pig pocketbook – 2018 · 5 marketing chainmarketing chain figure 1.1 uk product flows in the pig...

Pig Pocketbook – 2018

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1

Marketing ChainContents – Pig Pocketbook

Chapter 1 – Marketing chain 4Table 1.1 UK pig meat supply balance 4Table 1.2 EU pig meat supply balance 4Figure 1.1 UK product flows in the pig meat marketing chain in 2017 5

Chapter 2 – Pig numbers 6Table 2.1 UK pig numbers, June survey 6Table 2.2 UK female breeding pig herd and holding numbers, June survey 6Figure 2.1 Breeding sow numbers 7Table 2.3 Breeding pig numbers by region, June survey 7Figure 2.2 Breeding pig numbers in the EU 8

Chapter 3 – Feed prices 9Figure 3.1 Average pig compound feed prices, GB 9Figure 3.2 Feed wheat and soya meal prices 9

Chapter 4 – Abattoirs 10Figure 4.1 English pig abattoir numbers 10Table 4.1 Abattoirs slaughtering pigs in England 10Table 4.2 Size profile of all abattoirs slaughtering pigs in England, 2017 11Table 4.3 Size profile of specialist pig abattoirs in England, 2017 11

Chapter 5 – Slaughterings and production 12Table 5.1 Pig slaughterings, UK 12Figure 5.1 Trends in UK clean pig slaughterings 12Figure 5.2 Weekly clean pig slaughter, UK 13Figure 5.3 Weekly sow culling, UK 13Figure 5.4 Average clean pig carcase weights, UK 14Figure 5.5 Pig meat production trends, UK 14Table 5.2 Industry trends (productivity and production) 15Figure 5.6 Clean pig slaughterings: three-week rolling average, Germany 16Figure 5.7 Weekly sow slaughterings, Germany 16Figure 5.8 EU pig meat production, 2017 17Figure 5.9 Average pig carcase weights in the EU, 2017 17

2

Contents

Chapter 6 – Cost of production 18Table 6.1 GB change in cost of production for change in feed price 18Table 6.2 GB change in cost of production for different levels of pigs weaned per sow per year 18Table 6.3 GB change in cost of production for different levels of feed conversion ratio 19Table 6.4 GB change in cost of production for different levels of daily liveweight gain 19Table 6.5 Average international costs of production in selected countries, 2011–2016 20Table 6.6 Summary of financial performance, 2016 21Figure 6.1 Cost of production in selected countries, 2016 (cold weight) 21Figure 6.2 Changes in feed costs in selected countries 22Figure 6.3 Pigs finished per sow per year in selected countries 22Figure 6.4 Finishing daily liveweight gain (g/day) 23Figure 6.5 GB carcase meat per sow 23

Chapter 7 – Technical performance data 24Table 7.1 Distribution of herd size in Agrosoft recorded breeding herds, 2010–2017 24Table 7.2 Trends in weaning age, 2010–2017 24Table 7.3 Results for all breeding herds, 2017 25Table 7.4 Trends in performance and feed costs in the breeding herd, 2010–2017 26Table 7.5 Breeding herd results by herd size, 2017 27Table 7.6 Breeding herd results by age at weaning, 2017 28Table 7.7 Comparison of results for outdoor and indoor breeding herds, 2017 29Table 7.8 Comparative results for indoor breeding herds, 2010–2017 30Table 7.9 Comparative results for outdoor breeding herds, 2010–2017 31Table 7.10 Overall rearing herd results, 2017 32Table 7.11 Trends in performance and feed costs in the rearing herd 2010–2017 32Table 7.12 Overall herd results ranked on daily liveweight gain, 2017 33Table 7.13 Overall finishing herd results, 2017 34Table 7.14 Trends in performance and feed costs in the finishing herd, 2010–2017 34Table 7.15 Analysis of pigs born, weaned and re-service rate by parity, 2017 35Table 7.16 Analysis of total services and returns by parity, 2017 35

Chapter 8 – Pig carcase classification 36 Figure 8.1 Locations of probing on a pig carcase 37Figure 8.2 Distribution of the GB classified sample by carcase weight 38Figure 8.3 Average carcase weights of the GB collected sample 39Figure 8.4 Distribution of the classified sample in EC grade by weight band, 2017 39Figure 8.5 Distribution of the GB classified sample by EC grade, 2017 40Figure 8.6 Trends in P2 fat depth 40

3

Marketing ChainContents

Chapter 9 – Livestock and meat prices 41Table 9.1 GB deadweight pig prices 41Table 9.2 GB weaner prices 42Figure 9.1 GB average producer pig prices 43Figure 9.2 GB average weaner prices 43Figure 9.3 Producer retail price spreads 44Figure 9.4 UK and EU pig meat reference prices 44Figure 9.5 Global export prices for fresh/frozen pork 45

Chapter 10 – Imports and exports 46Table 10.1 Volume of total UK pig meat imports 46Table 10.2 Value of total UK pig meat imports 46Table 10.3 UK fresh/frozen pork imports by source 47Table 10.4 UK bacon imports by source 47Table 10.5 Volume of total UK pig meat exports 48Table 10.6 Value of total UK pig meat exports 48Table 10.7 Volume of UK fresh/frozen pork exports by destination 49Table 10.8 Value of UK fresh/frozen pork exports by destination 49Figure 10.1 Map of UK fresh/frozen pork exports by destination 50Table 10.9 Volume of UK pig offal exports by destination 51Table 10.10 Value of UK pig offal exports by destination 51Table 10.11 EU fresh/frozen pig meat exports to non-EU countries 52Table 10.12 EU fresh/frozen pork exports by destination 53Table 10.13 EU pig offal exports by destination 54

