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IR No. 70-30

INFORMAL REPORT

PLANKTON DISTRIBUTION

IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

1962-1963

00 100 200 300

40040

ko nO/II qb JUNE 1970 LIBRARY

AUG 19 1971

This document has been approved for publicrelease and sale; its distribution is unlimited. . S. NAVAL ACADULW1Y

NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20390

Best Available Copy

IINFORMAL REPORT

The Informal Report (IR) as produced at the Naval Oceanographic Officeis a means for personnel to issue timely scientific and technical preliminaryreports of their investigations. These are primarily informal documentsused to report preliminary findings or useful byproducts of investigationsand work to members of the scientific and industrial communities.

Informal Reports are assigned sequential numbers for each calendar year;the digits preceding the dash indicate the year.

The distribution made of this report is determined primarily by the author.Information concerning obtaining additional copies or being placed on adistribution list for all future Informal Reports in a given area of interestor specialty field, should be obtained from:

Field Management andDissemination Department

Code 4420Naval Oceanographic OfficeWashington, D.C. 20390

ABSTRACT

Naval Oceanographic Office ships collected 34 plankton samplesin the Mediterranean between 6 July 1962 and 24 August 1963. Speciescomposition was quite similar throughout the sea. Ninety-four generaof plankters were identified from the western sector and 84 generafrom the eastern sector. Seven of 11 major taxa were two to tentimes more numerous in the western portion of the sea and only twoof these taxa proved more numerous in the eastern portion. About20 percent of the forms listed were bioluminescent. Many planktersenter the Mediterranean from the Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltarand are swept eastward by the prevailing currents, becoming progressively

scarcer towards the eastern sector of the sea.

JAMES A. BRUCENearshore Surveys Division

Oceanographic Surveys Department

This report has been reviewed and is approved for release as

an UNCLASSIFIED Informal Report.

L.e. NEarTHOLrDirector, Nearshore Surveys Division

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The writer wishes to thank Dr. Thomas E. Bowman of the SmithsonianInstitution and Prof. V. Moncharmant of the Naples Zoological Stationwho rendered generous assistance in the identification of crustaceansand larval fishes, respectively.

Mr. Richard Wright of the Naval Oceanographic Office sorted fourof these samples, the remainder were sorted and analyzed by the writer.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

I. INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1

II. PLANKTON IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ........................ 1

III. PLANKTON IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ........................ 3

IV. SUMMARY ...................................................... 4

V. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ....................................... 4

VI. ADDITIONAL WORK NEEDED IN THE AREA ........................... 5

VII. REFERENCES ................................................... 7

FIGURES

1. Location of Plankton Sample Stations in the WesternMediterranean Sea ............................................ 8

2. Location of Plankton Sample Stations in the Eastern

Mediterranean Sea ............................................ 13

3. Number of Dinoflagellata - Western Mediterranean ............. 18

4. Number of Siphonophora - Western Mediterranea ................ 18

5. Number of Hydroza - Western Mediterranean .................... 19

6. Number of Copepoda - Western Mediterranean ................... 19

7. Number of Ostracoda - Western Mediterranean .................. 20

8. Number of Euphausiacea - Western Mediterranean ............... 20

9. Number of Mollusca - Western Mediterranean ................... 21

10. Number of Chaetognatha - Western Mediterranean ............... 21

11. Number of Urochordata - Western Mediterranean ................ 22

12. Number of Dinoflagellata - Eastern Mediterranean ............. 23

13. Number of Siphonophora - Eastern Mediterranean ............... 24

14. Number of Hydroza - Eastern Mediterranean .................... 25

15. Number of Copepoda - Eastern Mediterranean ................... 26

16. Number of Mollusca - Eastern Mediterranean ................... 26

17. Number of Echinodermata - Eastern Mediterranean .............. 27

18. Number of Urochordata - Eastern Mediterranean ................ 28

19. Proposed Station Locations in the Mediterranean .............. 29

TABLES

I. Station Data for Plankton Samples - Western Mediterranean.... 9

II. Concentration of Observed Genera - Western Mediterranean ..... 10

III. Station Data for Plankton Samples - Eastern Mediterranean .... 14

IV. Concentration of Observed Genera - Eastern Mediterranean ..... 15

I. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the U.S. Navy has become increasingly interestedin the seasonal distribution and density of marine plankton. Swarmsof plankters are known to form scattering layers which produce falsebottom signals. These prematurely reflected signals are caused byhorizontal bands of organisms; either nektonic, planktonic, or both.

