, BUT ALSO TO CREATE MORAL ANDCIVIC

VIRTUE AMONG URBAN POPULATIONS. ADVOCATES OF THE

PHILOSOPHY BELIEVED THAT SUCH BEAUTIFICATION COULD THUS

PROMOTE A HARMONIOUS SOCIAL ORDER THAT WOULD INCREASE THE

QUALITY OF LIFE.

SATELLITE CITY

SATELLITE CITIES ARE SMALLER CITIES THAT ARE NEXT TO A

LARGE CITY THAT IS THE CENTER OF A METROPOLITAN AREA. THEY ARE

13

DIFFERENT FROM SUBURBS, SUBDIVISIONS AND BEDROOM

COMMUNITIES BECAUSE THEY HAVE THEIR OWN GOVERNMENTS AND

ENOUGH JOBS TO SUPPORT THEIR OWN PEOPLE. SATELLITE CITIES

COULD BE SEPARATE CITIES OUTSIDE OF THE LARGER METROPOLITAN

AREAS. HOWEVER, WORKING AS PART OF A METROPOLIS, A SATELLITE

CITY GETS "CROSS-COMMUTING" (PEOPLE LIVING IN THE CITY WORKING

OUTSIDE OF THE CITY AND PEOPLE FROM OTHER PLACES WORKING IN

THE CITY).

LINEAR CITY

THE LINEAR CITY WAS AN URBAN PLAN FOR AN ELONGATED URBAN

FORMATION. THE CITY WOULD CONSIST OF A SERIES OF FUNCTIONALLY

SPECIALIZED PARALLEL SECTORS. GENERALLY, THE CITY WOULD RUN

PARALLEL TO A RIVER AND BE BUILT SO THAT THE DOMINANT WIND

WOULD BLOW FROM THE RESIDENTIAL AREAS TO THE INDUSTRIAL

STRIP. THE SECTORS OF A LINEAR CITY WOULD BE:

1. A PURELY SEGREGATED ZONE FOR RAILWAY LINES,

2. A ZONE OF PRODUCTION AND COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES, WITH

RELATED SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND EDUCATIONAL

INSTITUTIONS,

3. A GREEN BELT OR BUFFER ZONE WITH MAJOR HIGHWAY,

4. A RESIDENTIAL ZONE, INCLUDING A BAND OF SOCIAL

INSTITUTIONS, A BAND OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND A

"CHILDREN'S BAND",

5. A PARK ZONE, AND

6. AN AGRICULTURAL ZONE WITH GARDENS AND STATE-RUN FARMS

(SOVKHOZY IN THE SOVIET UNION).

AS THE CITY EXPANDED, ADDITIONAL SECTORS WOULD BE ADDED TO

THE END OF EACH BAND, SO THAT THE CITY WOULD BECOME EVER

LONGER, WITHOUT GROWING WIDER.

INDUSTRIAL CITY

INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT OR INDUSTRIAL CITY WAS INITIALLY

INTRODUCED AS A TERM TO DESCRIBE AN AREA WHERE WORKERS OF A

MONOLITHIC HEAVY INDUSTRY (SHIP-BUILDING, COAL

14

MINING, STEEL, CERAMICS, ETC.) LIVE WITHIN WALKING-DISTANCE OF

THEIR PLACES OF WORK.

CONTEMPORARY CITY

THE VILLE CONTEMPORAINE (CONTEMPORARY CITY) WAS AN

UNREALISED PROJECT TO HOUSE THREE MILLION INHABITANTS

DESIGNED BY THE FRENCH-SWISS ARCHITECT LE CORBUSIER IN 1922.

THE CENTERPIECE OF THIS PLAN WAS A GROUP OF SIXTY-STORY

CRUCIFORM SKYSCRAPERS BUILT ON STEEL FRAMES AND ENCASED IN

CURTAIN WALLS OF GLASS. THE SKYSCRAPERS HOUSED BOTH OFFICES

AND THE FLATS OF THE MOST WEALTHY INHABITANTS. THESE

SKYSCRAPERS WERE SET WITHIN LARGE, RECTANGULAR PARK-LIKE

GREEN SPACES.

AT THE CENTER OF THE PLANNED CITY WAS A TRANSPORTATION

CENTER WHICH HOUSED DEPOTS FOR BUSES AND TRAINS AS WELL AS

HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS AND AT THE TOP, AN AIRPORT.

LE CORBUSIER SEGREGATED THE PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

PATHS FROM THE ROADWAYS, AND GLORIFIED THE USE OF THE

AUTOMOBILE AS A MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION. AS ONE MOVED OUT

FROM THE CENTRAL SKYSCRAPERS, SMALLER MULTI-STORY ZIGZAG

BLOCKS SET IN GREEN SPACE AND SET FAR BACK FROM THE STREET

HOUSED THE PROLETARIAN WORKERS.

LETCHWORTH CITY

LETCHWORTH, CORRECTLY TITLED LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY,

IS A TOWN AND CIVIL PARISH IN HERTFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND WITH A

POPULATION OF 33,600.

THE TOWN'S NAME IS TAKEN FROM ONE OF THE THREE VILLAGES

IT SURROUNDED (THE OTHER TWO BEING WILLIAN AND NORTON) - ALL

OF WHICH FEATURED IN THEDOMESDAY BOOK. THE LAND USED WAS

PURCHASED BY QUAKERS WHO HAD INTENDED TO FARM THE AREA AND

BUILD A QUAKER COMMUNITY. THE CURRENT TOWN WAS LAID OUT

BY EBENEZER HOWARD IN 1903 USING HIS RADICAL NEW GARDEN

CITY APPROACH WHICH INCORPORATED ELEMENTS OF THE COUNTRY,

15

ALONGSIDE CITY LIFE. MOCKED IN THE PRESS AT THE TIME, THE DESIGN

WAS SUPPORTED BY THE ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT AND THE

QUAKERS.

AS ONE OF THE WORLD'S FIRST NEW TOWNS AND THE FIRST

'GARDEN CITY' IT HAD GREAT INFLUENCE ON FUTURE TOWN PLANNING

AND THE NEW TOWNS MOVEMENT; IT INFLUENCED WELWYN GARDEN

CITY, WHICH USED A SIMILAR APPROACH AND INSPIRED OTHER

PROJECTS AROUND THE WORLD INCLUDING CANBERRA, THE

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL, HELLERAU, GERMANY, SMALL VILLAGE

OF TAPANILA, FINLAND, AND MEŽAPARKS IN LATVIA), .

WELWYN CITY

WELWYN GARDEN CITY IS A TOWN WITHIN THE WELWYN

HATFIELD BOROUGH OF HERTFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND. IT IS LOCATED

APPROXIMATELY 20 MILES (32 KM) FROM KINGS CROSS. WELWYN

GARDEN CITY WAS THE SECOND GARDEN CITY IN ENGLAND (FOUNDED

1920) AND ONE OF THE FIRST NEW TOWNS (DESIGNATED 1948).

IT IS UNIQUE IN BEING BOTH A GARDEN CITY AND A NEW TOWN

AND EXEMPLIFIES THE PHYSICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PLANNING

IDEALS OF THE PERIODS IN WHICH IT WAS BUILT. BECAUSE OF ITS

HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE IT ATTRACTS VISITORS FROM AROUND THE

WORLD.

NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT

THE CONCEPT OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT, CRYSTALLISED

FROM THE PREVAILING SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL ATTITUDES OF THE

EARLY 1900S BY CLARENCE PERRY, IS AN EARLY DIAGRAMMATIC

PLANNING MODEL FOR RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN METROPOLITAN

AREAS. IT WAS DESIGNED BY PERRY TO ACT AS A FRAMEWORK FOR

URBAN PLANNERS ATTEMPTING TO DESIGN FUNCTIONAL, SELF-

CONTAINED AND DESIRABLE NEIGHBOURHOODS IN THE EARLY 20TH

CENTURY IN INDUSTRIALISING CITIES.  IT CONTINUES TO BE UTILISED

(ALBEIT IN PROGRESSIVE AND ADAPTED WAYS, SEE NEW URBANISM),

16

AS A MEANS OF ORDERING AND ORGANISING NEW RESIDENTIAL

COMMUNITIES IN A WAY WHICH SATISFIES CONTEMPORARY "SOCIAL,

ADMINISTRATIVE AND SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR SATISFACTORY

URBAN EXISTENCE".