Chapter 11 – Consumption 55Table 11.1 UK per capita consumption of major meats 55Table 11.2 GB retail value sales by type of outlet 55Figure 11.1 GB retailer shares of pork market by value, 2017 56Figure 11.2 Trends in GB household pork purchases by volume 56Figure 11.3 Change in GB retail volume and value sales of pig meat products, 2017 57Figure 11.4 GB volume sales of pig meat by product, 2017 57Figure 11.5 Average GB retail price of pig meat products, 2017 58Figure 11.6 Share of pig meat products sold on promotion in GB retail outlets 58Figure 11.7 Per capita consumption of pig meat in selected EU Member States, 2017 59Figure 11.8 Percentage of product facings with British logo sold in the total GB market 60Figure 11.9 Percentage of product facings with Red Tractor quality standard mark sold in the total GB market 60

4

Chapter 1 – Marketing chainTable 1.1 UK pig meat supply balance

Table 1.2 EU pig meat supply balance

‘000 tonnes 2014 2015 2016(e) 2017(f) 2018(f)

Net production 22,568 23,276 23,319 23,242 23,289

Imports 14 11 12 12 13

Exports 1,947 2,217 2,795 2,543 2,492

Consumption 20,600 21,050 20,526 20,703 20,801

Self-sufficiency (%) 109.6 110.6 113.6 112.3 112.0

*2016 figures converted to a 52 week year. Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016f = Forecast**Fresh/frozen pork imports estimated based on export data for the UK’s seven largest suppliersTotal consumption is a balance calculation based upon total supplies available for consumption, ie production + imports - exportsSelf-sufficiency (%) = production/consumption (where consumption is production + imports – exports)All data is carcase weight equivalent Source: Defra, IHS Maritime and Trade – Global Trade Atlas®/HMRC, Statistics Germany, Agentia Tributaria, CSO Ireland, AHDB

All data is carcase weight equivalente = Estimatef = ForecastSource: EU Commission

‘000 tonnes 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018(f)

Production 863 900 919 901 931Imports 1,065 1,092 1,066 1,075 1,060 Fresh/frozen** 513 534 508 524 510 Bacon 300 294 284 257 240 Processed 252 264 274 293 310Exports 233 237 251 264 278Total consumption 1,578 1,755 1,734 1,712 1,713Self-sufficiency (%) 54.7 51.3 53.0 52.6 54.3Domestically used production as a % of consumption 39.9 37.8 38.5 37.2 38.1

5

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6

'000 head 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Sows in pig 284 282 285 295 297

Gilts in pig 66 57 56 55 55

Other sows 70 67 66 65 64

Total breeding sows 421 406 408 415 417

Gilts for breeding 86 80 85 79 81

Boars for service 15 14 15 15 14

Feeding pigs 4,363 4,315 4,232 4,356 4,457

Total pigs 4,885 4,815 4,739 4,866 4,969

Breeding pigs (‘000 head)

Number of holdings (‘000)

Average breeding herd size (head)

2000 610 7.2 852005 470 6.8 692006 468 6.2 762007 455 6.1 742008 421 6.1 752009 426 5.8 782010 427 6.0 712011 432 6.0 722012 425 6.1 702013 421 6.0 702014 406 6.0 682015 408 6.6 622016 415 6.0 692017 417 n/a n/a

Table 2.1 UK pig numbers, June survey

Table 2.2 UK female breeding pig herd and holding numbers, June survey

Source: Defra

Census methodology changed in June 2010 and, as a result, smaller units were omitted from the survey. n/a = not availableSource: Defra

Chapter 2 – Pig numbers

7

Marketing Chain

Table 2.2 UK female breeding pig herd and holding numbers, June survey

Pig numbers

% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

England 83.1 82.0 81.5 81.8 81.4

Wales 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

Scotland 6.7 7.2 7.5 7.1 7.1

Northern Ireland 9.2 9.8 10.3 10.3 10.7

Table 2.3 Breeding pig numbers by region, June survey

Figure 2.1 Breeding sow numbers

Please note that totals may not add up to 100% because of rounding Source: Defra

Source: Defra

Number ('000 head)

427423

432

409

425

400

421

398

406

390

408401

415409

417

407

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

Jun10

Dec10

Jun11

Dec11

Jun12

Dec12

Jun13

Dec13

Jun14

Dec14

Jun15

Dec15

Jun16

Dec16

Jun17

Dec17

8

0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

1,500

1,750

2,000

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Number ('000 head)

Dec-16 Dec-17

Pig numbers

Figure 2.2 Breeding pig numbers in the EU

Source: Eurostat

9

Marketing ChainChapter 3 – Feed prices Figure 3.1 Average pig compound feed prices, GB

Figure 3.2 Feed wheat and soya meal prices

Source: Defra

278

249

232

213

232 231 232 233 232

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

2013 2014 2015 2016 20172017

Qtr 1 Qtr 2 Qtr 3 Qtr 4

Price (£/tonne)

Jan 16 Jul 16 Jan 17 Jul 17 Jan 18

Price (£/tonne)

Feed wheat (Nearby Futures) Soya meal Brazilian (48%) ex-store Liverpool

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Source: AHDB

10

Chapter 4 – Abattoirs

185

147

124116 118 112

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017

Number

Figure 4.1 English pig abattoir numbers

Table 4.1 Abattoirs slaughtering pigs in England

Abattoir numbers

Of which specialist pig

abattoir numbers

Average annual throughput (head)

