pirateria de nigeria-2015

8/17/2019 Pirateria de Nigeria-2015

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LA PIRATERÍA DE NIGERIA COMO UNA AMENAZA A LA SEGURIDAD

MARÍTIMA DEL GOLFO DE GUINEA (2007-2012). UNA APROXIMACIÓN

DESDE EL CRIMEN ORGANIZADO

LINA MARIA VALDERRAMA LUNA

UNIVERSIDAD COLEGIO MAYOR DE NUESTRA SEORA DEL ROSARIO

FACULTAD DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES


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!OGOT" D.C.# 201$


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%L& '&*+,& + N+& / 3& &+3&4& & 5& 6+& &,*& +5 G5 + G3+&

(2007-2012). U3& &'8&/93 +6+ +5 /+3 &34&:

E6* + /&6

P+6+3*& / +;6* '&& '*& +5 *,*5 +

I3*+3&/3&56*&

E3 5& F&/5*& + R+5&/3+6 I3*+3&/3&5+6

U3& +5 R6&

P+6+3*&& '?L3& M&& V&5+&& L3&

D& '? S++6*+ II# 201$


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M&&*& C&&


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AGRADECIMIENTOS

E5 '+6+3*+ +6* + /&6# 3 @+& 6 '65+ 63 5& &= '&/+3/& = +/&/93 +

+/*& M&&*& C&&&34&6 &3*+ *&5& 3,& +3 56 +3*6 ,/5+6 = ' 6 /&>. F3&5+3*+# &

6 '&'&6 ' 6 &'=# & 33* = ' * 5 ;+ @&/+3 &&+3*+ ' ,.


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RESUMEN

Desde finales de los 70 la piratería se convirtió en un problema para Nigeria. Con el

tiempo adquirió características del crimen organizado y en 200 se transformó en un

problema transnacional! afectando a "stados del golfo de #uinea. $sí! a trav%s de una

base conceptual! el estudio de caso concluyó que los factores internos &como la pobreza!

debilidad estatal y marginalización' y e(ternos &siendo ellos la falta de políticas internas

destinadas a las aguas y la ausencia de estrategias marítimas en la región' de la piratería!

crearon una din)mica para que dic*a actividad se convirtiera en una amenaza a la

seguridad marítima del golfo de #uinea! tomando como referencia a +enín y ,ogo.

-iguiendo la línea argumentativa! se demuestra que la bsqueda de una solución a la

delincuencia marítima *a generado interacciones de seguridad que sugieren las primeras

fases de un posible comple/o de seguridad regional.

Palabras clave:

iratería! crimen organizado! Nigeria! seguridad marítima! amenaza.

ABSTRACT

-ince 70s piracy became a problem for Nigeria. 1t eventually acquired c*aracteristics of

organized crime and in 200 became a transnational problem! affecting t*e gulf #uineas

states. ,*us! t*roug* a conceptual base! t*is investigation concluded t*at t*e internal

factors &suc* as poverty! 3ea4 state and marginalization' and t*e e(ternal ones &as t*e lac4

of domestic policies to t*e 3aters and t*e absence of maritime strategies in t*e región'of

piracy! created a dynamic t*at allo3ed piracy activity become a maritime security t*reat!

ta4ing +enín and ,ogo li4e e(amples. 5ollo3ing t*e line of argument! it6s s*o3n t*at t*e

searc* for a solution to maritime crime *as generated interactions t*at suggest t*e early stages of a possible regional security comple(.

Key Words:

iracy! organized crime! Nigeria! maritime security! t*reat.


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CONTENIDO

P.