SUPERBLOCK

SUPERBLOCKS WERE POPULAR DURING THE EARLY AND MID-

20TH CENTURY, ARISING FROM MODERNIST IDEAS IN ARCHITECTURE

AND URBAN PLANNING. A SUPERBLOCK IS MUCH LARGER THAN A

TRADITIONAL CITY BLOCK, WITH GREATER SETBACK FOR BUILDINGS,

AND IS TYPICALLY BOUNDED BY WIDELY SPACED, HIGH-SPEED,

ARTERIAL OR CIRCULATING ROUTES RATHER THAN BY LOCAL STREETS.

SUPERBLOCKS ARE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH SUBURBS, PLANNED

CITIES, AND THE URBAN RENEWAL OF THE MID-20TH CENTURY; THAT IS,

IN AREAS IN WHICH A STREET HIERARCHY HAS REPLACED THE

TRADITIONAL GRID. IN A RESIDENTIAL AREA OF A SUBURB, THE

INTERIOR OF THE SUPERBLOCK IS TYPICALLY SERVED BYCUL-DE-

SAC OR LOOPED STREETS. SUPERBLOCKS CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN

CENTRAL CITY AREAS, WHERE THEY ARE MORE OFTEN ASSOCIATED

WITH INSTITUTIONAL, EDUCATIONAL, RECREATIONAL AND CORPORATE

RATHER THAN RESIDENTIAL USES.

NEW URBANISM CONCEPTS

NEW URBANISM PROMOTES THE CREATION AND RESTORATION

OF DIVERSE, WALKABLE, COMPACT, VIBRANT, MIXED-USE COMMUNITIES

COMPOSED OF THE SAME COMPONENTS AS CONVENTIONAL

DEVELOPMENT, BUT ASSEMBLED IN A MORE INTEGRATED FASHION, IN

THE FORM OF COMPLETE COMMUNITIES. THESE CONTAIN HOUSING,

WORK PLACES, SHOPS, ENTERTAINMENT, SCHOOLS, PARKS, AND CIVIC

FACILITIES ESSENTIAL TO THE DAILY LIVES OF THE RESIDENTS, ALL

WITHIN EASY WALKING DISTANCE OF EACH OTHER. NEW URBANISM

PROMOTES THE INCREASED USE OF TRAINS AND LIGHT RAIL, INSTEAD

OF MORE HIGHWAYS AND ROADS. URBAN LIVING IS RAPIDLY BECOMING

THE NEW HIP AND MODERN WAY TO LIVE FOR PEOPLE OF ALL AGES.

CURRENTLY, THERE ARE OVER 4,000 NEW URBANIST PROJECTS

17

PLANNED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES ALONE,

HALF OF WHICH ARE IN HISTORIC URBAN CENTERS.

URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES

RETAIN AND ENHANCE THE DISTRIC TCHARACTER OF SPECIFIC

LOCALITIES. CONSIDER SUITABLE HEIGHT CONTROL, SETBACKS AND

TREE PRESERVATION WHERE APPROPRIATE.

PROVIDE RELIEF AND DIVERSITY IN HEIGHT AND MASSING OF

DEVELOPMENTS IN DIFFERENT LOCALITIES (DETAILED STUDIES SHOULD

BE CARRIED OUT FOR INDIVIDUAL AREAS WHERE NECESSARY).

PRESERVE LOW DENSITY AREAS TO ENHANCE DIVERSITY IN THE URBAN

CORE AND INTRODUCE INTERESTING LANDSCAPE, AND BUILT FORMS

WHERE APPROPRIATE.

PROTECT EXISTING VIEW CORRIDORS TO RIDGELINES AND PROVIDE

VISUAL ACCESS TO THE COUNTRYSIDE.

RESPECT AND INTEGRATE WITH LOW RISE NEIGHBOURING

DEVELOPMENTS BY STEPPING DOWN BUILDING HEIGHT. USE LOWER

BUILDINGS SUCH AS COMMUNITY HALLS, SCHOOLS, ETC. AS INTERFACE

AND AS VISUAL AND SPATIAL RELIEF IN THE URBAN CORE.

NEW DEVELOPMENTS SHOULD R E S P O N D T O T H E U N I Q U E

TOPOGRAPHICAL AND LANDSCAPE SETTING OF A NEW TOWN. VIEW

CORRIDORS / BREEZEWAYS TO MOUNTAIN BACKDROP OR WATERBODY

SHOULD BE MAINTAINED.

DEVELOPMENTS SHOULD BE COMPATIBLE WITH THEIR CONTEXT. OUT-

OF-CONTEXT “SORE THUMB” DEVELOPMENTS SHOULD BE AVOIDED,

ESPECIALLY AT THE PERIPHERY OF A NEW TOWN.

WHERE APPROPRIATE, ADOPT A COHERENT GRADATION IN BUILDING

HEIGHT PROFILE FROM THE HIGH DENSITY CORE AREA TO THE FRINGE /

LOW DENSITY AREAS.

CREATE LANDMARKS AT THE CIVIC / COMMERCIAL CENTRES OR FOCAL

POINTS WHERE APPROPRIATE.

BUILDING HEIGHT AND MASS SHOULD BE HARMONISED WITH THE

RURAL SETTING. OUT-OF-CONTEXT “SORE THUMB” DEVELOPMENTS

SHOULD BE AVOIDED.

18

DEFINE DISTINCT VIEWSHEDS ACCORDING TO MAJOR RIDGELINES.

DETERMINE APPROPRIATE HEIGHT PROFILE WITHIN INDIVIDUAL VIEW

SHED.

ENCOURAGE DIVERSITY IN BUILDING HEIGHTS IN NEW LOW-RISE

DEVELOPMENTS TO ADD VARIETY AND INTEREST TO THE SUBURBAN

BUILT FORM. AVOID STEREOTYPE OR MONOTONOUS DEVELOPMENTS.

CREATE AN ACTIVE WATERFRONT WITH DIVERSITY IN ACTIVITIES AND

FUNCTIONS INCLUDING RESTAURANTS, BARS, RETAIL FACILITIES,

PROMENADES AND PIERS. ADD WELL-DESIGNED LANDSCAPING AND

STREET FURNITURE WHERE APPROPRIATE.

AVOID THE “WALL” EFFECT AND CREATE A VARYING BUILDING HEIGHT

PROFILE WHERE APPROPRIATE. TALLER DEVELOPMENTS SHOULD BE

LOCATED INLAND, WITH LOWER DEVELOPMENTS ON THE WATERFRONT.

IN NEW DEVELOPED AREAS, CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO

DESIGNATION OF COASTAL SITES FOR LOW DENSITY DEVELOPMENT.

ENCOURAGE WELL LANDSCAPED GREEN OPEN SPACES THAT MEET THE

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ACTIVE AND PASSIVE RECREATIONAL

USES.

MAXIMISE PUBLIC ACCESSIBILITY TO OPEN SPACES WITH EASY

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION AND MINIMUM INTERFACE WITH ROADS.

VISUAL LINKAGE ALONG VIEW CORRIDORS COULD HELP ORIENTATE

PEDESTRIANS AND DIRECT THEM TO THE OPEN SPACE FACILITIES. VIEW

CORRIDORS SHOULD BE LANDSCAPED WHEREVER PRACTICABLE.

PROVIDE FOCAL LANDMARK FEATURES IN OPEN SPACES TO ACHIEVE

ORIENTATION AND CREATE A SENSE OF PLACE.

