piping and plumbing fitting - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Copper fittings for soldered joints
Assorted pipe fittings: 1.Copper,
solder; 2.Iron or br ass, threaded;
3.Brass, compression; 4.Brass,transition from compression to solder
5.Brass, special adaptors
PVC fittings
Piping and plumbing fittingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A fitting is used in pipe systems to connect straight pipe or tubing
sections, to ada pt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes,
such as regulating or measuring fluid flow. The term plumbing is
generally used to describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste
in ordinary domestic or commercial environments, whereas piping is
often used to describe high-performance (e.g. high pressure, high
flow, high temperature, hazardous materials) conveyance of fluids in
specialized applications. The term tubing is sometimes used for
lighter-weight piping, especially types that are flexible enough to be
supplied in coiled form.
Fittings (especially uncommon types) require money, time,
materials, and tools to install, so they are a non-trivial part of piping
and plumbing systems.[1] Valves are technically fittings, but are
usually discussed separately.
Contents
1 Standards2 Materials3 Gaskets4 Gender of fittings
5 Common fittings for both piping and plumbing5.1 Elbow5.2 Coupling5.3 Union5.4 Reducer 5.5 Olets5.6 Tee5.7 Cross5.8 Cap5.9 Plug5.10 Nipple
5.11 Barb5.12 Valves
6 Drain-waste-vent (DWV) and related fittings6.1 Sweep elbow6.2 Closet flange6.3 Clean-outs6.4 Trap primers6.5 Combo-tee6.6 Sanitary tee6.7 Baffle tee
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6.8 Slip joint fitting6.9 Double sanitary tee (sanitary cross)6.10 Wye ("Y") fitting6.11 Double-tapped bushing
7 Hydraulic fittings8 Connection methods
8.1 Fastener 8.2 Threaded pipe
8.3 Solvent welding8.4 Soldering8.5 Brazing8.6 Welding8.7 Compression fittings8.8 Push-to-pull compression fittings8.9 Flare fittings8.10 Flange fittings8.11 Mechanical fittings8.12 Crimped or pressed fittings
9 See also
10 References11 External links
Standards
There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping
system. Organizations that promulgate piping standards include:
ASME – The American Society of Mechanical EngineersA112.19.1 Enamelled cast iron and enamelled steel plumbing fixtures Standard, AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)A112.19.2 Ceramic plumbing fixtures Standard, American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME)
ASTM – American Society for Testing and MaterialsAPI – American Petroleum InstituteAWS – American Welding SocietyAWWA – American Water Works AssociationMSS – Manufacturers' Standardization SocietyANSI – American National Standards Institute
NFPA – National Fire Protection AssociationEJMA – Expansion Joint Manufacturers AssociationCGA – Compressed Gas Association
For example, pipes need to conform to the dimensional requirements of :
ASME B36.10M – Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel PipeASME B36.19M – Stainless Steel PipeASME B31.3 2008 – Process PipinGASME B31.4 XXXX – Power Piping
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Display of a variety of
threaded cast iron fittings
The B31.3 / B31.4 code has requirements for piping found in petroleum refineries; chemical,
pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and
terminals. This code specifies requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly,
erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code is applicable to piping for all fluids
including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and
water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids.
MaterialsThe material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for
choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include:
Carbon Steel (CS), also galvanizedImpact Tested Carbon Steel (ITCS)Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel (LTCS)Stainless Steel (SS)Malleable iron (malleable iron)
Non-Ferrous Metals (Copper, Inconel, Incoloy, Cupro-nickel etc.) Non-Metallic (ABS, Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP), PVC, HDPE,tempered glass, etc. )Chrome-molybdenum steel (Alloy steel) — Generally used for hightemperature service
The bodies of fittings for pipe and tubing are most often of the same base
material as the pipe or tubing being connected, for example, copper, steel,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). However, any material that is
allowed by the plumbing, health, or building code (as applicable) may be
used, but must be compatible with the other materials in the system, thefluids being transported, and the temperatures and pressures inside and outside of the system. For example
brass- or bronze-bodied fittings are common in otherwise copper piping and plumbing systems. Fire
hazards, earthquake resistance, and other factors also influence choice of fitting materials.