INTRODUCCIÓN 1 . D E F I N I E N D O L A P I R A T E R Í A E N N I G E R I A

1 1

1.1. L& '&*+,& +3 N+&? E5 +3 + 3& +6*/*& /3&5 &34&& 12

1.2. M+&6 '5,*/&6 3+&3&6 +3*+ &5 + '+*95+ 20

2 . ! E N ÍN Y T OG O ? NU E VAS V ÍC T I MA S D E L A P I R ATE R Í A 2

2.1. F&/*+6 ;+ ''/&3 5& '53&/93 + 5& '&*+,& 22.2. D+6&55 + 5& &/*


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LISTA DE ANEOS

A3+8 1. T&5&. T'6 + '&*+,&

A3+8 2. M&'&. P&*+,& +3 +5 G5 + G3+&

A3+8 H. T&5&. P+5 + 5&6 &3&6 = &&6 /6*+&6 + "/& O//+3*&5

A3+8 . T&5&. L&+6 + &*&;+6 +&5+6 = 3*+3*6 (+3+-/++? 2007-

2011)

A3+8 $. T&5&. L&+6 + &*&;+6 +&5+6 = 3*+3*6 (+3+-/++? 200-


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2012)


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LISTA DE SIGLAS

ACSS C+3* A/&3 + E6*6 E6*&*J/6

ASECMAR A'= '&& 5& S+& M&,*& +3 +5 G5 + G3+&

CEDEAO C3& E/39/& + 56 E6*&6 + "/& O//+3*&5

CEEAC C3& E/39/& + 56 E6*&6 + "/& C+3*&5

CGG C693 +5 G5 + G3+&

CS C36+B + S+&

CSR C'5+B + S+& R+3&5IM! O/3& I3*+3&/3&5 M&,*&

ISPS C9 I3*+3&/3&5 '&& 5& '*+//93 + 56 ;+6 = + 5&6 36*&5&/3+6

'*&&6

MEND M


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INTRODUCCI!N

U3 + 56 &6'+/*6 ;+ +3+3 +5 /3*+8* 3*+3&/3&5 &/*&5 +6 5& '+6+3/& +

&+3&4&6 /&'&/+6 + *&6/+3+ 5&6 3*+&6 +/&6. A +/


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'+


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+ /&6# /3 +5 3 + &'5& +5 /&' +8'5/&*


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#$ DE%INIENDO LA PIRATER&A EN NIGERIA

A5 6+


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#$#$ La '(ra)er*a e+ N(,er(a: El or(,e+ de -+a es)r-c)-ra cr(.(+al or,a+(/ada

N+& +6 3 '&,6 ;+ 6+ &34& *+*&5+3*+ +3 +6*&6# 63 +& + /3

&'&56 +3 ++3*+6 +3+6. U3& + 5&6 6 '*&3*+6 +6 +5 +5*& +5 N,+# '+ ' 5& /&3*& + @&*&3*+6 ;+ &/+# = 6+3 ' +5 '*+3/&5 +/39/ + 56

+/66 &55, &5+&6. F+3*+ & +6* 5*# 6+ /36+& ;+ 63 5& '3/'&5 +3*&& +5

'&,6 + & ;+ &'*&3 6 +5 0Q +5 **&5 + 56 3+66 +3&+3*&5+6# 56 /&5+6

6+ +/&&3 K+3 6 &=,&K ' +5 3+/ +5 '+*95+# /+3*&54& ' +5 +3

++&5 3+&3 +6+ 17 (I+5++ 200$# '. 21). E6& *+3+3/& /+3*&54&& +

3&+/& +3 +5 6+3* ;+ 6+ 6+,&6 +8*&3B+&6# 5& /&5 &/5*&& +5 &/+ +

3+/6 3+6 ;+ 65 56 +3+/&& & +556 (I+5++ 200$# '6. 21-21$).

R+6'+/* & +6* 6+ '++ +/ ;+ +5 3+ *+3 ' 5&


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*54&& +3


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3 &/* + +&;+ ( 3*+3* + +&;+) /3 5& 3*+3/93 + /+*+ +5

/&5;+ * +5* = /3 5& 3*+3/93 /&'&/& + *54& 5& +4& +3 /'5+3* +

+6+ &/*: (M&5 2010# '. ).