INTRODUCE MORE “GREEN” SPACES AT STREET LEVEL. ENCOURAGE

DEVELOPMENTS TO ALLOCATE MORE GROUND LEVEL SPACE FOR

LANDSCAPING AND PROVIDE MORE SETBACKS (E.G. LESS PODIUM

COVERAGE) FOR TREE PLANTING. WHERE PRACTICABLE, PROVIDE

MORE WELL LANDSCAPED GREEN AREAS AND AMENITY STRIPS ALONG

MAJOR TRANSPORT CORRIDORS, STREET FRONTAGES AND WALKWAYS.

PROVIDE A BALANCED MIX OF HARD AND SOFT LANDSCAPE. DETAILED

MICRO-SCALE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SHOULD BE SITE SPECIFIC TO

MAXIMISE LEGIBILITY, TO CREATE A COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT AND

TO GREEN THE CITY.

PROVIDE PEDESTRIAN PRIORITY FACILITIES, SUCH AS PEDESTRIANISED

STREETS AND UNDERGROUND/SEMISUBMERGED ROADS, TO

19

ENCOURAGE SEGREGATION OF VEHICLES AND PEDESTRIANS WHERE

APPROPRIATE.

INTRODUCE TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES SUCH AS SPEED BUMPS AND

RAISED CROSSINGS TO MINIMISE THE CONFLICT BETWEEN VEHICLES

AND PEDESTRIANS.

PROVIDE SAFE, CLEAN, ACCESSIBLE AND INTERESTING ENVIRONMENTS

WITH DUE CONSIDERATION TO MICROC L I M A T E F O R P E D E S T R I A

N CIRCULATION. EASE OF ACCESS SHOULD BE ENSURED FOR PERSONS

WITH DISABILITIES.

INTEGRATE THE PROVISION OF PEDESTRIAN LINKAGES WITH THAT OF

OPEN SPACE NETWORKS.

PROVIDE RAMPS FOR THE CIRCULATION OF THE ELDERLY, PERSONS

WITH DISABILITIES, PARENTS WITH CHILDREN, ETC.

PROVIDE HIGH QUALITY PAVEMENT SURFACES SUCH AS PATTERNED

TILES, BRICK PAVING, OR STONE FINISH. THE PROVISION OF STREET

FURNITURE SHOULD COMPLEMENT THE CHARACTER OF THE AREA OR

THE ADJACENT DEVELOPMENTS. AVOID USING STANDARDISED

SPECIFICATIONS FOR DESIGNS AND MATERIALS ESPECIALLY IN

BUSINESS AND TOURIST AREAS.

INTRODUCE INTERNAL PUBLIC CIRCULATION ON “DESIRE LINES” TO

CONNECT POPULAR DESTINATIONS. THESE LINKAGES SHOULD BE

FREELY ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC, SHOULD BE OF SUITABLE SCALE

DEPENDING ON PEDESTRIAN FLOW, AND SHOULD HAVE NATURAL LIGHT

WHERE POSSIBLE.

DUE CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE MADE FOR PERSONS WITH

DISABILITIES IN THE DESIGN OF CROSSINGS, TACTILE PAVING, BRAILLE

INFORMATION BOARDS ETC. STREET FURNITURE SHOULD ALSO CATER

FOR THE NEEDS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND THE ELDERLY.

ROADSIDE PLANTING SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED. PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE

HARD AND SOFT LANDSCAPING TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE

STREET ENVIRONMENT. SOFTEN THE HARD EDGES WITH LANDSCAPING

(E.G. TREE PLANTING AND SHRUB BEDS WHERE APPROPRIATE).

PROVIDE NON-SENSITIVE BUILDINGS OR SETBACKS TO CREATE

BUFFERS BETWEEN ROADS (POLLUTION SOURCE) AND SENSITIVE

RECEIVERS. OFFICE BUILDINGS, ENCLOSED SPORTS HALLS, RETAIL

MALLS, ETC CAN BE USED AS BUFFERS.

20

ACOUSTIC BARRIERS NEED TO BE VISUALLY UNOBTRUSIVE. THESE

ELEMENTS COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE VISUAL IMPACT ON THE

STREETSCAPE. THEREFORE, WHERE APPROPRIATE THE SCREENS

COULD BE INCORPORATED IN A LANDSCAPING SCHEME, OR BE MADE

OF A TRANSPARENT MATERIAL (E.G. GLASS) TO MINIMISE THEIR VISUAL

IMPACTS.

PROVIDE SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALS FOR ROADS.

PRINCIPLE OF INTELLIGENT URBANISM

PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENT URBANISM (PIU) IS A THEORY OF

URBAN PLANNING COMPOSED OF A SET OF TEN AXIOMS INTENDED TO

GUIDE THE FORMULATION OF CITY PLANS AND URBAN DESIGNS. THEY

ARE INTENDED TO RECONCILE AND INTEGRATE DIVERSE URBAN

PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CONCERNS. THESE AXIOMS INCLUDE

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, HERITAGE CONSERVATION,

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY, INFRASTRUCTURE EFFICIENCY,

PLACEMAKING, "SOCIAL ACCESS," TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT,

REGIONAL INTEGRATION, HUMAN SCALE, AND INSTITUTIONAL

INTEGRITY. THE TERM WAS COINED BY PROF. CHRISTOPHER CHARLES

BENNINGER.

THE TEN PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENT URBANISM ARE:

PRINCIPLE ONE: A BALANCE WITH NATURE EMPHASIZES THE

DISTINCTION BETWEEN UTILIZING RESOURCES AND EXPLOITING THEM.

IT FOCUSES ON A THRESHOLD BEYOND WHICH DEFORESTATION, SOIL

EROSION, AQUIFER DETERIORATION, SILTING, AND FLOODING

REINFORCE ONE ANOTHER IN URBAN SYSTEMS, DESTROYING LIFE

SUPPORT SYSTEMS. THE PRINCIPLE PROMOTES ENVIRONMENTAL

ASSESSMENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS TO IDENTIFY FRAGILE ZONES,

THREATENED NATURAL SYSTEMS AND HABITATS THAT CAN BE

ENHANCED THROUGH CONSERVATION, DENSITY, LAND USE AND OPEN

SPACE PLANNING.

PRINCIPLE TWO: A BALANCE WITH TRADITION INTEGRATES PLAN

INTERVENTIONS WITH EXISTING CULTURAL ASSETS, RESPECTING

21

TRADITIONAL PATTERNS AND PRECEDENTS OF STYLE. IT RESPECTS

HERITAGE PRECINCTS AND HISTORICAL ASSETS THAT WEAVE THE PAST

AND THE FUTURES OF CITIES INTO A CONTINUITY OF VALUES.

PRINCIPLE THREE: APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY PROMOTES MATERIALS,

BUILDING TECHNIQUES, INFRASTRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT THAT ARE CONSISTENT WITH PEOPLES=

CAPACITIES, GEO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, LOCAL RESOURCES, AND

SUITABLE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS. THE PIU FOCUS ON MATCHING

INTERFACES BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL SPREAD OF URBAN UTILITIES

AND SERVICES, WATERSHED CATCHMENTS, URBAN ADMINISTRATIVE

WARDS AND ELECTORAL CONSTITUENT BOUNDARIES.

PRINCIPLE FOUR: CONVIVIALITY SPONSORS SOCIAL INTERACTION

THROUGH PUBLIC DOMAINS, IN A HIERARCHY OF PLACES, DEVISED FOR

PERSONAL SOLACE, ENGAGING FRIENDSHIP, ROMANCE,

HOUSEHOLDING, NEIGHBORING, COMMUNITY AND CIVIC LIFE. IT

PROMOTES THE PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT AND CREATION OF “OPEN

PUBLIC SPACES” WHICH AE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL.