Gaskets
Gaskets are mechanical seals, usually formed like a ring and used for sealing of flange joints. In general,
gaskets should not be reused.[2] Various types of gaskets are available depending upon their construction,
materials, and features. The following are the type of gaskets commonly used:
Non-Metallic Gaskets (ASME B 16.21)Spiral-Wound Gaskets (ASME B 16.20)Ring Joint Gaskets (ASME B 16.20)
Non-Metallic Gaskets are used with flat face or raised face flanges. Spiral-Wound Gaskets are used with
raised face flanges. They are available with an inner ring and outer ring, which is also known as the
cantering ring. Ring Joint Gaskets are used with Ring Type Joint (RTJ) flanges. They are available in
octagonal or oval cross sections.
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Short radius or regular 45°
elbow (copper sweat)
Long radius or sweep 90°
elbow (copper sweat)
A very high surface stress is developed between an RTJ gasket and the flange groove when RTJ is bolted u
in a flange. This leads to plastic deformation of the gasket. Thus, the hardness of the gasket is kept less tha
the hardness of the groove to achieve coining i.e. bringing two metal surfaces of different hardness so
tightly together that the softer surface deforms to match harder surface exactly in shape and finish. Hence
RTJ gaskets are not recommended for reuse.[3]
Gender of fittings
Piping or tubing are usually (but not always) inserted into fittings to make connections. To avoid confusion
connections are conventionally assigned a gender of male or female, respectively abbreviated as "M" or
"F". An example of this is a "3/4 inch female adapter NPT," which would have a corresponding male
connection of the same size and thread standard (in this case, NPT).
Common fittings for both piping and plumbing
While there are hundreds of specialized fittings manufactured, some common types of fittings are used
widely in piping and plumbing systems. Fittings – ASME B 16.9
Elbow
An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to
allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45° angle, though 22.5° elbows
are also made. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded
(usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, the
fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.
Elbows are categorized based on various design features as below:
Long Radius (LR) Elbows – radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter Short Radius (SR) Elbows – radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter 90 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 90°60 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 60°45 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 45°
A 90 degree elbow is also called a "90 bend" or "90 ell". It is a fitting which
is bent in such a way to produce 90 degree change in the direction of flow in
the pipe. It is used to change the direction in piping and is also sometimes
called a "quarter bend". A 90 degree elbow attaches readily to plastic,copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It can also attach to rubber with stainless
steel clamps. It is available in many materials like silicone, rubber
compounds, galvanized steel, etc. The main application of an elbow (90
degree) is to connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps, and deck
drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon material or NPT thread.
A 45 degree elbow is also called a "45 bend" or "45 ell". It is commonly
used in water supply facilities, food industrial pipeline networks, chemical
industrial pipeline networks, electronic industrial pipeline networks, air
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Pipe coupling (copper sweat)
A combination pipe union and
reducer fitting (brass threaded)
conditioning facility pipeline, agriculture and garden production transporting system, pipeline network for
solar energy facility, etc.
Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius variants. The short radius elbows have a center-to-
end distance equal to the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times the NPS in
inches. Short elbows are widely available, and are typically used in pressurized systems.
Long elbows are typically used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and other applications where low
turbulence and minimum deposition of entrained solids are of concern. They are readily available inacrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for DWV, sewage and central
vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains
Coupling
A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is
not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing coupling or
reducer, or an adapter. By convention, the term "expander" is not
generally used for a coupler that increases pipe size; instead the term
"reducer" is used. There are two different types of couplings: slip andregular couplings.
Union
A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick
and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixturereplacement. While a coupling would require either solvent welding,
soldering or being able to rotate with all the pipes adjacent as with a
threaded coupling, a union provides a simple transition, allowing
easy connection or disconnection at any future time. A standard
union pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a female end,
and a male end. When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts
then provide the necessary pressure to seal the joint. Since the
mating ends of the union are interchangeable, changing of a valve or
other device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time. Pipe
unions are essentially a type of flange connector, as discussedfurther below.
In addition to standard, simple unions, other types of union exist:
Dielectric unions are unions with dielectric insulation, used to separate dissimilar metals (such ascopper and galvanized steel) to avoid the damaging effects of galvanic corrosion. When twodissimilar metals are in contact with an electrically conductive solution (even tap water isconductive), they will form a battery and generate a voltage by electrolysis. When the two metals arein direct contact with each other, the electric current from one metal to the other will cause amovement of ions from one to the other, dissolving one metal and depositing it on the other. A
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Reducer fittings, bronze threaded
(left) and copper sweat (right)
Pipe tee (copper sweat)
dielectric union breaks the electric current path with a plastic liner between two halves of the union,thus limiting galvanic corrosion.Rotary unions are unions that allow for rotation of one of the united parts.