2000 185 24 53,003

2005 147 15 48,620

2010 124 15 59,237

2015 116 14 77,299

2016 118 14 76,339

2017 112 15 77,723

Source: AHDB data based on abattoirs operating in the calendar year


11

Marketing ChainAbattoirs

Table 4.2 Size profile of all abattoirs slaughtering pigs in England, 2017

Table 4.3 Size profile of specialist pig abattoirs in England, 2017

Size group (head)

Number of abattoirs

Total throughput

(head)

Average throughput

(head)

Share of throughput

(%)1–10,000 77 214,203 2,782 2.5

10,001–30,000 16 263,581 16,474 3.0

30,001–100,000 8 391,764 48,971 4.5

100,001–500,000 3 697,783 232,594 8.0

> 500,001 8 7,137,687 892,211 82.0

Total 112 8,705,018 77,723 100.0

Size group (head)

Number of abattoirs

Total throughput

(head)

Average throughput

(head)

Share of throughput

(%)1–100,000 6 60,673 10,112 0.9

100,001+ 9 6,393,808 710,423 99.1

Total 15 6,454,481 430,299 100.0


Note: Specialist pig abattoirs are defined as plants where 95 per cent of slaughterings are pigsSource: AHDB data based on abattoirs operating in the calendar year

The eFoodChainMap from AHDB is an interactive UK map which plots a range of information, including the location of abattoirs, auction markets, meat processors and meat traders using colour coded pins.

The map can be accessed at the website: www.emap.org.uk/map.aspx

12

Chapter 5 – Slaughterings and productionTable 5.1 Pig slaughterings, UK

Figure 5.1 Trends in UK clean pig slaughterings

'000 head Sows and boars Clean pigs Total pigs

2000 321 12,370 12,692

2005 202 8,971 9,173

2010* 225 9,411 9,635

2015 245 10,627 10,872

2016** 257 10,733 10,990

2017 228 10,420 10,648

Note: *53-week statistical year**Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016Source: Defra

*53-week statistical year**Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016Source: Defra

12,370

8,7919,411

10,627 10,733

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

2000 2005 2010* 2015 2016** 2017

Number ('000 head)

10,420

13

Marketing ChainSlaughterings and production

Figure 5.3 Weekly sow culling, UK

Figure 5.2 Weekly clean pig slaughter, UK

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2016 2017

Number ('000 head)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


2016 2017

Number ('000 head)

Source: AHDB, Defra

Source: AHDB, Defra

14

Slaughterings and production

Figure 5.4 Average clean pig carcase weights, UK

Figure 5.5 Pig meat production trends, UK

70.8

75.2

78.4

81.3 82.1

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017

Weight (kg)

83.2

923.1

705.6

772.3

900.3919.2

600

700

800

900

1,000

2000 2005 2010* 2015 2016** 2017

Weight ('000 tonnes)

900.8

Source: Defra

*53-week statistical year**Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016Source: Defra

15

Marketing ChainSlaughterings and production

Table 5.2 Industry trends (productivity and production)

2000 2005 2010** 2015 2016*** 2017

UK average sow productivity(a)

Pigs per sow 19.0 17.7 20.2 25.4 25.9 25.6

Pig meat per sow (kg) 1,345 1,331 1,587 2,066 2,126 2,129


Clean pig slaughter ('000 head) 12,370 8,971 9,411 10,627 10,733 10,420

ACW* (kg) 70.8 75.2 78.4 81.3 82.1 83.2

= clean pig production ('000 tonnes) 875 674 738 864 881 868

Sow/boar slaughter ('000 head) 321 202 225 245 257 228

ACW* (kg) 148.4 155.5 154.5 146.5 146.0 145.4

= sow/boar meat production ('000 tonnes) 48 31 35 36 38 33

Total pig meat production ('000 tonnes) 923 706 772 900 919 901

*ACW = average carcase weight**53-week statistical year***Defra changed to calendar months from February 2016Production volumes are carcase weight equivalent(a) NOT survey results. Based on relationship between clean pig slaughter and lagged breeding herdSource: AHDB, Defra

16


Figure 5.6 Clean pig slaughterings: three-week rolling average, Germany

Figure 5.7 Weekly sow slaughterings, Germany

750

800

850

900

950

1,000

1.050

1,100


2016 2017

Number ('000 head)

Source: AMI

Source: AMI

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26Number ('000 head)


2016 2017

17

Marketing Chain

Figure 5.6 Clean pig slaughterings: three-week rolling average, Germany

5,455

4,249

2177 1,9901,544 1,467 1,453

1,045 901505

2,535

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000Weight ('000 tonnes)

Ger

man

y

Spai

n

Fran

ce

Pola

nd

Denm

ark

Italy

Net

herla

nds

Belg

ium

Uni

ted

King

dom

Aust

ria

Oth

ers


Figure 5.8 EU pig meat production, 2017

Figure 5.9 Average pig carcase weights in the EU, 2017

Source: Eurostat

Source: Eurostat

128.9

98.196.0 95.4 94.3 93.0 91.4 90.2 88.4 85.6 84.6

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140Weight (kg)

Italy

Aust

ria

Belg

ium

Net

herla

nds

Ger

man

y

Hun

gary

Pola

nd

Denm

ark

Spai

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Uni

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King

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Fran

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18

Chapter 6 – Cost of production

Feed type Base CoP (p/dw kg)