P&& 5& J/&& + 56 0 +3 N+& +3 +'*&6 &/*6 + +6*+ *'# '3/'&5+3*+ +3 5&6 &&6 &=&/+3*+6 &5 +5*&. L /&5 +*+& 5& +5&/93 + /&6&5&

+3*+ 5& 3/3& + +6*& +93 +3*+ & 5&6 '5,*/&6 +5 E6*& = 5& &'&/93 + +6*&

3+


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/'+6* ' '6 + '+63&6 ;+ /'+&3 = &'*&3 +6*&*+&6 +3/&3&&6 & 5&

'


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E5 66*+& 3 6+ +*&6

+&/&/3+6 + &3


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&&6 5&3/&6 (//@556# ' +B+'5).

S3 +&# /3 +3 +5 65 XXI 6+ 6+


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&6# &6, / +5 *&*&+3* + 5&6 &3&3/&6 *+3&6. D+ +6*& &3+ +5

&,* +B9 + 6+ 3& +& '*3&# =& ;+ +5 '&*93 /3& ' '+63&6

+/&&6 &5 +6'/ + +&/&/3+6 +3 5&6 /6*&6 + N+& /3 65+*6

+6 + 3*&/93# 6+


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3*+36 ('5,*/6# 6/&5+6 = +/39/6) (55&63 201H# '. H). Y ' *# 6

'5+& '&& +6'3+ = /3*5& +5 /+/+3* +5 +39+3 + 5& '&*+,& / 3

/+3 '/ /3.

F+ &6,# / 5& +53/+3/& &,*& +3 +5 '&,6 3 *& +3 /3*&

'+# +5 6+/* '+*5+ &5 3 '


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&3*+ 3 *+' '&6&3 +6&'+/6 ' +5 6'5+ @+/@ + 6+ +'*&6 / &/*6

36+3*+6.

E3 * /&6# 5& '&*+,& 59 +3 +6+ 5&'6 +8*+3+ 6 & + &//93# '+6 5&

&5*& + /'6 +5 +3 /3 5&


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/ 5& 36*& '+*5+& = +5 +3 +6*&&3 '++3 553+6 + 95&+6 ' 5&

3/& + 5& '&*+, + & ;+ 6+ &/9 5& +//93 +3 3 1Q 5& +8*&//93 &&

+ '+*95+# '&6&3 + 2# 553+6 + &5+6 ' ,& & 1# (C@&5 200# '. 1).

L& &36*& ;+ +3+9 +6*& +8*+3&5& +6+3/&+39 3& 6++ + &//3+6 +6+ 5& &6+ '5,*/& @&/& 56 6 &*&;+6 +3 +6*&6

/3 36*&5&/3+6 '+*5,+&6. E6* /3*39 &5 '3* ;+ 5&6 ++6 '&*&6 /+&3 +3+,&6

5+&5+6# 63=+3 5& /'+*+3/& + 56 &3+6 &5&6 +8*&3B+6 + 5& J5*+ '5,*/&

3+&3& +3 5& 6 + 5&6 3&


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+5 '+63&5 + *&5 & ;+ 5&6 '+&/3+6 + +6/&*+ = 5&6 '&6 + 6+ +&3 6

+/39/&6 (I3*+3&*3&5 C66 G' 2012# '. 12).

F+3*+ & +6*& &++* +5 +3 3+&3 6+


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+556. E6* +3+9 3& 6*&/93 + 36+& &,*& / 6+


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1$ BEN&N 4 TOGO: NUE5AS 5&CTIMAS DE LA PIRATER&A

C 6+ ' 6+


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(/+/& + 11 &*&;+6) (ICC C+/&5 C+ S+


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*+3+ &= /3*5 &,* +B+/+


30/79


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+3/&&6 + 3*+/&& 3&/93# /+& 43&6 /3B3*&6 + /3*5# +*/. P +6*&

&493# '&& +5 &> +3 +5 ;+ +'+4&3 & +'*&6+ &/*6 '&*&6 +3 !+3,3 = T# 3

+86*,&3 +/&366 /3&6 +3*+ 56 E6*&6 '&& '+


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1$1$ Desarrollo de la ac)(v(dad '(ra)a e+ Be+*+ y To,o

