pink eye james reecy annette o’connor abebe hassen gary snowder
TRANSCRIPT
Pink EyePink Eye
James ReecyJames ReecyAnnette O’ConnorAnnette O’Connor
Abebe HassenAbebe HassenGary SnowderGary Snowder
Pink EyePink Eye
Reported in the USA since 1889Reported in the USA since 1889 45% of Missouri herds have 45% of Missouri herds have
endemic IBKendemic IBK Average prevalence = 8% Average prevalence = 8% More common in the young – 10-More common in the young – 10-
60%60% Immunity develops with ageImmunity develops with age No gender affinityNo gender affinity
How Effective Are We At How Effective Are We At Controlling Pink Eye?Controlling Pink Eye? Kansas ranchers reported it as the Kansas ranchers reported it as the
22ndnd most common infectious most common infectious disease in 1993disease in 1993
NAHMS : diseases with economic NAHMS : diseases with economic impactimpact Internal/ external parasites (way in front)Internal/ external parasites (way in front) Open cowsOpen cows Pink eyePink eye Foot rotFoot rot
Between 17 and 65 lbs decrease in Between 17 and 65 lbs decrease in weaning weight weaning weight
$150 million yearly$150 million yearly
General InformationGeneral Information What causes “pink eye”What causes “pink eye”
Moraxella bovis, ……, is considered Moraxella bovis, ……, is considered to be the cause of IBK” to be the cause of IBK”
Gellatt “ food animal Gellatt “ food animal ophthalmology” page 1131ophthalmology” page 1131
What Causes “Pink Eye”What Causes “Pink Eye” Moraxella bovisMoraxella bovis Brannamella ovis?Brannamella ovis? High UV lightHigh UV light DustDust IBR infectionIBR infection IBR vaccinationIBR vaccination MycoplasmaMycoplasma infection infection Mycoplasma Mycoplasma
bovoculibovoculi TraumaTrauma Face flies- Musca autumnalis (since Face flies- Musca autumnalis (since
1946)1946)
What Causes “Pink Eye”?What Causes “Pink Eye”?
M. Bovis
UV LightLong
GrassStres
s
What Causes “Pink Eye”?What Causes “Pink Eye”?
M. Bovis
UV Light
Face Flies
Why Do Only Some Calves Why Do Only Some Calves Get Pink Eye?Get Pink Eye?
Individual differences Individual differences GeneticsGeneticsDam colostral immunityDam colostral immunity
Options For Control/ Options For Control/ PreventionPrevention
Remove reservoirs for Remove reservoirs for M.bovisM.bovisCattle ( sub-clinical carriers)Cattle ( sub-clinical carriers)Face Flies, Stable Flies, Horn Face Flies, Stable Flies, Horn Flies ( for 3-4 days)Flies ( for 3-4 days)
Wildlife ?Wildlife ?
Options For Control/ Options For Control/ PreventionPrevention
Are the technologies up to Are the technologies up to the job?the job?
Options For Control/ Options For Control/ PreventionPrevention
Not up to the jobNot up to the jobVaccinesVaccinesFly controlFly controlDust controlDust controlPasture clippingPasture clipping
Options For Control/ Options For Control/ PreventionPrevention
Vaccines: Vaccines: Pilated forms of M bovis are virulent – Pilated forms of M bovis are virulent –
allows attachmentallows attachment At last count there were At last count there were 7-87-8 pili groups, pili groups,
they do not provide much cross protection they do not provide much cross protection Each pilis type is associated with specific ab Each pilis type is associated with specific ab
productionproduction Failure in vaccines is due to low cross Failure in vaccines is due to low cross
protection and emergence of new pili.protection and emergence of new pili. Also naturally animals produce lacrimal IgA Also naturally animals produce lacrimal IgA
to to M bovisM bovis, vaccines stimulate serum IgG, , vaccines stimulate serum IgG, IgM, and secretory IgAIgM, and secretory IgA
Why Does Control/ Why Does Control/ Prevention Fail?Prevention Fail? Fly controlFly control
Adulticides, traps, larvicide's Adulticides, traps, larvicide's rarely achieve > 50% controlrarely achieve > 50% controlDue to small amount of time Due to small amount of time spent on animalspent on animal
At any one time , < 5% of the At any one time , < 5% of the entire female population ( only entire female population ( only females) on cattlefemales) on cattle
Overlapping generations means Overlapping generations means that traps don’t work that traps don’t work
Local migration is easy – they Local migration is easy – they moved from Nova Scotia to in moved from Nova Scotia to in 1950’s to North Dakota in 1960: 1950’s to North Dakota in 1960: renewing populations constantlyrenewing populations constantly
What The Future What The Future OptionsOptions
Genetic selectionGenetic selection
Improved vaccinesImproved vaccines
Better treatmentBetter treatment
AssumptionsAssumptions
Genetic variation in Genetic variation in resistance/ resistance/ susceptibility to the pinkeye susceptibility to the pinkeye existsexists
Low heritability (<.15)Low heritability (<.15)
Disease incidence is low ~10%Disease incidence is low ~10%
Requirements of the Requirements of the projectproject Serve as a model for disease Serve as a model for disease
resistance/susceptibility resistance/susceptibility researchresearch Internal parasites - nematodesInternal parasites - nematodes RespiratoryRespiratory
Use field recordsUse field records Need to develop data collection Need to develop data collection
schemescheme
Need ~8,000 recordsNeed ~8,000 records
Data CollectionData Collection
Two seasonsTwo seasonsWhen cases are actively When cases are actively observedobserved
WeaningWeaning
Scoring systemScoring system
Data sheetsData sheets
Score 1 – An active lesion involving less than one-third of the cornea.