Reducer
A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow
requirements of the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a
different size. Reducers are usually concentric but eccentric reducers
are used when required to maintain the same top- or bottom-of-pipe
level. Material – ASTM A234 WPB
Olets
Whenever branch connections are required in size where reducing tees are not available and/or when the
branch connections are of smaller size as compared to header size, olets are generally used. The following
are few configurations of olet connections :
Flanged OletSocket-Weld & Threaded OletLateral & Elbow Olets
Nipple OletButt-Weld OletSwage Nipples
Tee
A tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female
thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent
weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. It is used to
either combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which
is T-shaped having two outlets, at 90° to the connection to the mainline. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. A tee is used for
connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction
of pipe runs. They are made of various materials and available in
various sizes and finishes. They are extensively used in pipeline
networks to transport two-phase fluid mixtures. They are
categorized as:
EqualUnequal
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Pipe cap (copper sweat)
When the size of the branch is same as header pipes, equal tee is used and when the branch size is less than
that of header size, reduced tee will be used. Most common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes.
Some of the industrial tees are Straight Tee, Reducing Tee, Double Branch Tee, Double Branch Reducing
Tee, Conical Tee, Double Branch Conical Tee, Bullhead Tee, Conical Reducing Tee, Double Branch
Conical Reducing Tee, Tangential Tee, and Double Branch Tangential Tee.
The above tees are categorized on the basis of their shapes and structure. They can also be classified on the
basis of the application they are required to perform.
The three outlet sizes should be named in order (e.g. left, middle, right; measuring 15-22-15). The three
sizes of a tee are end x end x center, so a tee that is 1" on both ends and 3/4" in the center it would be 1" x
1" x 3/4".
Cross
Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting
becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. They often have solvent welded
socket ends or female threaded ends.
Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on pipe as temperature changes, because they are at the
center of four connection points. A tee is more steady than a cross, as a tee behaves like a three-legged
stool, while a cross behaves like a four-legged stool. (Geometrically, "any 3 non-collinear points define a
plane" thus 3 legs are inherently stable.) Crosses are common in fire sprinkler systems, where stresses
caused by thermal expansion are not generally an issue, but not in plumbing, due to their extra cost as
compared to using two tees.
Cap
A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe.A cap is used like plug, except that the pipe cap screws or attaches on the male
thread of a pipe. A cap may have a solvent weld socket end or a female threaded
end and the other end closed off. In plumbing systems that use threads, the cap
has female threads. Industrial caps can be round, square, rectangular, U-shaped,
I-shaped and may have a round hand grip or a flat hand grip.
If a solvent weld cap is used to provide for a future connection point, several
inches of pipe must be left before the cap. This is because when the cap is cut
off for the future connection, enough pipe must remain to allow a new fitting to
be glued onto it.
Plug
A plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is mated to. In a
threaded iron pipe plumbing system, plugs have male threads. Some of the popular types of plugs are:
Mechanical pipe plugPneumatic disk pipe plugSingle size pneumatic all rubber pipe plug
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Hose barb fittings made of
brass
Water shutoff valves below a kitchen
sink
Multi-size pneumatic pipe plugMulti-size flow-through pipe plugHigh pressure pipe plug
Nipple
A short stub of pipe, usually threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) or copper;
occasionally just bare copper. A nipple is defined as being a short stub of pipe which has external male pip
threads at each end, for connecting two other fittings. Nipples are commonly used for plumbing and hoses,
and second as valves for funnels and pipes.
Barb
A "barb" or "hose barb" fitting is used to connect flexible hose or tubing to
pipes. A barb fitting typically has a male-threaded end used to mate with
female threads. The other end of the fitting has either a single- or multiple-
barbed tube having a tapered stub with ridges, which is inserted into a
flexible hose to secure it. An adjustable worm drive screw clamp or other
type of clamp is often added, to help to keep the hose from slipping off the
barbed tube. Barb fittings can be made of brass for hot water applications,
while plastic may be used for cold water; brass is considered more robust
and durable for heavy-duty use. The barb fitting can be either elbow-shaped
or straight.