Another feature observed in certain species of plankton is biolumines-cence. Marine bioluminescence is commonly classified into three types:1) sheet, 2) sparkling, and 3) glowing sphere. In high concentrations,these plankton produce bioluminescence of military significance. Atpresent, no data are available that would correlate the abundanceindex of any of these animals with the approximate threshold of significantbioluminescence.

Some planktonic forms, notably Chaetognatha, are so dependenton a constant range of salinity and water temperature that they arevirtually confined to a single water mass. These plankters are knownas indicator species and have been used as a convenient method oftracing the origin of various water masses in the oceans.

In 1962 and 1963, the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)conducted cruises in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collectedto determine the distribution and density of marine plankton. Inthe western Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1), Navy ships collected 26 samplesfrom 23 stations. A previous publication has reported on the datafrom the six plankton tows made in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Bruce, 1968).In the eastern Mediterranean (Fig. 2), 18 plankton samples were collectedat 15 stations.

The samples were preserved aboard ship, using a 4% formaldehydesolution, and then stored in pint jars. Laboratory examination (atNAVOCEANO) was with a binocular and/or compound microscope. Portionsof the sample were diluted and placed in a counting cell and sub-samples were removed with a Stempel pipette. A sufficient numberof sub-samples were extracted to permit the count of about 1000 plankters.In samples containing less than 1000 plankters (also sample #1160)all specimens were counted. These counts were used as a basis fordetermining the relative abundance of the various taxa. The resultsare qualitative rather than quantitative because the water volumesfiltered through the plankton nets were not measured; however, sufficientdata were obtained to indicate concentrations of the more numeroustaxa.

II. PLANKTON IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN

Tables I and II provide a summary of the station data in the westernMediterranean.

Protozoa

In the western Mediterranean, 20.7% of plankton counted weredinoflagellata of four bioluminescent genera: Ceratium, Peridinium,Pyrocystis, and Noctilucca. These forms were numerous west of Sicily,off Naples, and along the Algerian coast (Fig. 3). Dinoflagellatawere numerous in most tows made with a 110 mesh net, but many wereapparently too small to be caught in the #5 mesh net used at severalstations.

Coelenterata

Jelly fish and Nectophores composed 17.2% by count of all plankters.Siphonophora (Fig. 4) showed areas of concentration off the Corsicancoast in spring (Sta. 980) and in the western Mediterranean in summer(Stas. 24 and 1160). }lydrozoa, composing 1.9% of the plankton, wereconcentrated in nearshore Algerian waters and became numerous in latesummer off the southeast coast of Spain (Fig. 5).

Arthropoda

Copepoda, consisting of 41 taxa, composed 31.6% of all plankters(Fig. 6). Most of the Copepoda were observed off the eastern Spanishcoast and off the west coast of Sicily during early July. Calanuswas the most numerous genus, being represented by several species.Clausocalanus (specifically C. arcuicornis) was the second most numerousgenus. sentrop (specifically C. tjpicus) was wide spread andranked third in numbers. The following bioluminescent Copepoda generawere also obtained: Corycaeus, Euchaeta, Lucicutia, Oncaea, Pontella,and Pleuromamma,

Euphausiids were numerous at stations off the coast of Algeriain winter sampling. These Euphausiids were bioluminescent and composed4.3% of all plankters (Fig. 8). Amphipoda were collected at 14 stationsand composed 0.5% of the plankters. Ostracods were scarce and wereconfined to the portion of the sea between the Algerian coast andSardinia in winter and off Naples in October (Fig. 7). Decapod larvaeswarmed in August off the northeast coast of Algeria and were widelydistributed.

Mollusca

Bivalve larvae were scarce, but pteropods were numerous (Fig. 9).Small numbers of the heteropod, Atlanta sp., occurred at ten stations.

Chaetognatha

Arrow worms were numerous in winter in a limited area chieflyalong the Algerian coast, with concentrations extending at least 75miles seaward (Fig. 10). Arrow worms also were numerous in late summerand fall at stations along the coasts of Spain and Naples.