Score 2 – An active lesion involving one-third to two-thirds of the cornea.
Score 3 – An active lesion involving more than two-thirds of the cornea.
Score 4 – An active lesion with perforation of the cornea
Field Recording Sheet “Pinkeye” Project
Herd Code: ______________
Active Infection Tearing or Eye Lesion Present in left or
right eye
Healed Eye(s) Cornea Scar Severity
Calf Tattoo
Observation Date
mm/dd/yy
Stress Conditions
0. None 1. Dusty 2. Tall Grass 3. Flies 4. Other (specify)
Left Right
Treatment
0. None 1. Antibiotic 2. Patch 3. Sutured 4. Other
Left Right
IBR Vaccination Program
Vaccinated
(y=yes,n=no)
Date Vaccinated Dosage 1
Date Vaccinated Dosage 2
Product Mature Cows First Calf Heifer – Pre Calving
Calves
Pinkeye Vaccination Program
Vaccinated
(y=yes,n=no)
Date Vaccinated Dosage 1
Date Vaccinated Dosage 2
Product Mature Cows First Calf Heifer – Pre Calving
Calves
Instructions: 1. During the summer months when pinkeye is active and
observed in the herd, make a record of each calf that exhibits tearing in one or both eyes, or has a visible eye lesion (see scoring card). Multiple records on an individual calf are permissible, just be sure to record the observation date for each record.
2. At weaning time when you take your weaning weights, re-evaluate the all calves. Record all calves with a current “pinkeye” infection or “healed’ calves with cornea scarring (see scoring card).
Current data collectionCurrent data collection Iowa State – Rhodes Research Iowa State – Rhodes Research
FarmFarm
American Angus AssociationAmerican Angus AssociationContacted a few breeders to start Contacted a few breeders to start collecting datacollecting data
Iowa, Missouri, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Indiana, WisconsinWisconsin
UniversitiesUniversitiesOhio StateOhio StateKentuckyKentucky
Percent of Infected vs. non Infected in August
55.444.6 %Non Infected
%Infected
Percent of infection per eye
44
38
18%Infection in lefteye
%Infection inright eye
%Infection inboth eyes
00 11 22 33 4400 205205 2525 22 11 1111 2929 323222 33 55 2233 44 11 2244 33 1414 33 22 11
Au
gu
st S
eve
rity
Call October Severity Call
Change in Severity Over Time
No No AbrasionAbrasion
AbrasionAbrasion
No No AbrasiAbrasi
onon
205205 2929
AbrasiAbrasionon
3535 6666No No
AbrasionAbrasionAbrasionAbrasion
No No AbrasiAbrasi
onon
220220 2121
AbrasiAbrasionon
1818 7676
Au
gu
st S
eve
rity
Call
October Severity CallRight
Left
Data AnalysisData Analysis No sex or eye effectNo sex or eye effect
HeritabilityHeritability MTDFREMLMTDFREML Model Y = Model Y = + CG +animal +PE + CG +animal +PE
+ error+ error CG = Sex-weaning group (4)CG = Sex-weaning group (4) PE = permanent environmentalPE = permanent environmental
hh22 = 0.18 = 0.18
MARC Pinkeye dataMARC Pinkeye data
Gary SnowderGary Snowder
19 years of data19 years of data Calves listed as being treated in the herd Calves listed as being treated in the herd
bookbook
Number of recordsNumber of records 907 to 10,947 head per breed907 to 10,947 head per breed 1.3 to 22.4% incidence1.3 to 22.4% incidence
BreedBreed NN IncidencIncidencee
hh22
AngusAngus 6,3476,347 3.73.7 0.250.25
HereforHerefordd
4,5794,579 22.422.4 0.280.28
Red PollRed Poll 998998 3.13.1 0.090.09
CharolaCharolaisis
2,8782,878 6.56.5 0.000.00
SimmenSimmentaltal
1,7751,775 7.67.6 0.100.10
LimousiLimousinn
961961 3.43.4 0.110.11
GelbvieGelbviehh
2,3912,391 2.12.1 0.050.05
PinzgauPinzgauerer
908908 1.31.3 0.020.02
BraunviBraunvieheh
907907 1.81.8 0.120.12
MARC IMARC I 4,3364,336 3.93.9 0.030.03
MARC MARC IIIIII
10,94710,947 5.95.9 0.260.26
PREVALENCE BIK HEREFORD AND ALL OTHERS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001
Future DirectionFuture Direction
Moraxella bovisMoraxella bovis infection rate infection rate vs. Corneal abrasionvs. Corneal abrasion
Field data collectionField data collection
Mechanism?Mechanism?