Feed price + £5

Feed price +

£10

Feed price +

£15

Feed price +

£20Sow feed 143.6 143.9 144.2 144.6 144.9

Rearing feed 143.6 143.9 144.2 144.6 144.9

Finishing feed 143.6 144.8 146.0 147.3 148.5

Bottom third Average Top third

Pigs weaned per sow per year 22.3 25.5 29.0CoP (p/dw kg) 149.9 144.0 139.0

Table 6.1 GB change in cost of production for change in feed price

Table 6.2 GB change in cost of production for different levels of pigs weaned per sow per year

CoP = cost of productionSource: AHDB

CoP = cost of productionSource: AHDB

19

Marketing Chain

Table 6.2 GB change in cost of production for different levels of pigs weaned per sow per year

Cost of production

Table 6.3 GB change in cost of production for different levels of feed conversion ratio

Table 6.4 GB change in cost of production for different levels of daily liveweight gain


Rearing FCR 1.97 1.77 1.55

CoP (p/dw kg) 145.6 143.6 141.2

Finishing FCR 3.40 2.86 2.47

CoP (p/dw kg) 154.0 143.6 136.3

Combined FCR 2.72 2.36 2.16

CoP (p/dw kg) 150.8 140.3 134.4

CoP = cost of productionFCR = feed conversion ratio Source: AHDB


Rearing DLWG (g/day) 397 516 583

CoP (p/dw kg) 144.5 143.5 143.2

Finishing DLWG (g/day) 704 833 955

CoP (p/dw kg) 144.6 143.6 142.8

Combined DLWG (g/day) 583 703 821

CoP (p/dw kg) 145.6 143.7 142.4

CoP = cost of productionDLWG = daily liveweight gain Source: AHDB

20

MT = Mato GrossoSC = Santa Catarinan/a = not applicableSource: InterPIG

£/kg dw 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016/15 (% change)

Austria 1.47 1.46 1.54 1.35 1.16 1.31 13Belgium 1.41 1.42 1.48 1.26 1.08 1.17 8Brazil (MT) 1.03 0.95 0.96 0.84 0.70 0.91 30Brazil (SC) 1.18 1.19 1.13 1.04 0.87 1.16 34Canada 1.13 1.18 1.20 0.98 0.92 1.01 10Denmark 1.39 1.37 1.44 1.24 1.09 1.16 6Finland n/a n/a n/a 1.35 1.17 1.30 11France 1.44 1.39 1.49 1.29 1.10 1.20 9Germany 1.55 1.49 1.56 1.33 1.15 1.25 9Great Britain 1.51 1.55 1.61 1.41 1.33 1.26 -5Ireland 1.50 1.47 1.63 1.40 1.25 1.32 5Italy 1.70 1.61 1.71 1.58 1.34 1.50 12Netherlands 1.40 1.36 1.50 1.32 1.18 1.29 9Spain 1.40 1.34 1.39 1.20 1.06 1.13 6Sweden 1.71 1.70 1.77 1.47 1.27 1.39 9USA 1.01 1.08 1.04 0.83 0.80 0.86 7EU 1.50 1.47 1.56 1.35 1.18 1.27 8

Table 6.5 Average international costs of production in selected countries, 2011–2016

Cost of production

21

Marketing Chain

Table 6.6 Summary of financial performance, 2016

Figure 6.1 Cost of production in selected countries, 2016 (cold weight)

£/kg dw GB EU averageFeed 0.75 0.75Other variable costs 0.22 0.21Total variable costs 0.98 0.96

Labour 0.13 0.12Depreciation and finance 0.16 0.19Total fixed costs 0.29 0.31

Total 1.26 1.27

Source: InterPIG

MT = Mato GrossoSC = Santa CatarinaSource: InterPIG

Price (£/kg)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

Aust

ria

Belg

ium

Braz

il (M

T)

Braz

il (S

C)

Can

ada

Denm

ark

Finl

and

Fran

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Ger

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y

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at B

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Repu

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of Ir

eland Italy

Net

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Spai

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Swed

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USA

EU A

vera

ge

Feed Other variable costs LabourDepreciation and finance UK average price EU average price

Cost of production

22

Price (£/kg)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

Italy

Braz

il (SC

)

Irela

nd

Spai

n

Gre

at B

ritai

n

Belg

ium

Swed

en

Aust

ria

Fran

ce

Neth

erla

nds

Ger

man

y

Cana

da

Denm

ark

Finl

and

Braz

il (M

T)

USA

2016 2015

Figure 6.2 Changes in feed costs in selected countries

MT = Mato Grosso SC = Santa CatarinaSource: InterPIG

Cost of production

No. of pigs finished per sow

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Can

ada

Italy

Gre

at B

ritai

n

USA

Aust

ria

Swed

en

Spai

n

Braz

il (M

T)

Finl

and

Braz

il (S

C)

Fran

ce

Irela

nd

Ger

man

y

Belg

ium

Net

herla

nds

Denm

ark

2016 2015

Figure 6.3 Pigs finished per sow per year in selected countries

MT = Mato Grosso SC = Santa CatarinaSource: InterPIG

23

Marketing Chain

Figure 6.4 Finishing daily liveweight gain (g/day)

Figure 6.5 GB carcase meat per sow

MT = Mato GrossoSC = Santa Catarina Source: InterPIGSource: InterPIG

Liveweight gain (g/day)

2016 2015

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

Finl

and

Denm

ark

Swed

en

Can

ada

Irela

nd

Gre

at B

ritai

n

Braz

il (M

T)

USA

Ger

man

y

Braz

il (S

C)