PRINCIPLE FIVE: EFFICIENCY PROMOTES A BALANCE BETWEEN THE

CONSUMPTION OF URBAN RESOURCES LIKE ENERGY, TIME AND

FINANCE, WITH PLANNED ACHIEVEMENTS IN COMFORT, SAFETY,

SECURITY, ACCESS, TENURE, AND HYGIENE LEVELS. IT ENCOURAGES

OPTIMUM SHARING OF LAND, ROADS, FACILITIES AND

INFRASTRUCTURAL NETWORKS TO REDUCE PER HOUSEHOLD COSTS,

INCREASING AFFORDABILITY AND CIVIC VIABILITY.

PRINCIPLE SIX: HUMAN SCALE ENCOURAGES GROUND LEVEL,

PEDESTRIAN ORIENTED URBAN ARRANGEMENTS, BASED ON

ANTHROPOMETRIC DIMENSIONS, AS OPPOSED TO AMACHINE-SCALES.=

WALKABLE, MIXED USE URBAN VILLAGES ARE ENCOURAGED, OVER

MONO-FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS AND ZONES, LINKED BY MOTOR WAYS AND

SURROUNDED BY PARKING LOTS.

PRINCIPLE SEVEN: OPPORTUNITY MATRIX ENRICHES THE CITY AS A

VEHICLE FOR PERSONAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT,

22

THROUGH ACCESS TO A RANGE OF ORGANIZATIONS, SERVICES AND

FACILITIES, PROVIDING A VARIETY OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATION,

RECREATION, EMPLOYMENT, BUSINESS, MOBILITY, SHELTER, HEALTH,

SAFETY AND BASIC NEEDS.

PRINCIPLE EIGHT: REGIONAL INTEGRATION, ENVISIONS THE CITY AS AN

ORGANIC PART OF A LARGER ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL

AND CULTURAL GEOGRAPHIC SYSTEM, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR ITS

FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY.

PRINCIPLE NINE: BALANCED MOVEMENT PROMOTES INTEGRATED

TRANSPORT SYSTEMS COMPOSED OF PEDESTRIAN PATHS, CYCLE

LANES, EXPRESS BUS LANES, LIGHT RAIL CORRIDORS AND AUTOMOBILE

CHANNELS. THE MODAL SPLIT NODES BETWEEN THESE SYSTEMS

BECOME THE PUBLIC DOMAINS AROUND WHICH CLUSTER HIGH

DENSITY, SPECIALIZED URBAN HUBS AND WALKABLE, MIXED-USE

URBAN VILLAGES.

PRINCIPLE TEN: INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRITY RECOGNIZES THAT GOOD

PRACTICES INHERENT IN CONSIDERED PRINCIPLES CAN ONLY BE

REALIZED THROUGH THE EMPLACEMENT OF ACCOUNTABLE,

TRANSPARENT, COMPETENT AND PARTICIPATORY LOCAL

GOVERNANCE. IT RECOGNIZES THAT SUCH GOVERNANCE IS FOUNDED

ON APPROPRIATE DATA BASES, ON DUE ENTITLEMENTS, ON CIVIC

RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES. THE PIU PROMOTES A RANGE OF

FACILITATIVE AND PROMOTIVE URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

TOOLS TO ACHIEVE INTELLIGENT URBAN PRACTICES, SYSTEMS AND

FORMS.

URBAN DESIGN GLOSSARY

ADAPTIVE RE-USE - CONVERSION OF A BUILDING INTO A USE OTHER

THAN THAT FOR WHICH IT WAS DESIGNED, SUCH AS CHANGING A

WAREHOUSE INTO A GALLERY SPACE OR HOUSING.

ANIMATION – A QUALITY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT WHICH

SUPPORTS SUSTAINED ACTIVITY THROUGH THE ARCHITECTURAL AND

23

ARTISTIC EMBELLISHMENT OF MATERIALS AND DETAILS, THE VISUAL

AND PHYSICAL ACCESSIBILITY OF INTERIOR ACTIVITIES FROM THE

EXTERIOR AND THE INTRODUCTION OF SUPPORTIVE PUBLIC FACILITIES

AND AMENITIES.

AREAS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL: AREAS FAVOURBLE WITH

MEDIUM OR

HIGH POTENTIAL FOR THE DISCOVERY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL

RESOURCES. THIS

POTENTIAL IS BASED ON THE PRESENCE OF A WIDE RANGE OF

GEOGRAPHIC AND

HISTORICAL FEATURES WHICH INFLUENCED PAST SETTLEMENT.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL IS CONFIRMED THROUGH

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT.

AWNING – AN ADJUSTABLE, ROOF-LIKE COVERING FITTED OVER

WINDOWS, DOORS, ETC. TO PROVIDE SHELTER FROM THE SUN, RAIN

AND WIND AND FOR ITS DECORATIVE AND ADVERTISING POTENTIAL.

BARRIER-FREE DESIGN – BUILDING AND SITE DESIGN WHICH IS

ACCESSIBLE TO ALL PEOPLE, REGARDLESS OF AGE AND ABILITIES.

BAY – A VERTICAL DIVISION OF A FAÇADE OR A STRUCTURE DIVISION

OF A BUILDING, MARKED BY COLUMN SPACING, ROOF COMPARTMENTS,

WINDOWS OR SIMILAR MEASURES.

BOLLARDS - VERTICAL COLUMNS USED TO PHYSICALLY BLOCK OR

VISUALLY

GUIDE VEHICULAR TRAFFIC IN AN AREA.

BUILDING ARTICULATION- DETAILING OF BUILDING MASS, LOCATION OR

ORIENTATION OF FENESTRATION, AND DESIGN OF BUILDING ELEMENTS.

BOULEVARD – THE PORTION OF LAND ON EITHER SIDE OF A STREET,

BETWEEN THE CURB AND PROPERTY LINE AND MAY INCLUDE

SIDEWALK.

24

BUFFER – A STRIP OF LAND ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE SEPARATION

BETWEEN LAND USES AND TYPICALLY DEVELOPED AS A LANDSCAPE

AREA.

BUMP-OUTS- WIDENED SIDEWALK AREAS AT INTERSECTIONS, OFTEN IN

PLACE OF ON-STREET PARKING, THEREBY NARROWING THE

PEDESTRIAN CROSSING DISTANCE OVER A RIGHT-OF-WAY.

BUILDING ENVELOPE – THE VOLUME OF SPACE THAT MAY BE OCCUPIED

BY A BUILDING USUALLY DEFINED BY A SERIES OF DIMENSIONAL

REQUIREMENTS SUCH AS SETBACK, STEP BACK, PERMITTED MAXIMUM

HEIGHT, MAXIMUM PERMITTED LOT COVERAGE.

BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE: ONE OR MORE BUILDINGS,

STRUCTURES,MONUMENTS, INSTALLATIONS, OR REMAINS ASSOCIATED

WITH ARCHITECTURAL,CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, OR

MILITARY HISTORY, AND IDENTIFIED ASBEING IMPORTANT TO A

COMMUNITY.

CANOPY – A PERMANENT FIXTURE DESIGNED TO SHELTER

PEDESTRIANS AND DISPLAY GOODS FROM ADVERSE WEATHER

CONDITIONS.

CIRCULATION: MOVEMENT PATTERNS OF PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR

TRAFFIC.

COMPATIBILITY – THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT DESIGNS

WHICH, DESPITE THEIR DIFFERENCES ALLOW THEM TO BE LOCATED

NEAR EACH OTHER IN HARMONY, SUCH AS SCALE, HEIGHT, MATERIALS,

FENCING, LANDSCAPING AND LOCATION OF SERVICE AREAS.

CORNICE – AN ORNAMENTAL MOLDING ALONG THE TOP OF A WALL.

CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE – A DEFINED GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE, WHICH HAS BEEN MODIFIED BY HUMAN

ACTIVITIES. SUCH AN AREA IS VALUED BY A COMMUNITY AND IS OF

25

SIGNIFICANCE TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE HISTORY OF A PEOPLE

OR PLACE.

DENSITY OF USE – THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER UNIT OF AREA.