Valves
Valves are equipment designed to stop or regulate flow of any fluid
(liquid, gas, condensate, stem, slurry, etc.) in its path. Valves are
categorized depending on their applications like isolation, throttling,
and non-return. Various type of valves are available depending upon
the type of construction as follows:
Gate valve – used for isolation onlyPlug valve – used for isolation onlyGlobe valve – used for throttling
Butterfly valve – used for isolation as well as throttlingCheck valve – used for preventing reverse flow (non-return)Diaphragm valve – used for isolation as well as throttlingBall valve – used for isolation only
Needle Valve – used to control flow rate to a desired amount
rain-waste-vent (DWV) and related fittings
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Cast-iron and copper DWV
installation
Because they operate at low pressure and rely on gravity to move
fluids (and often entrained solids), drain-waste-vent systems use
fittings designed to be as smooth as possible on their interior
surfaces. The fittings may be "belled" or expanded slightly in
diameter, or otherwise shaped to accommodate insertion of pipe or
tubing, without forming a sharp interior ridge that might catch
debris or accumulate buildup of material and cause clogging.[4] The
absence of interior snags also makes it much easier to "snake out" or "rod out" a clogged pipe using long flexible tools made for this
purpose.
Underground piping systems for landscaping drainage, or disposal
of stormwater or groundwater, similarly use gravity flow at low pressure, often with entrained solids.
Piping fittings used for these systems bear a strong resemblance to DWV fittings, though often at a larger
scale.[5] When high peak flow volumes are involved, the design and construction of these systems are
closely inter-related to sewer design.
Fittings for central vacuum systems are very similar to DWV fittings, though usually of thinner and lighter
construction, since the weight of the materials conveyed through the system is much less. Vacuum system
designs share with DWV designs a concern about eliminating internal ridges, burrs, sharp turns, or other
obstructions to smooth flow that might cause build-up of material into pipe blockages.
Sweep elbow
DWV elbows are usually long radius ("sweep") types. To reduce flow resistance and solids deposition whe
the direction of flow is changed, they employ a shallow curve rather than a sharp turn.[6] A well-designed
system will often employ double 45° elbows in preference over 90° elbows (even sweep 90° elbows), to
reduce flow disruption as much as possible.
Central vacuum system inlet fittings are intentionally designed with a tighter radius of curvature than any
other bends in the system. This is done to ensure that if any vacuumed debris becomes stuck, it will jam
right at the inlet, where it is easiest to discover and to remove.
Closet flange
The closet flange is the drain pipe flange to which a water closet (toilet) is attached. It is a specialized type
of flange connection designed to sit flush with the floor, allowing a standard toilet to be installed above it.
Clean-outs
Clean-outs are fittings with removable elements that allow access to drains without requiring removal of
plumbing fixtures. They are used for allowing an auger or plumber's snake to clean out a plugged drain.
Clean-outs should be placed in accessible locations at regular intervals throughout a drainage system, often
including outside the building, because clean-out augers have limited length. The minimum requirement is
typically at the end of each branch in piping, just ahead of each water closet, at the base of each vertical
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stack, and both inside and outside the building in the building main drain/sewer. Clean-outs normally have
screw-on caps or screw-in plugs. Clean-outs are also known as rodding eyes from the eye-shaped cover
plates often used on external versions.
Trap primers
Trap primers regularly inject water into traps so that "water seals" are maintained, as necessary to keep
sewer gases out of buildings. The trap primer must be installed in a readily available place for easy access
for adjustments, replacement, and repair. Strictly speaking, a trap primer is a specialized valve, and it is
usually connected to a clean water supply, in addition to a DWV system.[7] Because of this dual connectio
the design usually must be certified to resist accidental backflow of contaminated water.
Combo-tee
A combination tee ("combo tee", "combo wye",[8] "tee wye", "long sweep wye", or "combi") is a tee with
gradually curving central connecting joint. A combination tee is a wye plus an additional 1/8 bend (45°)
combined into one solid unit (90° total). It is used in drain systems to provide a smooth, gradually curving
path to reduce the likelihood of clogs, to ease pushing a plumber's snake through a drain system, and toencourage water flow in the direction of the drain.
Sanitary tee
A sanitary tee is a tee with a curved center section. In drainage systems, it is primarily used to connect
horizontal drains (including fixture trap arms) to vertical drains. The center connection is generally
connected to the pipe which leads to a trap (the trap arm). However, it is against all major plumbing codes
to use a sanitary tee to connect a vertical drain to a horizontal drain, because of the likelihood that solids
will accumulate at the bottom of the junction and cause a blockage.