S+ @& /@ ;+ &536 &/*+6 + 5& '&*+,& + N+& = 56 /'3+3*+6 +8*+36 &

J6* '


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'+ 5&# 56 6 &3*6 +3 +5 3+/ ('6 + N+&) 6+3 /+*+3 66

&+63+6 +3 &&6 +8*&3B+&6. A'


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&/5*&3 3+6 + 5&6 +&/&/3+6 & 6/& *&6 =

'+*6 &5*+36 '&& +&54& 5&6 &/*


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/&66 +3 +5 ;+ 5& &3& &/*9 = +


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3* & C**++# 3& +'+3+3/& + 5& &6+&& L5=6 +5+&& '&& &3+8& 5&

43& +/39/& +8/566 + 56 &/6 3 +6*&3 5& &493 + 6+ + * '+*# +6

+/# &&3*4&& 6 &/*


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6/&6 = 56 6+


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&536 3*+3*6 + &*&;+6 '&*&6 +&3 +6*'+&6 = ;+ 56 +'*+6 +&3 +3+6 &

56 + *6 E6*&6 + "/& O//+3*&5. N 6*&3*+# 3 ;++ +/ ;+ 3 6+

6+


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63 &/*+6 ;+ 6+ '+6+3*&3 +3 !+3,3# N+& = T 3 6*&3*+# +3 !+3,3 = N+&

6+ 6+


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7$ LA AMENA9A DE LAS ACCIONES PIRATAS A LA SEGURIDAD MAR&TIMA

DEL GOL%O DE GUINEA

I3/&5+3*+ 5& +53/+3/& &,*& +3 +5 5 + G3+& + 3 '5+& ;++6+3/&+39 3& 6++ + /36+/+3/&6 '&& 36 E6*&6 +6'+/,/6 + 5& +93? !+3,3#

N+& = T. C3 +5 '&6 +5 *+' = *+3+3 +3 /+3*& 5& +8'++3/& + N+ 6+

/'+39 ;+ &B +5 6 /3*+8* + '+4 +5& +6*&*&5 = &5*& +

'*3&+6# +6*+ '5+& + 6+& & & '+6+3*&6+ +3 *6 E6*&6 &6,# +3 &53

+3* E6*&6 3 &+/*&6 ',&3


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+4& /3 +5 '&6 +5 *+'. T&6 +6*& 6*&/93 6+ &*/9 ;+ 56 H E6*&6 6+,&3

6+3 J5+6 & 5& @& + +3+3*& 5& &/*


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+ 56 '&,6+6# 3 6*&3*+ + +5 6 &+/*& ' 56 /,+3+6 &,*6. L &3*+

+ &? L& +6/3&34& ''5&4&& +3*+ 5& /3& 3*+3&/3&5 '&& 3 *&36*&

' +6*& +93 &,*& +5 &+3* + '+/6 +3 5&6 3/&6 /+/&5+6 = +5 '+5

;+ +'+6+3*&& '&& &/*+6 3*+3&/3&5+6 (/ 3&


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L& '+'+*&/93 + +6*& +6*/*& + 5 ;+ /+6*39 5& /&'&/& + /&& '&,6

'&& +3+3*& +5 '5+& ' 6, 65. E3 '+ 5&# ';+ 56 3


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*# 5& +6*&*+&6 + 3/&*


45/79

6'6/3+6 + O&34&/3+6 I3*+3&/3&5+6 / 5& C3


46/79


47/79

3*+


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'5+& +3 5& +93. E3 +6*& 6+ +/&5/9 %5& +3*+ 3+/+6& + +& = &'*& +&6

+/&/+6 = '/*/&6 '&& 5/@& /3*& 5& '&*+,& = +5 & &3 &&& +3 +5 & +3 +5

G5 + G3+&: (N&/3+6 U3&6 R+65/93 20H 2012# '. 1). R+65*&& /&6

+'+**&6# &

10 E3*+ +556 %... +6*&5+/+ 3 &/ B,/ '&& 5& '+


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*&


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/&6 6 &5*&6 +3 5& '&*+,& &,*& +6+ 2007 (UNODC 201H). E3 *&6 '&5&&6#

/&5;+ +& 3*+3& = '+6 +3&5 3 +6*&&3 5&3 66 B+*


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5& '&*+,& *&6 /36 6+3*+6 /3 5&

3&5& + & +5 5* '&6 = +6*&5+/+ 3&


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/36+/+3/&6 +3 56 *6 &,*6 + 6 & N+& (!+3,3 =

T).