HIGHER LEVELS OF DENSITY MUST BE APPROPRIATELY SUPPORTED BY

THE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE TO PREVENT OVERCROWDING AND

CONGESTION. THE ADVANTAGES OF DENSER SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

INCLUDE THE DECREASE OF SEPARATING DISTANCES BETWEEN

INDIVIDUALS, BUSINESSES, AND INSTITUTIONS; THE INCREASE OF

SOCIAL INTERACTIONS; AND THE PRESERVATION OF NATURAL

RESOURCES, SUCH AS LAND AND ENERGY (DECREASE OF SPRAWL).

THE COMMON MEANS TO MEASURE AND REGULATE DENSITY OF

DEVELOPMENT IS BY FLOOR AREA RATION (FAR), WHICH IS THE

PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TOTAL FLOOR AREA OF

THE BUILDINGS AND THE LAND ON WHICH THEY ARE BUILT.

DESIGN GUIDELINES – CRITERIA ESTABLISHED TO GUIDE DEVELOPMENT

TOWARD A DESIRED LEVEL OF QUALITY THROUGH THE DESIGN OF THE

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND WHICH ARE APPLIED ON A

DISCRETIONARY BASIS RELATIVE TO THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT.

DISTRICT – GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS OF RELATIVELY CONSISTENT

CHARACTER, SUCH AS EXHIBITED IN MAY RESIDENTIAL

NEIGHBORHOODS AND THE DOWNTOWNS.

DRIP LINE – THE OUTER BOUNDARY OF AN AREA ON THE SURFACE OF

THE GROUND THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE OUTER EDGE OF THE

CROWN OF THE TREE.

ELEVATION – A DRAWING SHOWING AN EXTERNAL FACE OF A BUILDING.

ENCLOSURE (SENSE OF) – AN EXPERIENCE IN WHICH A PEDESTRIAN

FEELS SHELTERED WITH A SEMI-PRIVATE REALM. BUILDINGS, TREES,

LANDSCAPING AND STREET WIDTHS ARE ALL FACTORS IN CREATING A

SENSE OF ENCLOSURE.

FAÇADE – THE EXTERIOR WALL OF A BUILDING EXPOSED TO PUBLIC

VIEW OR THAT WALL VIEWED BY PERSON NOT WITHIN THE BUILDING.

26

FENESTRATION – THE ARRANGEMENT OF WINDOWS IN A BUILDING.

FOCAL POINT – A PROMINENT STRUCTURE, FEATURE OR AREA OF

INTEREST OR ACTIVITY.

GABLE – ANY BASICALLY TRIANGULAR-SHAPED, UPPER PART OF A

BUILDING WALL, USUALLY UNDER A PITCHED ROOD, SOMETIMES UPPER

WALLS TOPPED WITH STEPPED PARAPETS ARE REFERRED TO AS

GABLES OR STEPPED GABLES.

GATEWAY – THE DESIGN OF A BUILDING SITE OR LANDSCAPE TO

SYMBOLIZE AN ENTRANCE OR ARRIVAL TO A SPECIAL DISTRICT.

HISTORIC ASSETS – BUILDINGS OR ASPECTS OF NEIGHBORHOODS THAT

HOLD SIGNIFICANT SHARED MEMORIES FOR THE RESIDENTS AND

PROVIDE HISTORIC IDENTITY FOR THE COMMUNITY. SOME BUILDINGS

ARE SPECIFICALLY RECOGNIZED BY THE CITY FOR THEIR HISTORIC

CHARACTER AND ARE PROVIDED WITH A DEGREE OF PROTECTION

FROM DESTRUCTION OR SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS TO THE EXTERIOR.

SOME NEIGHBORHOODS THAT HAVE MANY HISTORIC STRUCTURES

HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AS HISTORIC DISTRICTS OR, ALTERNATIVELY,

CONSERVATION DISTRICTS, AND THESE CLASSIFICATIONS PROVIDE

CERTAIN LEVELS OF PROTECTION FOR THE NEIGHBORHOOD AS A

WHOLE.

HERITAGE CONSERVATION: THE ACTIVITY UNDERTAKEN TO PROTECT,

SAFEGUARD, PASS ON OR ENHANCE HERITAGE RESOURCES.

HERITAGE CONSERVATION DISTRICT: A GEOGRAPHIC AREA PRIMARILY

MADE UP OF GROUPS OF BUILDINGS, STREETS AND OPEN SPACES

WHICH COLLECTIVELY GIVE THE AREA A SPECIAL CHARACTER.

TYPICALLY, THE HERITAGE CONSERVATION DISTRICT WOULD BE

SUBJECT TO A BY-LAW DESIGNED TO ROTECT AND RETAIN THE

CHARACTER AND SPIRIT OF THE AREA AND TO ENSURE THAT

DEVELOPMENT IS SYMPATHETIC TO AND FITS INTO THE FABRIC OF THE

NEIGHBOURHOOD.

27

HERITAGE DESIGNATION: A MEASURE OF PROTECTION ENACTED BY BY-

LAW UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE ONTARIO HERITAGE ACT FOR THE

PURPOSE OF CONSERVING AND ENHANCING HERITAGE RESOURCES.

HUMAN SCALE – THE QUALITY OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT WHICH

REFLECTS A SYMPATHETIC PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP TO HUMAN

DIMENSIONS AND WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO THE CITIZEN’S PERCEPTION

AND COMPREHENSION OF THE SIZE, SCALE, HEIGHT, BULK AND

MASSING OF BUILDINGS OR OTHER FEATURES OF THE BUILT

ENVIRONMENT.

INFILL – THE PLACEMENT OF NEW BUILDINGS INTO ESTABLISHED BUILT-

UP URBAN AREAS, WHICH USUALLY RESULTS IN AN INCREASE IN THE

EXISTING BUILDING’S STOCK.

LANDMARKS – BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES AND SPACES WHICH CREATE

DISTINCT VISUAL ORIENTATION POINTS THAT PROVIDE A SENSE OF

LOCATION TO THE OBSERVERS WITHIN THE OR DISTRICT SUCH AS THAT

CREATED BY A SIGNIFICANT NATURAL FEATURE OR BY AN

ARCHITECTURAL FORM WHICH IS HIGHLY DISTINCTIVE RELATIVE TO ITS

SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT.

-A BUILDING OR STRUCTURE THAT STANDS OUT FROM ITS

BACKGROUND BY VIRTUE OF HEIGHT, SIZE OR SOME OTHER ASPECT OF

DESIGN.

MASS – THE COMBINATION OF THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF LENGTH,

HEIGHT AND DEPTH WHICH GIVE A BUILDING ITS OVERALL SHAPE; A

BUILDING IS OFTEN COMPOSED OF MANY MASSES, HENCE THE TERM

MASSING, WHICH IS OFTEN USED TO DESCRIBE THE FORM OR SHAPE

OF STRUCTURE.

MICROCLIMATE – OUTDOOR CONDITIONS AROUND BUILDINGS AND THE

IMPACT OF BUILDINGS ON SITE CONDITIONS, PEDESTRIAN SPACES AND

ADJACENT BUILDINGS; CONDITIONS INCLUDE AMOUNT OF

SUNLIGHT/SHADE, WIND LEVELS AND SNOW LOADS ARE INFLUENCED BY

BUILDING PLACEMENT, HEIGHT, DESIGN, ORIENTATION AND MASSING.

28

MIXED USE – A DEVELOPMENT OR AREA COMPRISED OF MIXED LAND

USES EITHER IN THE SAME BUILDING OR IN SEPARATE BUILDINGS ON

EITHER THE SAME LOT OR ON SEPARATE LOTS OR, AT A LARGER SCALE,

IN NODES.

MODULATION – VARIATION IN THE PLANE OF A BUILDING WALL OFTEN

USED TO PROVIDE VISUAL INTEREST.

MULTIPLEX - MULTIPLE RESIDENTIAL UNITS WITHIN A HOUSE FORM

BUILDING.