Baffle tee
Also called a "tee with diverter baffle",[9] these are typically connectors for waste lines before they enter th
P trap, and have an added baffle to try and help direct water from one waste pipe to not go up into another
at the connection point. Also called "waste tee" or "end outlet tee".[10]
Slip joint fitting
Slip joint fittings are frequently used in kitchen, bathroom and tub water drain systems.[11] They include adetached (movable) "slip nut" and "slip joint washer" (the washer is made of rubber or nylon[12]). An adde
benefit of this type of fitting is that the pipe it is connecting to doesn't have to be cut to precise fit, but the
slip joint can attach within a range of the end of the inserting pipe. Many slip fittings are "hand tightenable
for easier entry to the residential drain pipe systems (for instance to clean out the P trap or have access to
the drain line past the P trap).
Double sanitary tee (sanitary cross)
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Similar to a cross. This fitting differs from a standard cross in that two of the ports have curved inlets. The
fitting has been used in the past for connecting the drains of back-to-back fixtures (such as back-to-back
sinks). Some current codes (including the 2006 UPC) prohibit the use of this fitting for that purpose, instea
requiring a special "double fixture fitting" (double combination wye) since that prevents the two sides from
flowing into each other more.
Wye ("Y") fitting
A fitting with three openings, a wye is used to join or create branch lines. It is a type of waste fitting tee
which has the side inlet pipe entering at a 45° angle, or an angle other than 90 degrees. A standard wye is a
"Y" shaped fitting which allows one pipe to be joined to another at a 45 degree angle.
Wyes are similar to tees except that the branch line is angled to reduce friction and turbulence that could
hamper the flow. A common use is attaching a vertical drainage pipe to a horizontal one, to help maintain
flow drainage direction The connection is typically at a 45-degree angle rather than a 90-degree angle, if a
branch turns out further at the end to be 90-degree (perpendicular) the fitting becomes a combo tee.[13]
Wye's and combo wye's are referred to as following a "long sweep" pattern, [14] relative to sanitary tees and
short sweep bends, which are referred to as "short sweep" (i.e. smaller radius to complete turn). Shortsweep take up less space to turn, but don't have the advantages listed above.
A wye branch may also be used to split a branch line equally in two directions. The opening sizes can vary
for different situations, for instance in situation where a large main line needs to be split into two smaller
branches.
Wyes also have use in industrial applications. Low-priced wyes are often spot-welded together, whereas
industrial wyes have a continuous weld at each seam. In long-distance pipeline applications, a true Wye
fitting is also engineered for closed system instrumentation pigging configurations or wherever a smooth
pipe branch is used.
Double-tapped bushing
A double-tapped bushing is a fitting that has opposing threads on the inside diameter of the bushing.
Hydraulic fittings
Hydraulic systems use extremely high fluid pressures to create useful work, such as in the hydraulic
actuators for powered machinery such as bulldozers and backhoes. Therefore, hydraulic fittings are
designed and rated for much greater pressures than those experienced in general piping systems, and theyare generally not compatible for use in general plumbing. Hydraulic fittings are designed and constructed t
resist high pressure leakage and sudden explosive failure. More information on hydraulics and their
specialized fittings can be found in the hydraulic machinery article.
Connection methods
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MIP pipe and FIP elbow fitting (stee
threaded)
Much of the work of installing a piping or plumbing system involves making leakproof, reliable
connections. In addition, most piping requires mechanical support against gravity and other forces (such as
wind loads and earthquakes) that might disrupt an installation.[15] Depending on the connection technology
used, basic skills may be sufficient, or specialized skills and professional licensure may be required.
Fastener
A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. They areusually used to attach pipe and fittings to mechanical supports in buildings, but not to interconnect the
actual pipes to each other. The following are the type of fasteners commonly used with piping:
Stud bolt with nut — Usually the stud bolts are used with full threading and with two heavyhexagonal nuts.Machine bolt with nutPowder-actuated tool (PAT) fastener — Usually a simple nail, or a threaded stud, driven into concretor masonry
Threaded pipe
A threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw thread at one or both ends for
assembly. Steel pipe is often joined using threaded connections,
where tapered threads (in the US/Canada see National Pipe Thread,
in Commonwealth Nations such as the UK, Australia, New Zealand
see British standard pipe thread) are cut into the end of the tubing
segment, sealant is applied in the form of thread sealing compound
or thread seal tape (also known as PTFE or Teflon tape), and it is
then threaded into a corresponding threaded fitting using a pipe
wrench.
Threaded steel pipe is still widely used in many homes and
businesses to convey natural gas or propane fuel, and is a popular
choice in fire sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance.
Threaded brass pipe was once used in a similar fashion, and was
considered superior to steel for carrying drinking water, but is now effectively obsolete.