Fran

ce

Net

herla

nds

Aust

ria

Spai

n

Italy

Belg

ium

Weight per year (kg/year)

1,550

1,600

1,650

1,700

1,750

1,800

1,850

1,900

1,950

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

MT = Mato Grosso SC = Santa Catarina Source: InterPIG

Cost of production

24

Totals may not add up to 100 because data have been rounded upSource: AgroSoft Ltd

Totals may not add up to 100 because data have been rounded upSource: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.2 Trends in weaning age, 2010–2017

Table 7.1 Distribution of herd size in Agrosoft recorded breeding herds, 2010–2017

% of herdsSow size group (head) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

100–249 16 14 11 10 13 11 9 13

250–499 26 26 25 26 23 26 25 24

500–749 29 28 29 25 29 27 25 25

750–999 15 17 18 20 10 13 17 15

1,000–1,499 12 11 13 17 20 19 19 8

1,500–3,000 2 4 4 2 5 4 4 15

>3,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

% of herdsAge at weaning (days) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

<19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20-25 29 27 29 49 37 34 28 10

26-32 68 69 68 48 60 63 68 85

33-39 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4

>39 2 3 2 1 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Chapter 7 – Technical performance data

25

Marketing ChainTechnical performance data

*Selected on the basis of pigs weaned per sow per year**Per sow data excludes unserved gilts.# Non-productive days excludes gestation, lactation and a six-day weaning to service interval## Per sow data includes unserved giltsSource: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.3 Results for all breeding herds, 2017

Average* Top third* Top 10%*Herd structureAverage number sows and gilts 757 686 946Average number unserved gilts 73 67 170Replacement rate (%) 51.6 58.2 66.1Sow sales and deaths (%) 53.2 57.8 64.0Sow mortality (%) 5.4 6.0 7.4Sow performanceSuccessful services (%) 84.2 88.0 90.8Litters per sow per year** 2.3 2.4 2.4Non-productive days per litter# 17.6 12.4 11.1Pigs born per litterAlive 12.8 13.8 14.3Dead 0.6 0.7 0.7Mummified 0.2 0.2 0.2Total 13.5 14.7 15.2Pigs born alive per sow per year 30.6 34.6 36.3Pre-weaning mortality (%) 12.5 11.0 10.7Pigs weaned per litter 11.2 12.3 12.7Pigs weaned per sow per year** 25.5 29.0 30.4Average weight of weaned pig (kg) 7.2 7.2 7.0Average weaning age (days) 26.6 26.7 26.1Feed usage##

Sow feed per sow per year (tonnes) 1.39 1.31 1.19Feed per pig weaned (kg) 50.9 45.9 36.9

26

Technical performance data

*Per sow data excludes unserved gilts# Per sow data includes unserved gilts from 2013## Per tonne compound feed cost from AHDB since 2014 (weighted indoor, outdoor, dry and lactating)Source: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.4 Trends in performance and feed costs in the breeding herd, 2010–2017

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Herd structure

Average number sows and gilts 605 682 580 591 714 697 740 757

Sow sales and deaths (%) 49.2 47.6 51.5 53.3 51.6 58.7 52.5 53.2

Sow mortality (%) 3.6 3.3 3.6 4.6 4.5 5.2 4.9 5.4

Sow performance

Litters per sow per year* 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Pigs born alive per litter 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.8

Pre-weaning mortality (%) 12.7 12.6 12.7 13.1 12.7 12.4 12.7 12.5

Pigs weaned per litter 9.8 10.0 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.8 11.2

Pigs weaned per sow per year* 22.1 22.5 22.9 23.5 23.9 24.1 24.6 25.5

Average weaning age (days) 26.7 26.4 26.7 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.6 26.6

Sow feed

Sow feed per sow per year (tonnes)# 1.23 1.17 1.28 1.53 1.40 1.47 1.42 1.39

Sow feed cost per tonne (£)## 162.87 207.63 207.72 238.02 199.60 184.77 182.02 206.72

27


*Per sow data excludes unserved gilts# Non-productive days excludes gestation, lactation and a six-day weaning to service interval## Per sow data includes unserved giltsData includes both indoor and outdoor herdsSource: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.5 Breeding herd results by herd size, 2017

Number of sows 100–249

250–499

500–749

750–999

1,000–1,500 >1,500

Herd structureAverage number sows and gilts 198 416 680 974 1387 2515Average number in-pig gilts 29 75 110 161 201 350Average number unserved gilts 17 25 53 70 144 222Replacement rate (%) 50.0 48.4 52.9 49.4 51.9 54.5Sow sales and deaths (%) 52.3 50.2 52.6 50.8 54.3 56.8Sow mortality (%) 4.2 5.0 5.6 4.5 5.4 6.7

Sow performance

Successful services (%) 82.6 84.3 84.9 81.3 84.4 86.7Non-productive days per litter# 20.0 18.7 15.4 20.2 17.3 17.1Litters per sow per year* 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Pigs born per litter:

Alive 12.5 13.1 13.0 12.3 12.6 13.2Dead 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6Mummified 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Total 13.4 14.0 13.8 12.8 13.2 13.9Pigs born alive per sow per year 29.9 31.8 31.4 28.3 30.4 32.1Pre-weaning mortality (%) 12.8 11.6 11.0 12.4 13.6 13.1Pigs weaned per litter 10.9 11.6 11.6 10.7 10.9 11.5Pigs weaned per sow per year* 24.3 26.3 26.8 23.8 24.9 26.4Average weight of weaned pig (kg) 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.0