NODE - A PLACE WHERE ACTIVITY AND ROUTES ARE CONCENTRATED,

OFTEN USED SYNONYMOUSLY WITH JUNCTION.

PARAPET – A PORTION OF A WALL THAT PROJECTS ABOVE A ROOF.

PEDESTRIAN: ALL PEOPLE ON FOOT OR MOVING AT WALKING SPEED,

INCLUDING THOSE WHO USE MOBILITY AIDS (WHEELCHAIRS,

SCOOTERS, ETC.), PERSONS WITH STROLLERS AND BUGGIES, AND

FRAIL ELDERLY PERSONS.

PEDESTRIAN-ORIENTED: AN ENVIRONMENT DESIGNED TO MAKE

MOVEMENT BY PEDESTRIANS FAST, ATTRACTIVE AND COMFORTABLE

FOR VARIOUS AGES AND ABILITIES; CONSIDERATIONS INCLUDE

SEPARATION OF PEDESTRIAN AND AUTO CIRCULATION, STREET

FURNITURE, CLEAR DIRECTIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL SIGNAGE,

SAFETY, VISIBILITY, SHADE, LIGHTING, SURFACE MATERIALS, TREES,

SIDEWALK WIDTH, INTERSECTION TREATMENT, CURB CUTS, RAMPS AND

LANDSCAPING.

PEDESTRIAN-ORIENTED USES: USES WHICH RELY ON PEDESTRIAN

TRAFFIC FOR THE MAJORITY OF THEIR BUSINESS SUCH AS RETAIL

STORES, RESTAURANTS, SERVICE AND REPAIR SHOPS.

PERMEABILITY - THE DEGREE TO WHICH AN AREA HAS A VARIETY OF

PLEASANT, CONVENIENT AND SAFE ROUTES THROUGH IT.

29

PODIUM – A BASE TO BUILDING OR STRUCTURE.

PRESERVATION: PROVIDING FOR THE CONTINUED USE OF

DETERIORATED OLD AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS, SITES AND STRUCTURE

THROUGH SUCH MEANS AS RESTORATION, REHABILITATION AND

ADAPTIVE RE-USE.

PUBLIC ART: SITE SPECIFIC ARTWORK CREATED TO ENHANCE AND

ANIMATE PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE SPACES THROUGH ARTISTIC

INTERPRETATIONS THAT RANGE FROM INDIVIDUAL SCULPTURE TO

INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURAL AND LANDSCAPE FEATURES AND

TREATMENTS.

PUBLIC REALM – THE PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES OF THE CITY,

ESPECIALLY THE STREET SPACE OF THE CITY FROM BUILDING FACE TO

THE OPPOSITE BUILDING FACE (INCLUDING THE FAÇADE, FRONT YARD,

SIDEWALK AND STREETS) AND OPEN SPACE SUCH AS PARKS AND

SQUARES.

PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE SPACES: BUILDINGS, STREETS AND EXTERIOR

AREAS, WHICH MAY BE PRIVATELY-OWNED, BUT TO WHICH THE PUBLIC

HAS ACCESS.

RENOVATION: MODERNIZATION OF AN OLD OR HISTORIC STRUCTURE

WHICH UNLIKE RESTORATION MAY NOT BE CONSISTENT WITH THE

ORIGINAL DESIGN.

RESTORATION: ACCURATELY RECOVERING THE FORM AND DETAILS OF

A BUILDING AND SITE AS IT APPEARED AT A PARTICULAR PERIOD OF

TIME BY MEANS OF THE REMOVAL OF LATER WORK OR BY THE

REPLACEMENT OF MISSING EARLIER WORK.REVERSE LOTTING – LOTS

LOCATED ADJACENT TO AN ARTERIAL OR COLLECTOR ROAD WHICH

FRONT ONTO AN INTERNAL STREET, WHILE THE REAR YARD FACES

ONTO THE STREET.

30

RIGHT-OF-WAY: (ROW) - A STRIP OF LAND, INCLUDING THE SPACE

ABOVE AND BELOW THE SURFACE, THAT IS PLATTED, DEDICATED,

CONDEMNED, ESTABLISHED BY PRESCRIPTION OR OTHERWISE

LEGALLY ESTABLISHED FOR THE USE OF PEDESTRIANS, VEHICLES, OR

UTILITIES.

RHYTHM AND PATTERN – RELATING TO MATERIALS, STYLES, SHAPES

AND SPACING OF BUILDING ELEMENTS AND THE BUILDING

THEMSELVES, THE PREDOMINANCE OF ONE MATERIAL OR SHAPE AND

ITS PATTERNS OF RECURRENCE.

RIGHT-OF-WAY – THAT PART OF THE STREET SPACE THAT IS PUBLICLY

OWNED AND LIES BETWEEN THE PROPERTY LINES.

ROADS, ARTERIAL: MAJOR TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT ROUTES, INTENDED

TO CARRY LARGE VOLUMES OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC AND PROVIDE

CONTINUOUS ROUTES ACROSS URBAN AREAS.

ROADS, COLLECTOR: TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT ROUTES DESIGNED TO

CARRY LOWER VOLUMES OF TRAFFIC THAN ARTERIAL ROADS, AND

PROVIDING CONTINUOUS ACCESS ACROSS NEIGHBOURHOODS.

SCALE – THE SENSE OF PROPORTION OR APPARENT SIZE OF THE

BUILDING OR BUILDINGS IN ITS SETTING; SCALE USUALLY APPLIES TO

HOW THE SENSE IS PERCEIVED IN RELATION TO THE SIZE OF A HUMAN

BEING AND REFERS TO THE APPARENT SIZE, NOT ACTUAL SIZE, SINCE IT

IS ALWAYS VIEWED IN RELATIONSHIP TO ANOTHER BUILDING OR

ELEMENT.

SECONDARY STREET - STREETS USED TO ACCESS DESTINATIONS

WITHIN DOWNTOWN, RATHER THAN TO ACCESS DOWNTOWN ITSELF.

SIGNIFICANCE – IN REGARD TO WETLANDS AND AREAS OF NATURAL

AND SCIENTIFIC INTEREST, AN AREA IDENTIFIED AS PROVINCIALLY OR

REGIONALLY SIGNIFICANT.

31

SITE PLAN: A PLAN PREPARED TO SCALE, SHOWING ACCURATELY WITH

DIMENSIONS THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SITE AND THE LOCATION OF ALL

BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, NATURAL FEATURES, USES AND PRINCIPAL

SITE DESIGN FEATURES PROPOSED FOR A PARCEL OF LAND.

STEP BACK – A SETBACK OF THE UPPER FLOORS OF A BUILDING WHICH

IS GREATER THAN THE SETBACK OF THE LOWER FLOORS.

STORM WATER MANAGEMENT – PLANS AND FACILITIES DESIGNED TO

CONTROL THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF STORM WATER FLOWS ON A

SITE.

STREET FURNITURE: MUNICIPAL EQUIPMENT PLACED ALONG

STREETS,NINCLUDING LIGHT FIXTURES, FIRE HYDRANTS, TELEPHONES,

TRASH RECEPTACLES, SIGNS, BENCHES, MAILBOXES, NEWSPAPER

BOXES AND KIOSKS.

SENSE OF PLACE – THE FEELING ASSOCIATED WITH A LOCATION BASED

ON A UNIQUE IDENTITY AND OTHER MEMORABLE QUALITIES.

SETBACK: THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE FROM THE PROPERTY LINE TO

THE FACE OF A BUILDING OR FROM NATURAL FEATURES TO A BUILDING.

SENSITIVE LAND USE: MEANS BUILDINGS, AMENITY AREAS, OR

OUTDOOR SPACES WHERE ROUTINE OR NORMAL ACTIVITIES

OCCURRING AT REASONABLY EXPECTED TIMES WOULD EXPERIENCE

ONE OR MORE ADVERSE EFFECTS FROM CONTAMINANT DISCHARGES

GENERATED BY A NEARBY MAJOR FACILITY. SENSITIVE LAND USES MAY

BE A PART OF THE NATURAL OR BUILT ENVIRONMENT. EXAMPLES

INCLUDE: RESIDENCES, DAY CARE CENTRES, AND EDUCATIONAL AND

HEALTH FACILITIES.