Assembling threaded steel pipe takes some skill, plus careful planning to allow lengths of pipe to be
screwed together in proper sequence. Most threaded pipe systems require occasional use of pipe union
fittings to allow final assembly.
Solvent welding
A solvent is applied to PVC, CPVC, ABS, or other plastic piping, to partially dissolve and fuse the adjacen
surfaces of piping and fitting. Solvent welding is usually used with a sleeve-type joint, to connect pipe and
fittings made of the same (or closely compatible) material.
Unlike regular welding of metals, solvent welding is relatively easy to perform, although care is still neede
to produce reliable joints. Solvents typically used for plastics are usually toxic, may be carcinogenic, and
may also be flammable, requiring adequate ventilation.
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Polypropylene fittings for solvent
welding
Brass fitting soft-soldered to copper
pipe
Soldering
To make a solder connection, a chemical flux is applied to the inner
sleeve of a sleeve type joint, and the pipe is inserted. The joint is
then heated using a propane torch or MAPP gas torch, solder isapplied to the heated joint, and the melted solder is drawn into the
oint by capillary action as the flux vaporizes. Sweating is an
alternate term sometimes used to describe soldering of pipe joints.
In situations where many connections must be made in a short
period of time (such as plumbing of a new building), solder offers
much quicker and much less expensive joinery than compression or
flare fittings. A degree of skill is needed to rapidly make large
numbers of reliable soldered joints. If flux residues are thoroughly
cleaned, soldering can produce a long-lasting connection at lowcost. However, the use of open flames for heating joints can present
fire and health hazards to occupants of a building being worked on,
and requires adequate ventilation.
Brazing
Brazing is a thermal joining process in which the two pieces of the base metal are joined when a molten
brazing filler metal is allowed to be drawn into a capillary gap between them. It is used to join most metals
and alloys commonly used in engineering. Brazing filler metals have very high melting points, but always
below the melting point of the metals being joined. It is closely related to soldering, but uses harder materials and higher temperatures. Brazing can be used to join pipes, rods, metal pieces or any other shape
as long as the pieces fit neatly against each other without leaving large gaps. It is also capable of joining
tungsten carbide, ceramics and similar non-metallic materials.
Successfully brazed joints are as strong as the parent metal pieces being joined and can withstand
demanding service conditions i.e. they are strong and ductile. Well brazed joints have smooth, neat fillets
and they offer good electrical conductivity.
Welding
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Partially-welded steel pipe
joint
Compression connectors on an
isolating valve. The red metal is a
copper compression ring.
Welding of metals differs from soldering and brazing, in that the connection
is made without adding a special low-melting-point material (e.g. solder) to
complete a joint. Instead, the material of the pipe or tubing is itself partially
melted in a carefully controlled manner, and the fitting and piping are
directly fused together. Generally this requires that the piping and the fitting
be made of the same (or closely compatible) material. Proper ventilation is
essential to remove dangerous metallic fumes from welding operations, and
special personal protective equipment must be worn.
Properly welded and inspected joints are considered to be very reliable,
robust, and long-lasting. Pipe welding is a specialized skill, and is often
performed by specially licensed workers who are tested periodically for the
quality of their work. For critical applications, every joint is tested using
non-destructive testing methods. Because of the expensive skilled labor
required, welded pipe joints are usually restricted to high-performance
applications, such as in shipbuilding, chemical reactors, and nuclear
reactors.
Compression fittings
Compression fittings (sometimes called "lock bush fittings") consist
of a tapered concave conical seat, a hollow barrel-shaped
compression ring (sometimes called a "ferrule"), and a compression
nut which is threaded onto the body of the fitting and tightened to
make a leakproof connection. Fittings are typically made of brass or
plastic, but stainless steel or other materials may be used.
Compression connections do not typically have the long life that
sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many cases
because they are easy to install using basic tools. A disadvantage of
compression connections is that they take longer to make than
sweated joints, and sometimes require retightening to stop slow
leaks that develop over time.
Push-to-pull compression fittings
Flare fittings
Flared connectors should not be confused with compression connectors, with which they are generally not
interchangeable. Flared connectors lack a compression ring, but do use a threaded nut. A special flaring to
is used to enlarge tubing into a tapered "bellmouth" shape that matches the tapered projecting conical shap
of the flare fitting. The flare nut, which has previously been installed over the tubing, is then tightened onto
the fitting. Fittings are typically made of brass or plastic, but stainless steel or other materials may be used
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Flare connection: 1 Screw thread, 2
O-ring, 3 Body, 4 Nut, 5 Seal
interface, 6 Support ring (sleeve), 7
Flared tubing.
