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Consultancy and Construction Firm 7500 staff worldwide,1800 staff UK Water and Energy
Bringing Our Global Unconventional Experience to the UK
Hydrocarbon Strategy and Water/Brine Management Strategy
inextricably linked
Both Strategies must be developed in parallel for project
success
• Wastewater from shale gas drilling
• Disposal Options
• Treatment Options
• Look ahead – what does the UK need to do to deal with
wastewater from Fracking?
• Frack Flowback
– Water injected to hydrofracture the formation returns quickly (1 to 2 weeks)
– Around 30 - 40% of injected water
• Produced water
– Naturally occurring brine water that is generated over the life of the well
• Proppant to keep fractures open
• Polymeric thickeners for proppant transport
• Cross-linking agents for thickener
• Bactericide to minimize polymer degradation and scaling
• Friction reducers, e.g. polyamides, allowing pumping at high rates
• Breaker fluids, acids, oxidizers or enzymes degrading the polymer for post fracturing fluid recovery
• Surfactants
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
6/0
7/2
009
27/1
2/2
014
18/0
6/2
020
9/1
2/2
025
1/0
6/2
031
21/1
1/2
036
14/0
5/2
042
4/1
1/2
047
26/0
4/2
053
17/1
0/2
058
Wate
r R
ate
bb
l/d
ay
Gas R
ate
MM
scfd
& N
um
ber
of
Well
s O
nli
ne
Gas / Water Rates 3 Rig Scenario Gas Rate SC - Monthly (MMscf/day) Number of Wells (cumulative)
Water Rate SC - Monthly (bbl/day)
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Pro
du
ced
Wate
r (m
3/d
)
Year
Potential Produced Water Quantity
This is indicative only based
on information in the public
domain
• What the well profile and Produced Water profile could look like
• Very high TDS
• more than twice seawater
• Predominantly NaCl
• High Iron
• High Calcium
• Very high Silica
• Large initial Flow back
• Lower produced water quantity
– Generated throughout well life
– Reduces as well ages
• Maintenance of gas production
requires continuous drilling
– Produced Water generated at
numerous geographically remote
locationsLow volumes with very high TDS
• Wastewater from shale gas drilling
• Disposal Options
• Treatment Options
• Look ahead – what does the UK need to do to deal with
wastewater from Fracking?
• NORM removal
• Re-use as Frack Water
• Is treatment needed?
• Direct re-use?
• Offsite Discharge
• Trade Effluent
• River
• Sea
• NORM removal
• pH correction, coagulation and settlement
• Re-use as Frack Water
• Is treatment needed?
• Direct re-use?
• Offsite Discharge
• Trade Effluent
• River
• Sea
• NORM removal
• pH correction, coagulation and settlement
• Re-use as Frack Water
• Solids and hydrocarbon removal
• Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry
• Offsite Discharge
• Trade Effluent
• River
• Sea
• NORM removal
• pH correction, coagulation and settlement
• Re-use as Frack Water
• Solids and hydrocarbon removal
• Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry
• Offsite Discharge
• Trade Effluent
• River
• Sea
Solids Removal
Hydrocarbon and oil removal
Anything More?
Salinity treatment by dilution?
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
110,000
120,000
130,000
140,000
150,000
160,000
170,000
180,000
190,000
20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 110,000 120,000
Min
imu
m S
ew
ag
e W
ork
s C
ap
acit
y f
or
treatm
et
by d
ilu
tio
n (P
E)
Produced Water Salinity (mg/l)
Diagram showing Minimum Sewage Works Size Needed to Treat Various Produced Water Quantities and Qualities by Dilution
1000 mg/l salinity, 500 m3/dproduced water, 3000 mg/lmax salinity allowed, 200l/hd/d WwTW flow
1000 mg/l salinity, 1000m3/d produced water, 3000mg/l max salinity allowed,200 l/hd/d WwTW flow
1000 mg/l salinity, 2000m3/d produced water, 3000mg/l max salinity allowed,200 l/hd/d WwTW flow
1000 mg/l salinity, 3000m3/d produced water, 3000mg/l max salinity allowed,200 l/hd/d WwTW flow
1000 mg/l salinity, 4000m3/d produced water, 3000mg/l max salinity allowed,200 l/hd/d WwTW flow
1000 mg/l salinity, 5000m3/d produced water, 3000mg/l max salinity allowed,200 l/hd/d WwTW flow
1000 mg/l salinity, 6000m3/d produced water, 3000mg/l max salinity allowed,200 l/hd/d WwTW flow
500m3/d
1,000m3/d
2,000m3/d
3,000m3/d
4,000m3/d
5,000m3/d
6,000m3/dRange
31 wells
185 wells
370 wells
>4,000 wells foreseeable
>70,000 m3/d foreseeable
• NORM removal
• pH correction, coagulation and settlement
• Re-use as Frack Water
• Solids and hydrocarbon removal
• Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry
• Offsite Discharge
• Trade Effluent
• River
• Sea
Solids Removal
Hydrocarbon and oil removal
Anything More?
Salinity treatment by dilution?