2

Urochordata (Tunicates)

Bioluminescent Salpa sp. and Larvacea were collected at most stations.Maximum numbers were taken along the Algerian coast and in the nearshorewaters off the east coast of Spain (Fig. 11).

Fish larvae of several species were somewhat less numerous thanfish ova in these samples; both combined totalled 0.1% of the plankters.

III. PLANKTON IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

Tables III and IV provide a summary of the station data in theeastern Mediterranean.

Protozoa

In the eastern Mediterranean, four areas contained concentrationsof dinoflagellates: 1) in the NE currents setting between Cyprusand the Latakin coast (Stations 673 and 695), 2) along the convergenceof the NE-NW currents approximately over the 1000 fathom line westwardfrom Lebanon (Fig. 12), 3) in the Aegean and Sea of Crete, and 4)off the NW coast of Egypt (Sta. 1241). The densest swarms occurredin the Aegean and Sea of Crete in January and off the Egyptian coastin the fall. Dinoflagellates composed 19.7% of the plankton collectedfrom all eastern sectors. Two genera were dominant and both bioluminescent,Pyrocystis and Ceratium.

Coelenterata

Several species of Siphonophores are known to be bioluminescent.Those forms were most numerous in the northeast drift current southof Cyprus in a zone extending from Lebanon NE to the straits eastof Cyprus (Fig. 13). Bioluminescent Medusae were quite numerous eastof Cyprus (Fig. 14).

Arthropoda

Copepoda constituted 12.5% of the plankton with the most numerousspecies being Oithona sp. Calanus sp. and closely related forms weresecond in abundance. A decrease in the number of observed generain the east indicates a less varied fauna than in the western basin.Copepods were present at all stations, however, they were concentratedeast of Cyprus, in the Sea of Crete, and in the convergence of theNE-SW currents (Stas. 585 & 586) as shown in Figure 15.

Euphausiids, a group of mostly bioluminescent members, were presentin small numbers at most stations. Mysids, also bioluminescent andtotalling 0.6% of the plankton, were essentially confined to deeperportions of the NE drift south of Cyprus and were scarce in coastalwaters. Amphipods and the bioluminescent Cladocera genera Evadnasp. and Podon sp. were minor components of the plankton.

3

Mollusca

Planktonic molluscs (pteropods) composed 3.5% of the total planktersand were numerous at most stations. Swarming occurred at the mid-channel station between Cyprus and the mainland. Limacina was themost numerous genus (Fig. 16).

Chaetognatha

Arrow worms were scarce in all samples collected in the easternMediterranean, composing only 0.5% of all plankton.

Echinodermata

Larval starfish and sea urchins were numerous south of Cyprusand relatively common at most stations, making up 2.7% of the totalplankton (Fig. 17).

Urochordata (Tunicates)

Specimens of Salpa sp. were collected chiefly at the eastern edgeof the deep water basin west of Syria and Lebanon. Sala sp., whichtotalled less than 0.4% of the plankton, contributes significant biolumines-cence because of their relatively large size. Larvaceajsmall in sizebut reputedly bioluminescent, were concentrated around eastern Cyprus,in the Sea of Crete (July), and in the channel west of Syria (Fig. 18).

IV. SUMMARY

A comparison of the plankters based on these data shows that sevenmajor planktonic taxa are from two to ten times more numerous in thewestern portion than in the eastern portion of the Mediterranean.Most of the major taxa may be considered to be typical Atlantic forms.The permanent western Mediterranean plankton populations are assumedto be augmented by the arrival of identical forms from the Atlantic.

In the eastern Mediterranean, only two major planktonic taxa weremore numerous than in the western Mediterranean. The southeasterngenera are best adapted to withstand the higher salinity and warmerwater temperatures which prevail during much of the year (Sverdrup,Johnson, Fleming 1942).

V. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Data pertaining to the intensity of bioluminescent display atthe time of sample collection are not available. A literature searchby Staples (1966) concluded that the western basin of the Mediterraneanhas strong milky bioluminescence periodically from October throughJune. The data in this report confirms this conclusion by showingconcentrations of Ceratium sp. and Noctilucca sp. in the western

4

basin of the Mediterranean and in the Alboran Sea in spring and fall(Fig. 3). Staples also reported that swarms of Euphausiids producedspark-like displays in winter along the French and Italian coasts.NAVOCEANO data indicate the probability of similar Euphausiid displaysnorth of the Algerian coast in winter (Fig. 8). Staples also mentionsglowing-ball displays of Medusae in the western Mediterranean. Concentrationsof Medusae (summer and spring of 1962) observed along the Spanishcoast doubtless produced such displays (Fig. 5). Euphausiids, Ostracoda,and the Copepod genera Corycaeus, Oncaea, and Pleuromamma seemed tohave been in sufficient numbers in October 1962 along the approachesto the Gulf of Naples to have caused limited spark-type bioluminescence.Probably Ceratium sp. and Pyrocystis sp. occurred in sufficient concentrationin the Gulf of Naples to have caused significant milky water displays.

Relatively little is known of bioluminescence in the eastern MediterraneanSea. The concentrations of Peridineum sp. and Ceratium sp., observedin January and July in the southern Aegean Sea and Sea of Crete, suggestthe presence of milky type luminescence in those months; likewise,milky bioluminescence probably occurred along the Palestine and Syriancoasts in the fall months (1962). Little evidence exists to indicateeither sparkling or glowing-ball displays in the eastern basin inthe fall months.

Recent authorities on scattering layers agree on their biologicalorigin and designate their chief components as probably Euphausiids,Siphonophores, and Myctophid fishes. Backus (Backus, et al. 1968)has recently described a scattering layer effect in which a Myctophid(Pisces: Ceratoscopelus sp.), common in the Mediterranean, was identifiedby repeated submarine observations with discrete hyperbolic echo-sequences. Thus, an abundance of these forms may be associated witha scattering layer effect. A weak but well developed scattering layershowing diurnal migration throughout the Mediterranean (Frassettoand Croce, 1965) coincides with the greatest concentration of planktoncollected on the NAVOCEANO cruises. The intensity of scattering layerdecreases in the Mediterranean eastward as does the density of plankton.

VI. ADDITIONAL WORK NEEDED IN THE AREA

Nekton, phytoplankton, and zooplankton are interdependent, sothat to obtain the proper perspective, the relationship of all mustbe studied to understand the status of any of the component members.If scattering layer effect and bioluminescence in the MediterraneanSea are to be understood, the plankton and nekton should be sampledevery three months over a three year period, at the stations indicatedin Figure 19.

The collections could be made with an 80-foot ketch (60 grosstons). Observations should be made with a 10-foot mid-water trawl(Cod end #0 mesh nylon) combined with tandem plankton nets of #8and #20 mesh mounted on I meter rings. The water column should be

5

determined by a flow meter on each net during an oblique tow from150 fathoms to the surface at a net speed of 2 knots. *Each net systemshould include a bioluminescence photometer capable of a constanttelemetric record of the light intensity at net level during eachtow. A complete echograph record of each cruise should be made, andphysical oceanographic data, including nutrients, should be collectedat each station. Figure 19 indicates the division of labor by sectionsfor nine vessels working simultaneously to complete the task in 5to 7 days per season per year to provide the synoptic data requiredfor effective seasonal comparison.

6

VII. REFERENCES

Backus, R.H. and J.E. Craddock, et al., 1968. Ceratoscopelus Maderensis:Peculiar sound-scattering layer identified with this Metophid Fish.Science. Vol. 160, No. 3831, pgs. 991-993 (see Woods HoleOceanographic Institution Reference No. 68-58 Oct. 1968).

Bruce, J.A., 1968. Analysis of Plankton Collections Made in the Golfodi Napoli, October 1962. Biology-Chemistry Laboratory ItemNo. B-9. UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT. U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office,Washington, D.C. pp. 1-6.

Frassetto, R. and N. Della Croce, J965. Observations on DSL in theMediterranean. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique, Vol. 65,No. 1344. Foundation Albert Ier, Prince de Monaco. pp. 1-16.

Staples, Robert F., 1966. The Distribution and Characteristics ofSurface Bioluminescence in the Oceans. U.S. Naval OceanographicOffice, Washington, D.C. pp. 1-48.

Sverdrup, H.V., M.W. Johnson, and R.H. Fleming, 1942. The Oceans.Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. pp. 642-651.

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m .& 4 r 4 .4 14 .0.m0 .. .

WNN

N0 '0 .-4. N 1 4 N 7

.4 1044 co4

WN 44N4. . .

40 mC 44.4 4 C4 -4 C44.