Average weaning age (days) 30.3 27.4 26.7 26.8 26.0 26.0

Feed usage##

Sow feed per sow per year (tonnes) 1.25 1.31 1.39 1.42 1.50 1.21

Feed per pig weaned (kg) 66.9 48.9 56.5 53.4 50.0 42.9

28


*Per sow data excludes unserved gilts# Non-productive days excludes gestation, lactation and a six-day weaning to service interval## Per sow data includes unserved giltsData includes both indoor and outdoor herdsSource: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.6 Breeding herd results by age at weaning, 2017

Age at weaning Less than 26 days 26 days+

Avg. Top third

Top 10% Avg. Top

thirdTop 10%

Herd structureAverage number sows and gilts 1,050 1,043 1,938 768 689 848Average number in-pig gilts 177 213 445 114 103 118Average number unserved gilts 135 155 261 55 55 62Replacement rate (%) 57.6 66.4 72.2 49.4 55.0 61.6Sow sales and deaths (%) 58.8 64.5 69.5 51.2 55.1 59.8Sow mortality (%) 5.6 6.5 7.4 5.3 5.7 7.5Sow performanceSuccessful services (%) 85.2 87.5 72.2 83.9 88.1 91.2Non-productive days per litter# 17.2 12.7 11.4 17.8 12.4 10.9Litters per sow per year* 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4Pigs born per litter:Alive 12.9 13.9 14.3 12.7 13.8 14.2Dead 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8Mummified 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3Total 13.7 14.7 15.1 13.4 14.7 15.2Pigs born per sow per year 31.8 35.1 36.7 30.2 34.4 36.0Pre-weaning mortality (%) 13.2 11.7 12.2 12.2 10.6 9.6Pigs weaned per litter 11.2 12.2 12.5 11.1 12.3 12.9Pigs weaned per sow per year* 26.1 29.3 30.4 25.3 28.9 30.4Average weight of weaned pig (kg) 6.9 6.7 6.4 7.3 7.3 7.4

Average weaning age (days) 24.4 24.3 23.7 27.4 27.6 28.0Feed usage##

Sow feed per sow per year (tonnes) 1.37 1.21 1.13 1.40 1.41 1.34

Feed per pig weaned (kg) 53.7 41.7 37.9 49.9 48.2 35.9

29


*Per sow data excludes unserved gilts# Non-productive days excludes gestation, lactation and a six-day weaning to service interval## Per sow data includes unserved giltsSource: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.7 Comparison of results for outdoor and indoor breeding herds, 2017

Outdoor herds Indoor herdsHerd structureAverage number sows and gilts 1,011 721Average number in-pig gilts 145 118Average number unserved gilts 99 60Replacement rate (%) 47.7 54.8Sow sales and deaths (%) 50.3 55.6Sow mortality (%) 4.3 6.3Sow performanceSuccessful services (%) 83.6 84.8Non-productive days per litter# 18.45 16.91Litters per sow per year* 2.28 2.3Pigs born per litter:Alive 12.11 13.3Dead 0.43 0.79Mummified 0.22 0.23Total 12.54 14.26Pigs born per sow per year 28.56 32.41Pre-weaning mortality (%) 13.1 12.0Pigs weaned per litter 10.52 11.7Pigs weaned per sow per year* 23.97 26.8Average weight of weaned pig (kg) 7.27 7.22Average weaning age (days) 26.34 26.71Feed usage##

Sow feed per sow per year (t) 1.463 1.299Feed per pig weaned (kg) 58.69 42.31Feed costs##

Sow feed cost per tonne (£) 205.12 207.78

30


*Sel

ecte

d on

bas

is of

pig

s w

eane

d pe

r sow

per

yea

r**E

xclu

des

unse

rved

gilt

s

***

Incl

udes

mum

mifi

ed p

igs

born

# No

n-pr

oduc

tive

days

exc

lude

s ge

stat

ion,

lact

atio

n an

d a

six-d

ay w

eani

ng to

ser

vice

inte

rval

#

# Pe

r sow

dat

a in

clud

es u

nser

ved

gilts

###

Per t

onne

com

poun

d fe

ed c

ost f

rom

AHD

B sin

ce 2

014

(wei

ghte

d dr

y an

d la

ctat

ing)

n

/a =

not

app

licab

leSo

urce

: Agr

oSof

t Ltd

Table 7.8 Comparative results for indoor breeding herds, 2010–2017

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

20

17

Herd

stru

ctur

eTo

p th

ird*

Top

third

*Av

erag

e nu

mbe

r sow

s an

d gi

lts49

258

648

154

959

859

270

367

366

177

0Av

erag

e nu

mbe

r uns

erve

d gi

lts95

3737

8536

2862

5960

89So

w re

plac

emen

ts (%

)47

.649

.251

.853

.052

.952

.453

.655

.354

.861

.0So

w s

ales

and

dea

ths

(%)

41.5

47.9

52.9

55.4

54.0

62.3

57.2

58.9

55.6

59.1

Sow

mor

talit

y (%

)1.

42.

93.

25.

25.

26.

26.

05.

96.

36.