Flange connection, using a gasket
Flare connections are a labor-intensive method of making
connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years.
Flared fittings are sometimes thought to be more secure against
leaks and sudden failures, and are often preferred for safety-critical
connections, such as in hydraulic brake systems.
Flange fittings
Flanges are generally used when there is a connection to valves, in-
line instruments and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required.Flange fittings generally involve pressing two surfaces to be joined
tightly together, by means of threaded bolts, wedges, clamps, or
other means of applying high compressive forces.[16] Often, a
gasket, packing, or an O-ring is installed between the flanges to
prevent leakage, but it is sometimes possible to use only a special
grease, or nothing at all, if the mating surfaces are precisely formed.
Flanges are designed to the following pressure ratings: 150 lb,
300 lb, 400 lb, 600 lb, 900 lb,1500 lb and 2500 lb or 10 Bar, 15Bar,
25Bar, 40Bar, 64Bar, 100Bar and 150Bar. Various types of flanges
are available depending upon the type of their constructional features. The following are types of flangesgenerally used in piping. These flanges are available with different facing like raised face, flat face, ring
oint face etc.
OrificeThreadedSlip-OnBlindWeld Neck SocketLap JointReducing
Slip On flanges are slipped over the pipe and then welded from both inside and outside to provide sufficien
strength and prevent leakage. This flange is used instead of weld necks by many users because of its lower
cost and also the fact that it requires less accuracy when cutting pipe to length.
Blind flanges do not have a bore and are used to shut off a piping system or vassal opening. Its design
permits easy access to vassal or piping system for inspection purpose. It can be supplied with or without
hubs at the manufacturer's option.
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Multiple mechanical sleeve
clamps connecting piping
Weld neck flanges are designed to be joined to a piping system by butt welding. They are expensive
because of its long neck, but is preferred for high stresses to the pipe, reducing stress applications. The
neck, or hub, transmits stress concentration at the base of the flange. The gradual transition of thickness
from the base of the hub to the wall thickness at the butt weld provides important reinforcement of the
flange. Turbulence and erosion are reduced due to the matching bore size of the pipe and flange.
Socket Flanges are similar to a slip on flanges in outline, but the bore is counter-bored to accept pipe. The
diameter of the remaining bore is same as the inside diameter of the pipe. A fillet weld around the hub of
the flange attaches the flange to the pipe. An optional interval weld may be applied in high stressapplications. Its biggest use is in high pressure system such as hydraulic and steam lines.
Lap Joint flange is again similar to a slip flange, but it has radius at the intersection of the bore and the
flange face to accommodate a lap stub end. The face on the stub end forms the gasket face of the flange. It
applications are where sections of piping systems need to be dismantled quickly and easily for inspection o
replacement.
Flanged connections tend to be more bulky than other connections, but can perform well in demanding
applications, such as large water mains and hydroelectric power systems.
Mechanical fittings
Manufacturers such as Victaulic or Grinnell produce special sleeve clamp
fittings that are increasingly replacing classic flanged connections. They
typically attach to the end of a pipe segment by using circumferential
grooves pressed (or cut, in older designs) around the end of the pipe to be
oined. Mechanical connectors are widely used on larger steel pipes, but can
also be used with other materials.
The chief advantage of these newer connectors is that they can be installedin the field after cutting the pipe to length, which is much faster than
traditional flanged connections, which must be factory-welded or field-
welded to pipe segments. However, mechanically fastened joints are
sensitive to residual stress issues and thickness stresses caused by dissimilar
metals and temperature changes.
A grooved fitting, also called a "grooved coupling", has four elements:
the groove pipethe gasket
coupling housingthe nuts and bolts
The groove is made by cold forming or machining a groove into the end of a pipe. A gasket encompassed
by the coupling housing is wrapped around the two pipe ends, and the key sections of the coupling housing
engage the grooves. The bolts and nuts are tightened with a socket wrench or impact wrench. In the
installed state, the coupling housing encases the gasket and engages the grooves around the circumference
of the pipe to create a leak-tight seal in a self-restrained pipe joint.
There are two basic grooved coupling styles:
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Fittings for crimping
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to fitting .
Flexible grooved couplings- allow a limited amount of angular movementRigid grooved couplings- do not allow movement and can be used wherever immobility in the pipe
joint is needed, similar to a flanged or welded joint.