STREET-LINE: THE OUTSIDE LINE OF A REQUIRED RIGHT-OF-WAY OR

ROAD ALLOWANCE; THE SAME AS THE PROPERTY LINE.

STREETSCAPE: THE DISTINGUISHING ELEMENTS AND CHARACTER OF A

PARTICULAR STREET AS CREATED BY ITS WIDTH, DEGREE OF

32

CURVATURE, PAVING MATERIALS, DESIGN OF THE STREET FURNITURE,

PEDESTRIAN AMENITIES AND SETBACK AND FORM OF SURROUNDING

BUILDINGS.

STREET WALL – THE CONDITION OF ENCLOSURE ALONG A STREET

CREATED BY THE FRONTS OF BUILDINGS AND ENHANCED BY THE

CONTINUITY AND HEIGHT OF THE ENCLOSING BUILDINGS.

STATIONARY NOISE SOURCE: SOURCE OF SOUND WHICH DOES NOT

NORMALLY MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE SUCH AS NOISE ASSOCIATED

WITH INDUSTRIAL OR COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS.

SUBDIVISION PLAN – A PLAN FOR THE DESIGN AND DIVISION OF A

LARGE PROPERTY INTO INDIVIDUAL BUILDING LOTS AND BLOCKS,

STREETS, PARKS, SCHOOLS AND OTHER NEIGHBORHOOD FACILITIES

AND USES.

SUBWATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN OR STUDY: AN INTEGRATED

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A PARTICULAR SUBWATERSHED

WHOSE PRIMARY FOCUS IS TO DEVELOP DETAILED TARGETS AND

OBJECTIVES FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT.

STREET EDGE – A TERM OFTEN USED TO DESCRIBE THE LINE TO WHICH

THE FRONT WALLS OF BUILDINGS ON A PARTICULAR STREET ARE BUILT.

FOR EXAMPLE: IF A NEW STORE ON CHESTNUT STREET IS BUILT WITH

ITS FRONT WALL BACK TWENTY FEET FROM THE FRONT OF ALL THE

OTHER BUILDINGS ON THE BLOCK TO PROVIDE OFF-STREET PARKING

SPACES, THAT BUILDING CAN BE SAID TO HAVE NOT MAINTAINED THE

STREET EDGE.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND BUILDING PRACTICES – TERMS USED

TO DESCRIBE A WIDE RANGE OF BUILDING PRACTICES AND MATERIALS

THAT ARE DESIGNED TO LIMIT THE DEPLETION OF NATURAL

RESOURCES. BUILDING DESIGNS THAT UTILIZE SUCH PRACTICES ARE

OFTEN REFERRED TO AS “GREEN ARCHITECTURE”.

33

TOWER - UPPER PORTION OF A BUILDING THAT IS EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH

IN PROPORTION TO THE WIDTH AND LENGTH OF THE BASE.

TRANSIT: PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SERVICES, PARTICULARLY BUS

SERVICE.

TRANSIT ORIENTED – THE ELEMENTS OF URBAN FORM AND DESIGN

WHICH MAKE TRANSIT MORE ACCESSIBLE AND EFFICIENT, THESE

RANGING FROM LAND USE ELEMENTS (I.E. LOCATING HIGHER DENSITY

HOUSING AND COMMERCIAL USES ALONG TRANSIT ROUTES) TO DESIGN

(I.E. STREET LAYOUT WHICH ALLOWS EFFICIENT BUS ROUTING).

TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE – INCLUDES ALL BUILT ASPECTS

OF THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SYSTEMS OF TRANSPORTATION, SUCH AS

RAIL LINES, ROADWAYS, BRIDGES, PARKING LOTS, AND BIKE PATHS.

TRANSIT ROUTE: THE ROUTE OF PUBLIC TRANSIT VEHICLE.

TREE: INCLUDES ALL WOODY VEGETATION (BY-LAW NO. 92-155).

TREE, PUBLIC: A TREE WHICH HAS MORE THAN 50 PERCENT OF ITS

TRUNK DIAMETER AT BREAST HEIGHT ON PUBLIC PROPERTY (BY-LAW

N0. 92-155).

URBAN DESIGN – THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF CITIES FOCUSING ON

THE THREE DIMENSION FORM AND FUNCTION OF PUBLIC AND PUBLICLY

ACCESSIBLE SPACE.

URBAN GRAIN - THE PATTERN OF THE ARRANGEMENT AND SIZE OF

BUILDINGS AND USES AND THEIR PLOTS IN AN AREA, USUALLY ALONG A

STREET. FINE URBAN GRAIN REFERS TO A PATTERN OF STREET BLOCKS

AND BUILDING SITES THAT IS SMALL AND FREQUENT, THEREBY

CREATING A DYNAMIC AND ANIMATED URBAN ENVIRONMENT FOR THE

PEDESTRIAN.

URBAN STRUCTURE - THE SHAPE OF DOWNTOWN AS A WHOLE,

INCLUDING ITS OVERALL HEIGHT AND DENSITY, STREET WALL HEIGHTS,

34

SETBACKS/BUILDTO LINES, AND DISTINCT FUNCTIONAL AND

CHARACTER AREAS. IT

BUILDS ON EXISTING AND HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS,

AND CONSIDERS LINKAGES AND INTERFACES WITH THE SURROUNDING

CONTEXT.

UTILITIES: FACILITIES FOR GAS, ELECTRICITY, TELEPHONE, CABLE

TELEVISION, WATER AND WASTE WATER. OVERHEAD AND

UNDERGROUND POWER AND TELEPHONE LINES, ALL FIRE HYDRANTS,

WATERMAINS, STORM AND SANITARY SEWERS (TOWN OF ANCASTER,

SITE PLAN).

VEHICLES: ALL MOTORIZED CONVEYANCES FOR STREET TRAVEL, AND

INCLUDES AUTOMOBILES, VANS, TRUCKS, MOTORCYCLES,

RECREATIONAL VEHICLES, EMERGENCY VEHICLES, BUSES AND

TRACTOR TRAILERS.

VERNACULAR – LANDSCAPE OR ARCHITECTURAL STYLE COMMON TO,

OR REPRESENTATIVE OF AN AREA.

VIEWS: THAT WHICH CAN BE SEEN FROM AN OBSERVATION POINT TO

AN OBJECT(S), PARTICULARLY A LANDSCAPE OR BUILDING.

VISTAS: A LINE OF VISION, CONTAINED BY BUILDINGS OF LANDSCAPING,

TO A BUILDING OR OTHER FEATURE WHICH TERMINATES THE VIEW.

WALKABLE - A CONDITION OF A SYSTEM OF ROUTES WHICH ARE

BARRIER FREE, INTERESTING, SAFE, WELL-LIT, COMFORTABLE AND

INVITING TO PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL.

WAYFINDING: THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO PEOPLE WHICH THEY

NEED TO FIND THEIR WAY AROUND THE CITY AND CAN BE VERBAL,

GRAPHIC, ARCHITECTURAL AND SPATIAL

WAY FINDING – THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO PEOPLE WHICH THEY

NEED TO FIND THEIR WAY AROUND THE CITY AND CAN BE VERBAL,

GRAPHIC, ARCHITECTURAL AND SPATIAL.

35

ZONING – A DOCUMENT DIVIDING THE MUNICIPALITY INTO SMALLER

AREAS CALLED ZONES, EMPLOYED BY THE MUNICIPALITY TO REGULATE

THE USE OF LAND STATING EXACTLY WHAT LAD USES ARE PERMITTED

AND PROVIDING REGULATIONS, AMONG OTHER MATTERS, REGARDING

PERMITTED LOCATIONS FOR BUILDINGS; AND STANDARDS FOR LOT

SIZE, PARKING REQUIREMENTS, BUILDING HEIGHT, SIDE YARD

DIMENSION AND SETBACK FROM THE STREET.