6So

w p

erfo

rman

ceN

on-p

rodu

ctiv

e da

ys p

er li

tter#

19.9

20.8

18.9

16.2

16.9

17.4

17.3

12.6

16.9

12.0

Litte

rs p

er s

ow p

er y

ear**

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.4

Pigs

bor

n pe

r litt

er:

Al

ive

11.6

11.9

12.1

12.4

12.6

12.8

13.0

13.5

13.3

14.1

De

ad***

1.0

1.1

1.1

0.9

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.7

0.8

0.8

To

tal

12.6

12.9

13.1

13.2

13.5

13.7

13.9

14.4

14.3

5.0

Pre-

wea

ning

mor

talit

y (%

)12

.212

.812

.412

.311

.511

.511

.810

.112

.011

.1Pi

gs w

eane

d pe

r litt

er10

.210

.410

.610

.811

.211

.311

.512

.111

.712

.5Pi

gs w

eane

d pe

r sow

per

yea

r**23

.023

.424

.124

.925

.726

.026

.228

.626

.829

.6Av

erag

e w

eigh

t of w

eane

d pi

g (k

g)7.

47.

57.

47.

37.

17.

27.

37.

47.

27.

1Av

erag

e w

eani

ng a

ge (d

ays)

27.0

27.0

26.9

26.9

26.6

26.4

26.7

27.0

26.7

26.5

Feed

usa

ge##

Sow

feed

per

sow

per

yea

r (to

nnes

)1.

171.

061.

221.

481.

351.

351.

271.

441.

301.

29Fe

ed p

er p

ig w

eane

d (k

g)51

.246

.149

.850

.247

.351

.248

.350

.042

.341

.8Fe

ed c

osts

###

Sow

feed

cos

t per

tonn

e (£

)16

4.32

215.

2321

0.28

212.

3120

1.94

186.

1518

3.38

n/a

207.

78n/

a

31


*Sel

ecte

d on

bas

is of

pig

s w

eane

d pe

r sow

per

yea

r**E

xclu

des

unse

rved

gilt

s

***

Incl

udes

mum

mifi

ed p

igs

born

# No

n-pr

oduc

tive

days

exc

lude

s ge

stat

ion,

lact

atio

n an

d a

six-d

ay w

eani

ng to

ser

vice

inte

rval

#

# Pe

r sow

dat

a in

clud

es u

nser

ved

gilts

###

Per t

onne

com

poun

d fe

ed c

ost f

rom

AHD

B sin

ce 2

014

(wei

ghte

d dr

y an

d la

ctat

ing)

n

/a =

not

app

licab

leSo

urce

: Agr

oSof

t Ltd

*Sel

ecte

d on

bas

is of

pig

s w

eane

d pe

r sow

per

yea

r

**Exc

lude

s un

serv

ed g

ilts

***In

clud

es m

umm

ified

pig

s bo

rn#

Non-

prod

uctiv

e da

ys e

xclu

des

gest

atio

n, la

ctat

ion

and

a six

-day

wea

ning

to s

ervic

e in

terv

al

##

Per s

ow d

ata

incl

udes

uns

erve

d gi

lts##

# Pe

r ton

ne c

ompo

und

feed

cos

t fro

m A

HDB

since

201

4 (w

eigh

ted

dry

and

lact

atin

g)

n/

a =

not a

pplic

able

Sour

ce: A

groS

oft L

td

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

20

17

Herd

stru

ctur

eTo

p th

ird *

Top

third

*Av

erag

e nu

mbe

r sow

s an

d gi

lts73

577

167

693

292

886

795

987

091

286

0Av

erag

e nu

mbe

r uns

erve

d gi

lts45

8470

6655

3091

111

9987

Sow

repl

acem

ents

(%)

39.2

52.4

51.3

52.9

51.0

48.9

50.0

53.2

47.7

51.8

Sow

sal

es a

nd d

eath

s (%

)38

.647

.049

.146

.748

.554

.748

.647

.350

.352

.4So

w m

orta

lity

(%)

1.1

3.5

4.0

3.4

3.8

4.2

3.8

4.0

4.3

5.1

Sow

per

form

ance

Non

-pro

duct

ive

days

per

litte

r#19

.221

.019

.919

.421

.523

.019

.716

.018

.513

.5Li

tters

per

sow

per

yea

r**2.

22.

22.

32.

32.

22.

22.

32.

32.

32.

4Pi

gs b

orn

per l

itter

:

Aliv

e10

.710

.811

.011

.111

.411

.511

.712

.212

.112

.7

Dead

***0.

50.

50.

50.

40.

50.

40.

50.

60.

40.

6

Tota

l11

.311

.411

.611

.611

.911

.912

.112

.812

.513

.3Pr

e-w

eani

ng m

orta

lity

(%)

13.1

12.4

13.0

14.0

14.2

13.4

13.8

13.0

13.1

12.2

Pigs

wea

ned

per l

itter

9.3

9.5

9.6

9.6

9.8

9.9

10.1

10.6

10.5

11.2

Pigs

wea

ned

per s

ow p

er y

ear**

21.0

21.3

21.7

21.7

21.8

22.1

22.8

24.6

24.0

26.3

Aver

age

wei

ght o

f wea

ned

pig

(kg)

7.0

7.9

7.7

7.0

7.0

6.9

7.3

7.3

7.3

7.6

Aver

age

wea

ning

age

(day

s)26

.027

.026

.525

.826

.126

.426

.525

.826

.325

.7Fe

ed u

sage

##

Sow

feed

per

sow

per

yea

r (to

nnes

)1.

31.

31.

41.

61.

51.

71.

61.

61.

51.

6Fe

ed p

er p

ig w

eane

d (k

g)64

.563

.064

.376

.172

.575

.567

.965

.958

.757

.7Fe

ed c

osts

###

Sow

feed

cos

t per

tonn

e (£

)16

0.34

194.

4420

4.31

226.

8219

6.10

182.