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V44

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0 4 -4

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4a

N.4 4.4.44417

00 50 100

94 Q I

ITALY,I

TAL

400- 7 -4040 04

01 40412 *0e 0

SPAIN 34 0 0 366011 1 0c6

0 1493 329 0 0* 0 0 a0

568 AFRICA350 350

00 50 100

Figure 3. Number of Dinoflagellata - Western Mediterranean

00 50 100F ~904Q I

1 ITA LY

400- 0 TAjz 56 400

19 0.. *15 3.• e3~it00 •8 •1

SPAIN 147 II 9 l0

13 Ij8 30 12

I __0 3 0 0 0 12 4 4

35.244 AFR ICA z35

00 50 100

Figure 4. Number of Siphonophora-Western Mediterranean

18

00 50 100

S ITALY

4Q00I32 400

S P A IN

A V G.1 2

0

0 P I II 1 2

30C

350L_-_4 AF ICA350

00 50 100

Figure 5. Njmber of Hydrozoa - Western Mediterranean

00 50 100

B ITALY

AVG.445

400- 79 47*40

21~~ 6.24 97o

SPAIN 9M36 544 349 889.

*72 7'02950225 13 4 2-0-3

........ 120

350 AFRICA

350 ý350

00 50 100

Figure 6. Number of Copepoda - Western Mediterranean

19

00 50 100001

0 ITALY

Q00 0'* 00

SPAIN 0 0 3 000000 00 0

00 AFRICA

350 350I I4

00 50 100

Figure 7. Number of Ospracoa - Western Mediterranean

00 50 102

I0 3 '3

.. • 37 0 08 0l 1

037o168 50 103

Figure 8. Number of Euphausiacea - Western Mediterranean

20

00 50 100

0 55IIL

400- -: 400

6600 ISPAIN 190 0 30

55 12I32 5-0126 0 o5 8

8128

350 •1• "•/-AFRICA 8 350

00 50 100

Figure 9. Number of Mollusca - Western Mediterranean

00 50 100

ITALY

AVG.2 32

400 - -400

00 00SPAIN 7 0 56 90

0 0 03 77

S A~~FRICAA'.•5

350 350

00 50 100

Figure 10. Number of Chaetognatha - Western Mediterranean

21

0 50 1000

0 ITALY

IVG.

400- L NO 400138 •I2 25

6SPAIN 0 I 9

4 331 103 12

0160 09 018

025AFRICA350 350

00 50 100

Figure I I. Number of Urochordata - Western Mediterranean

22

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0

NO IC)

0 C0a

000

ILU

o to-ca

IW23

0 -K)

CC

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UNCLASSIFIEDSecurity Classification

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R & D(Security classification of title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report is classified)

1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) 2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

IUnclassified2b. GROUP

U.S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE

3. REPORT TITLE

PLANKTON DISTRIBUTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA, 1962 - 1963

4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive dates)

Informal Report 6 January 1962 to 9 October 19635. AUTHOR(S) (First name, middle initial, last name)

JAMES A. BRUCE

6. REPORT DATE 7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES 17b. NO. OF REFS

June 1970 30 58a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

b. PROJECT NO. 102-01 IR No. 70-30

C. 9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be assignedthis report)

d.

10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution isunlimited.

i1. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office

13. ABSTRACT

Naval Oceanographic Office ships collected 34 plankton samples in theMediterranean between 6 July 1962 and 24 August 1963. Species composition wasquite similar throughout the sea. Ninety-four genera of plankters wereidentified from the western sector and 84 genera from the eastern sector.Seven of 11 major taxa were two to ten times more numerous in the westernportion of the sea and only two of these taxa proved more numerous in theeastern portion. About 20 percent of the forms listed were bioluminescent.Many plankters enter the Mediterranean from the Atlantic through the Strait ofGibraltar and are swept eastward by the prevailing currents, becoming progres-sively scarcer towards the eastern sector of the sea.

DD FORM 1473 (PAGE 1)DDNOV 6514 3 UNCLASSIFIEDS/N 010 1-807-6801 Security Classification

Security Classification

LINK A LINK B LINK CKEY WORDS ___

ROLE WT ROLE WT ROLE WT

PLANKTONMEDITERRANEAN SEA

DD, FORV 1473 (BACK) UNCLASSIFIED(PA(C[:' 2) Security Classification