Salinity Reduction at commercial scale
• NORM removal
• pH correction, coagulation and settlement
• Re-use as Frack Water
• Solids and hydrocarbon removal
• Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry
• Offsite Discharge
• Trade Effluent – Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction in long term
• River – Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction
• Sea – Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction
• Wastewater from shale gas drilling
• Disposal Options
• Treatment Options
• Look ahead – what does the UK need to do to deal with
wastewater from Fracking?
• NORM removal
• pH correction, coagulation and settlement
• Re-use as Frack Water
• Solids and hydrocarbon removal
• Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry
• Offsite Discharge
• Trade Effluent – Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction in long term
• River – Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction
• Sea – Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction
• Reverse Osmosis (RO)
• Forward Osmosis (FO)
• Ion Exchange (IX)
• Higgins Loop
• Electrodialysis / Electrodialysis Reversal (ED/EDR)
• Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process (VSEP)
• Capacitive Deionization
• Thermal Processes.
• Reverse Osmosis (RO)
• Forward Osmosis (FO)
• Ion Exchange (IX)
• Higgins Loop
• Electrodialysis / Electrodialysis Reversal (ED/EDR)
• Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process (VSEP)
• Capacitive Deionization
• Thermal Processes.
• Primary RO / Secondary RO
• Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)
• Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) with either Mechanical Vapour
Compressor (MVC) or Thermo Vapour Compressor (TVC)
• Brine Concentrator with either MVC or TVC.
• Primary RO / Secondary RO
• Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)
• Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) with either Mechanical Vapour
Compressor (MVC) or Thermo Vapour Compressor (TVC)
• Brine Concentrator with either MVC or TVC.
Feed Water
RO Concentrate
RO Permeate
• Advantages:
• Proven technology for removing dissolved compounds from water
• Capable of treating wide range of TDS
• Commercially available from multiple vendors.
• Disadvantages:
• fouling/scaling.
• Highly reliant on pretreatment processes
• Potential TDS limitations
• Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) with either MVC or TVC• Advantages:
• Operates at low temperatures (<70 C)
• More efficient compared with MSF.
• Less capital intensive compared with BC
and MSF
• Utilises waste heat.
• Disadvantages:
• Issues with foam.
• Reliance on waste heat
• Brine Concentrator with either MVC or TVC.
• Advantages:
• More efficient compared with MSF.
• Foam is not an issue compared with MED.
• Less dependent on other infrastructure being in place
• Less potential for noise issues, no steam ejectors.
• Disadvantages:
• Higher CAPEX compared with MED..
• Higher electrical energy requirements
• Tall units, visual impact
• More site installation work is required in comparison to MED.
Increasing Energy
Consumption and System
Complexity
Reverse Osmosis
1 – 4.5KW/m3
Multi Effect Distillation
1.5 - 15KW/m3
1.5-4 (TVR) , 9-15 (MVR)
Multi Stage Flash
8 - 25KW/m3
Multi Effect Evaporation
25 - 30KW/m3
Brine Concentrator
20 - 45KW/m3
Crystallizer
45 - 75KW/m3
→ → → Increasing Specific Energy Consumption → → →
→ → → Increasing Specific Energy Consumption → → →
• Wastewater from shale gas drilling
• Disposal Options
• Treatment Options
• Look ahead – what does the UK need to do to deal with
wastewater from Fracking?
Hydrocarbon Strategy and Water/Brine Management Strategy
inextricably linked
Both Strategies must be developed in parallel for project
success
SiO2Adsorption
Feed Pond
IXWAC
Thermal/
RO
Feed
Softening
MFDF
Re-use / Export Tank
ThermalTreatment
Concentrated Brine/
Sallt Precipitate
IXBS AA
Brine
Softening
Offsite / Central
Brine Treatment
Onsite
Installation
NORM
TreatmentFine Filtration
Fresh Water Separation
Fresh Water Separation
40,000 – 100,000mg/l TDS
120mg/l TDS
100,000 – 200,000mg/l TDS
20mg/l TDS
200,000+mg/l TDS
Re-use / Export Tank
Multiple
Processing
Facilities
Separator
Heater
Compressor
Pre-heatersFeed pumps
Pre-heaters
SiO2Adsorption
Feed Pond
IXWAC
Thermal/
RO
Feed
Softening
MFDF
Re-use / Export Tank
ThermalTreatment
Concentrated Brine/
Sallt Precipitate
IXBS AA
Brine
Softening
Offsite / Central
Brine Treatment
Onsite
Installation
NORM
TreatmentFine Filtration
Fresh Water Separation
Fresh Water Separation
40,000 – 100,000mg/l TDS
120mg/l TDS
100,000 – 200,000mg/l TDS
20mg/l TDS
200,000+mg/l TDS
Re-use / Export Tank
Multiple
Processing
Facilities
• Are we really going to install Brine Concentrators and Crystallisers ??
• What is the best overall economic solution?
• Can we integrate a solution into an existing asset at a refinery?
• Can the brine to used as a feed to a Chloro Chemicals business?
• Aligned hydrocarbon and water/brine management strategy
• Agreed TDS limits for river and sea discharges
• Knowledge of the specific produced water quantity and quality
• Socially acceptable waste management strategy
• Tankers / pipelines / discharges…..
• End to end waste management strategy
• Zero Liquid Discharge?
• If not then what?
• Refinery asset re-use / chloro chemicals feed?
The answer is out there!
We know how to make it work
It has been done before
We just need to know the question!
Thank You