ZONING AND PLANNING CODE – THE LEGAL GUIDELINES BY WHICH THE

CITY CONTROLS THE USES OF BUILDINGS OR AREAS OF LAND AND ALSO

THE RULES ABOUT BUILDING SIZE AND HEIGHT, SETBACKS FROM LOT

LINES, AND REQUIRED OPEN SPACE.

ZONING VARIANCES – THE LEGAL REMEDIES BY WHICH PROPERTY

OWNERS MAY OBTAIN PERMISSION TO BUILD STRUCTURES THAT DO

NOT FULLY CORRESPOND TO THE EXISTING ZONING CODES. IN

PHILADELPHIA, VARIANCE REQUESTS ARE REVIEWED BY THE ZONING

BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT (ZBA).

NEW URBANIST CONCEPTS

WITHIN THE CONCEPT OF NEW URBANISM TODAY, THERE ARE

FOUR KEY IDEAS. THE FIRST OF THESE IS TO ENSURE THAT A CITY IS

WALKABLE. THIS MEANS THAT NO RESIDENT SHOULD NEED A CAR TO

GET ANYWHERE IN THE COMMUNITY AND THEY SHOULD BE NO MORE

THAN A FIVE MINUTE WALK FROM ANY BASIC GOOD OR SERVICE. TO

ACHIEVE THIS, COMMUNITIES SHOULD INVEST IN SIDEWALKS AND

NARROW STREETS.

IN ADDITION TO ACTIVELY PROMOTING WALKING, CITIES SHOULD

ALSO DE-EMPHASIZE THE CAR BY PLACING GARAGES BEHIND HOMES

OR IN ALLEYS. THERE SHOULD ALSO ONLY BE ON-STREET PARKING,

INSTEAD OF LARGE PARKING LOTS.

ANOTHER CORE IDEA OF NEW URBANISM IS THAT BUILDINGS

SHOULD BE MIXED BOTH IN THEIR STYLE, SIZE, PRICE AND FUNCTION.

36

FOR EXAMPLE, A SMALL TOWNHOUSE CAN BE PLACED NEXT TO A

LARGER, SINGLE FAMILY HOME. MIXED-USE BUILDINGS SUCH AS THOSE

CONTAINING COMMERCIAL SPACES WITH APARTMENTS OVER THEM

ARE ALSO IDEAL IN THIS SETTING.

FINALLY, A NEW URBANIST CITY SHOULD HAVE A STRONG

EMPHASIS ON THE COMMUNITY. THIS MEANS MAINTAINING

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE WITH HIGH DENSITY, PARKS, OPEN

SPACES AND COMMUNITY GATHERING CENTERS LIKE A PLAZA OR

NEIGHBORHOOD SQUARE.

THE SMART CODE

THE SMART CODE IS A UNIFIED LAND DEVELOPMENT ORDINANCE FOR

PLANNING AND DESIGN. IT ENABLES COMMUNITY VISION AND SPECIFIC

OUTCOMES, IS SITE SPECIFIC AND IS MEANT TO BE LOCALLY

CUSTOMIZED.

IT SUPPORTS:

COMMUNITY VISION

LOCAL CHARACTER

CONSERVATION OF OPEN LANDS

TRANSIT OPTIONS

WALKABLE AND MIXED-USE NEIGHBORHOODS.

IT PREVENTS:

WASTEFUL SPRAWL DEVELOPMENT

AUTOMOBILE-DOMINATED STREETS

EMPTY DOWNTOWNS

A HOSTILE PUBLIC REALM

THE SMARTCODE IS CONSIDERED A FORM-BASED CODE BECAUSE IT

STRONGLY ADDRESSES THE FORM OF DEVELOPMENT. CONVENTIONAL

ZONING CODES FOCUS ON USE, DENSITY AND PARKING, AND HAVE

CAUSED SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS OVER THE PAST SIXTY YEARS BY

37

SEPARATING USES. THE SMARTCODE GOES BEYOND THIS BY

RECOGNIZING THE FACT THAT WHILE USES ARE IMPORTANT, THE FORM

OF WHAT GETS BUILT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT.

THE POLITICAL POWER OF THE SMARTCODE LIES IN THE FACT THAT

INSTEAD OF THE ONE-SIZE FITS ALL CONVENTIONAL CODE APPROACH,

IT ALLOWS DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN DIFFERENT AREAS WITHIN THE

COMMUNITY. THIS PERMITS BUY-IN FROM ALL CORNERS OF THE

CONSTITUENCY. THE TRUE IMPORTANCE OF THIS FEATURE IS THAT THE

CURRENT AD HOC BASIS FOR REGULATION OF REAL ESTATE

DEVELOPMENT IS GREATLY REDUCED.

URBAN COMPENDIUM

THE URBAN DESIGN COMPENDIUM AIMS TO PROVIDE ACCESSIBLE

ADVICE TO DEVELOPERS, FUNDING AGENCIES AND PARTNERS ON THE

ACHIEVEMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF URBAN DESIGN

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION OF URBAN AREAS. IT IS

WRITTEN TO PROVIDE A SOURCE OF BEST PRACTICE TO ALL THOSE

INVOLVED IN THE REGENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIES.

CONTENTS OF URBAN COMPENDIUM

FUNDAMENTALS

THE IMPORTANCE OF URBAN DESIGN

KEY ASPECTS OF DESIGN

HOW THE COMPENDIUM IS ORGANISED

APPRECIATING THE CONTEXT

COMMUNITY

PLACE

NATURAL RESOURCES

CONNECTIONS

FEASIBILITY

VISION

CREATING THE URBAN STRUCTURE

38

THE MOVEMENT FRAMEWORK

MIXING USES

DENSITY, FACILITIES AND FORM

ENERGY AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY

LANDSCAPE

LANDMARKS, VISTAS AND FOCAL POINTS

BLOCKS

PARCELS AND PLOTS

MAKING THE CONNECTIONS

WALKING

CYCLING

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

STREETS AND TRAFFIC

PARKING AND SERVICING

UTILITIES INFRASTRUCTURE

DETAILING THE PLACE

POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE

ANIMATING THE EDGE

BUILDING SIZE AND SCALE

BUILDING FOR CHANGE

A THRIVING PUBLIC REALM

SAFETY AND SENSE OF SAFETY

CONCEPTS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

URBAN DEVELOPMENT IS THE EXPANSION INTO NATURAL AREAS

SUCH AS DESERTS, FORESTS, AND SWAMPS.

AS POPULATIONS GROW A NEED FOR MORE HOUSES FOR

PEOPLE TO LIVE IN DEVELOPS. THIS IS WHAT CAUSES URBAN

DEVELOPMENT. AS THE DEMAND OF HOUSING INCREASES, CITIES

39

BEGIN TO EXPAND INTO NEW AREAS. THEY MIGHT EVEN  BEGIN TO

BUILD  IN UNLIKELY AREAS LIKE FORESTS, SWAMPS, AND DESERTS.

URBAN RENEWAL

URBAN RENEWAL IS RELATED TO URBAN DEVELOP BUT IT IS

ACTUALLY THE REHABILITATION OF CITY AREAS BY RENOVATING OR

REPLACING DILAPIDATED BUILDINGS WITH NEW HOUSING, PUBLIC

BUILDINGS, PARKS, ROADWAYS, INDUSTRIAL AREAS, ETC., OFTEN IN

ACCORDANCE WITH COMPREHENSIVE PLANS.

IT IS ALSO CALLED URBAN REDEVELOPMENT.

URBAN CONSERVATION

THE ACTIVITY UNDERTAKEN TO PROTECT, SAFEGUARD, PASS,

ENHANCE OR RETAIN THE HERITAGE CHARACTER OF AN URBAN AREA

OR PART OF IT.