Crimped or pressed fittings
Crimped or pressed connections use special fittings which are
permanently attached to tubing with a powered crimper. The special
fittings, manufactured with sealant already inside, slide over the
tubing to be connected. High pressure is used to deform the fitting
and compress the sealant against the inner tubing, creating a
leakproof seal.
The advantages of this method are that it should last as long as the
tubing, it takes less time to complete than other methods, it is
cleaner in both appearance and the materials used to make the
connection, and no open flame is used during the connection
process. The crimped fitting process is basically designed with both
hard and half-hard copper tube, without using fluxes or filler metals.The possibility to get the connection done, even when the line is "wet" gives the process an added
advantage. These are ideal for drinking water pipes and other hot and cold systems that include central
heating as well. The disadvantages are that the fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly more
than sweat type fittings.
See also
References
FlangeGladhand connector Pipe fittingPlumber Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainageSanitary wareSeptic systemsTraps, Drains, and VentsWater coolingWater supply systems
1. "Use Proper Plumbing Tools To Avoid Flushing Money Down The Drain". Bangor Daily News. October 25,
1996. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
2. "Proper Replacement Of Gaskets Important". The Victoria Advocate. Feb 26, 1963. Retrieved December 26,
2013.
3. "Gaskets General – Non-Metallic Flat, Spiral Wound Gaskets, Camprofile Gaskets, Metal-Jacketed Gaskets and
Metallic Gaskets -". wermac.org .
4. "You Can Fix Plumbing Problems With The Right Equipment .". The Daily Courier . October 20, 1996.
Retrieved December 27, 2013.
5. "Trenchless Water Supply Line Installation". Retrieved December 26, 2013.
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External links
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (http://www.iapmo.org/)
International Code Council (http://www.iccsafe.org/)the American Society for Testing and Materials (http://www.astm.org/)Society of Piping Engineers and Designers (http://www.spedweb.com/) — Society of piping
professionals with many resources and technical informationStandard SS/CS pipe dimensions calculator (http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/calculators/standard-
piping-dimensions-carbon-steel-stainless-steel-ansi/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&oldid=707136985"
Categories: Plumbing Piping Building engineering Water industry Bathrooms
This page was last modified on 27 February 2016, at 01:35.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms mayapply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
6. "plumbing – How do I make my bathroom pipes more practical? - Home Improvement Stack Exchange".
stackexchange.com.
7. "Advise Check Of Drains". Lodi News-Sentinel . Oct 4, 1937. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
8. "Laying on your back- Plumbing Tees, Wyes and why not.". ncwhomeinspections.com.
9. "Disposal won't drain". homerepairforum.com.
10. http://www.nettally.com/palmk/GDplumbing.html
11. "Slip-Joint". freeonlineplumber.com.
12. "plumbing – In slip joints, what's the difference between rubber and nylon washers? - Home Improvement Stack
Exchange". stackexchange.com.
13. "plumbing – combo tee vs. tee wye – Home Improvement Stack Exchange". stackexchange.com.
14. http://www.ci.camarillo.ca.us/docs/Drainage%20Piping.pdf
15. "New Methods Simplify Plumbing Problems". Schenectady Gazette. Sep 26, 1933. Retrieved December 26, 201
16. "Seal Between Flange, Toilet When Troubleshooting In Leaky bathrooms". Northwest Columbus News -.
September 4, 2002. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1388&dat=20020904&id=_wgkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QxIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5035,5621038http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19330926&id=JF4hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CYYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=743,2474599http://www.ci.camarillo.ca.us/docs/Drainage%20Piping.pdfhttp://diy.stackexchange.com/a/83497/11265http://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/43927/in-slip-joints-whats-the-difference-between-rubber-and-nylon-washershttp://www.freeonlineplumber.com/slip.htmlhttp://www.nettally.com/palmk/GDplumbing.htmlhttp://www.homerepairforum.com/forum/appliances/3000-disposal-wont-drain.htmlhttp://www.ncwhomeinspections.com/Sanitary+Tees,+Wyes+and+Sanitary+Comboshttp://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19371004&id=IvQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ce8HAAAAIBAJ&pg=5059,519100http://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/24796/how-do-i-make-my-bathroom-pipes-more-practical/25057#25057https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bathroomshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Building_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pipinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Plumbinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&oldid=707136985http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/calculators/standard-piping-dimensions-carbon-steel-stainless-steel-ansi/http://www.spedweb.com/http://www.astm.org/http://www.iccsafe.org/http://www.iapmo.org/