E6*+ ++/* 6'55


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+ G3+& +65*9 6+ 3& 6*&/93 ;+ +6*+/@9 5& 6+& + /+*6 '&,6+6 + 5& +93

= B9 3& +5&/93 +8/56


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=$ CONCLUSIONES

D+6'J6 + &3&54& & 5 5& + 56 /&',*56 5& 3/& '&*& +3 +5 5 + G3+

'++ /3/56+ ;+ + 3 +39+3 ;+ 6+ /39 &&5+3*+ ' 5& 6& +++3*+6 +5++3*6. F+ *+3+3/& ;+ !+3,3# N+& = T +8'++3*&&3 5&

+53/+3/& &,*& ' /3*+8*6 + '+4& = &3&54&/93 +3 5&6 43&6 /6*+&6#

+5& +6*&*&5 +3 +5 &3+B +5 /3*5 &,*# &5*6 3


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T&J3 6+ /'+39 ;+ 56 &/*+6 +89+36 & 5& '&*+,& 3+&3&

*+3&3 + ''/3& +5++3*6 &/5*&+6 K/ 5& &6+3/& + 3*+J6 +3 5&

6+& +5 * &,*K 3/+3 '&& ;+ /@& +6*/*& 6+ /365&& +3 +5

'5&3 3*+3&/3&5# +6'+/,/&+3*+ +3 56 *+*6 + !+3,3 = T. N 6*&3*+# /6+ 6+


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*&&B) @&/+3 +++3/& & 5& &6+3/& + 3& +6*&*+& &,*& +3*+ 56 E6*&6 + 5&

+93. C3 +5&/93 & +6*& /+6*93# 6+ +3*+3+3


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E6*&6# &6, / 3& &= 6'6/93 + +556# 6+ 6+3 3 6*/5 '&&

+6*&54& +5 +3 +3 +3 5&6 &&6 + 5& +93.

89


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BIBLIOGRA%IA

Ca'*)-los o ar)*c-los e+ l(bros

A5&# M. (200). P


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!4&3# !. = &+esources: Capacities for Development ('6. -0).

L3+6? P&5&


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@**'?6*+.+&=./.+4.6&.+./56&+&+.&/*3\/ID]1072277

7['']1

S&&# M. (200). T@+ N+&3 G


61/79

@**'?+6..+6/@6*./.+4.6&.+./+6'


62/79

G@6@# P. W. (201H). &*3 * E8'5+? P&/= 3 *@+ G5 G3+&. @bserver >esearc*

5oundation! ()# 1-H. D6'35+ +3?

@**'?.353+./6+8'*353+5+6//&63&5'&'+&**&/@+3*6//&63&5'&'+^1H1H00H1H.'

G5'3# R. (2007). E3@&3/3 &*+ 6+/*= 3 *@+ G5 G3+&. -trategic 1nsig*ts!

(1)# 1-1H. D6'35+ +3? @**'?&/&/+3*+.'-

/3*+3*'5&6200707E3@&3/3-M&*+-S+/*=-3-*@+-G5--G3+&.'

G++6# . P. P. (201). L& '&*+,& &,*& +3 +5 5 + G3+& &+3*& ,& & ,&.

>evista general de marina! 2 (H)# 01-10. D6'35+ +3?

@**'?&53+*.3B&.+66+


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;anagement: ,*e flags*ip /ournal of international s*ipping and port researc*# H7

(7)# 7-7. D6'35+ +3? @**'? 8..10.1000H0H.2010.$27H

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2010.524734http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2010.524734http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2010.524734


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M'@=# M.N. (201H). P+*-'&/=? O5 &3 T5+ &*+6. @rbis! $7 (H)# 2-H7.

D6'35+ +3?

@**'?.6/+3/++/*./.+4.6&.+./6/+3/+&*/5+'S00H0H71H0

00HH

O3@ F. (200). S+& '&/= &3 &*+ 6+/*= 3 *@+ 3 A/&? T@+ S&5

/&6* &3 G5 A+3 3 '+6'+/*


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0Q20S+&Q20P&/=Q20&3Q20M&*+Q20I36+/*=Q203Q20C3*+'&

=Q20A/&Q20E/3=.'


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V+5# A. (2011) I3.(cas

A5+ R. (2012# 7 + /*+). I3 T# P&*+6 &+ !5# +&


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'&*+6-5-@+&


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@**'?+6..+6/@6*./.+4.6&.+./+6'


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/'5&/+3/=

https://www.icc-ccs.org/news/811-imb-reports-drop-in-somali-piracy-but-warns-against-complacencyhttps://www.icc-ccs.org/news/811-imb-reports-drop-in-somali-piracy-but-warns-against-complacency


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@**'?./66'.c+&F5+6&/&+6*-&/&1$-5+-5+-+-

3++-5&-3


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O)ras '-bl(cac(o+es

G/@5 S. L. (201H). -trategic 1mplications of iracy in +enins ,erritorial


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R+65/93 Nb 201. (2011# /*+ H1). C36+B + S+& + 5&6 N&/3+6 U3&6#

(R+65/93 201 (2011) A'&& ' +5 C36+B + S+& +3 6 $e 6+693#

/+5+&& +5 H1 + /*+ + 2011). SRES201 (2011). D6'35+ +3?


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@**'?.+5./-

3*+86


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ANEOS

A+e?o #$ Tabla$ T('os de '(ra)er*a$

F+3*+? (M'@= 201H# '. H2)


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Anexo 2. Mapa. Piratería en el Golfo de Guinea

•

•N •

•

BENIN

TOGO

GHANA

A AA

•

•

A r.awrg,A Hijadeing

• Arerr

ptedhjacki 250 500 km; I

NIGERIA

Map 7: Piracy incident in the G!"# $# G!inea%2007

BENIN

TOGO

NIGERIA

GHANA

& 'idnapping• HOcking

Rc()en% ❑ 250 500 km• Ane*p"

ed

+$!rce: E"a)$rated #r$* Internati$na" ,$rid*e Orgar&-ati$n data

,ap ..: Piracy incident in the G!"# $# G!inea%20..

+$!rce: E"a)$ran/ #r$* Internati$na" ,ariri*e Organiati$n da"a

❑ 250 500 k*

I 1

1 1 1 I

A IEInappingA Hijackng

• R$)t$e 0 250 500 km

I

,ap riracy inc"!ent in tne !!rr $r !!inea%20.0

BENIN

TOGO

NIGERIA

GHANA

• 'enapping

A Hijacki

ng

+$!rce E"a)$rated #r$* Internati$na" ,ariti*e Organiati$n data

Map 12: Piracy incident in the G!## $# G!inea%20.2

BENIN

TOGO

NIGERIA

GHANA

A A • ik• •

. • a

• •

a: •

• $!rce E"aherated #r$* Internati$na" ,ariri*ei i "i

Fuente: (UNODC 2013,


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A3+8 H. T&5&. P+5 + 5&6 &3&6 = &&6 /6*+&6 + "/& O//+3*&5

F+3*+? (A+B 201$# '.)


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A3+8 . T&5&. L&+6 + &*&;+6 +&5+6 = 3*+3*6 (E3+-D/++? 2007-2011)

F+3*+? (ICC 2011# '. $)


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A3+8 $. T&5&. L&+6 + &*&;+6 +&5+6 = 3*+3*6 (E3+-D/++? 200-2012)

F+3*+? (ICC 2012# '. $)

pirateria de nigeria-2015

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