7217

9.98

n/a

205.

12n/

a

Table 7.9 Comparative results for outdoor breeding herds, 2010–2017

32


*Selected on feed conversion ratioSource: AgroSoft Ltd

*Per tonne compound feed cost from AHDB since 2014Source: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.11 Trends in performance and feed costs in the rearing herd, 2010–2017

Table 7.10 Overall rearing herd results, 2017

Average Top third* Top 10%*

Herd structure

Average number of pigs 2,406 2,132 1,356

Pig performanceAverage weight of pigs at start (kg) 7.4 7.5 7.2Average weight of pigs produced (kg) 37.5 34.3 31.9

Rearing mortality (%) 3.8 2.9 2.6

Feed conversion ratio 1.8 1.6 1.4

Daily gain (g) 516 568 558

Days in herd 60 50 44

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Herd structureAverage number of pigs 3,345 1,984 2,237 2,607 2,523 2,983 2,195 2,406

Pig performanceAverage weight of pigs at start (kg) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.4Average weight of pigs produced (kg) 34.6 36.8 35.9 31.5 37.1 36.9 36.8 37.5

Rearing mortality (%) 2.7 2.6 2.5 4.0 2.8 2.8 3.6 3.8

Feed conversion ratio 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.8

Daily gain (g) 486 489 489 479 502 463 484 516

Feed usage and costs*

Feed cost per tonne (£) 297.11 261.95 346.89 352.17 282.15 252.56 249.25 273.01

33


* Rea

ring;

Fee

ding

; and

Com

bine

d re

arin

g/fe

edin

g do

not

nec

essa

rily

dire

ctly

corre

spon

d So

urce

: Agr

oSof

t Ltd

Rea

ring

Feed

ing

Com

bine

d re

arin

g/fe

edin

g*

Aver

age

Top

Third

Top

10%

Aver

age

Top

Third

Top

10%

Aver

age

Top

Third

Top

10%

Her

d st

ruct

ure

Aver

age

num

ber o

f pig

s2,

406

2,48

62,

692

1,76

91,

757

1,27

83,

857

3,04

13,

457

Pig

perf

orm

ance

Aver

age

wei

ght o

f pig

s

at s

tart

(kg)

7.4

7.6

7.6

38.1

38.9

34.7

7.6

7.8

7.8

Aver

age

wei

ght o

f pig

s

prod

uced

(kg)

37.5

41.6

44.2

110.

911

0.0

110.

610

9.9

114.

111

4.6

Mor

talit

y (%

)3.

83.

34.

12.

82.

22.

04.

23.

33.

0

Feed

con

vers

ion

ratio

1.77

1.76

1.84

2.86

2.59

2.64

2.36

2.31

2.33

Daily

gai

n (g

)51

658

363

183

394

499

170

381

985

2

Days

in h

erd

5858

5887

7577

146

130

125

Table 7.12 Overall herd results ranked on daily liveweight gain, 2017

34


*Selected on feed conversion ratioSource: AgroSoft Ltd

*Per tonne compound feed cost from AHDB since 2014Source: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.14 Trends in performance and feed costs in the finishing herd, 2010–2017

Table 7.13 Overall finishing herd results, 2017

Average Top third* Top 10%*

Herd structure

Average number of pigs 3,857 5,053 3,852

Pig performanceAverage weight of pigs at start (kg) 7.6 7.6 7.3Average weight of pigs produced (kg) 109.9 111.6 109.0

Rearing mortality (%) 4.2 4.1 5.6

Feed conversion ratio 2.4 2.2 2.0

Daily gain (g) 703 728 649

Days in herd 149 145 159

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Herd structureAverage number of pigs 1,788 2,066 1,764 1,660 1,733 1,828 1,554 1,769

Pig performanceAverage weight of pigs at start (kg) 38.0 39.8 38.4 38.9 35.0 37.2 36.3 38.1Average weight of pigs produced (kg) 103.9 103.0 102.7 99.4 106.1 107.9 109.8 110.9

Rearing mortality (%) 3.0 2.9 2.5 3.1 3.2 2.7 3.0 2.8

Feed conversion ratio 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9

Daily gain (g) 766 784 822 786 801 817 850 833

Feed usage and costs*

Feed cost per tonne (£) 177.46 261.83 241.52 248.06 231.70 205.56 198.78 220.04

35


Source: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.15 Analysis of pigs born, weaned and re-service rate by parity, 2017

Parity % of total Born alive per litter

Born dead per litter

Total born inc.

mummified

Weaned per litter

Weaned per sow per year

Gilt 24.2 12.2 0.5 12.8 11.4 26.02 19.8 12.7 0.5 13.2 11.5 26.53 16.6 13.3 0.6 14.0 11.4 26.44 14.0 13.3 0.7 14.1 11.1 25.75 11.4 13.1 0.8 14.0 10.9 25.26 8.1 12.8 0.8 13.7 10.6 24.37 2.7 12.3 0.9 13.3 10.4 23.58 2.0 11.8 0.8 12.8 10.1 22.79 0.7 11.4 0.9 12.4 10.0 22.210 0.3 10.9 0.8 11.9 9.7 21.611< 13 0.3 10.7 0.9 11.7 9.7 21.5

Source: AgroSoft Ltd

Table 7.16 Analysis of total services and returns by parity, 2017

Parity % of total Farrowing rate %

Re-service rate %

Farrowing index

Percentage share of dead

and culledGilt 24.2 86.0 6.7 170.4 12.82 19.8 82.6 8.0 160.6 10.83 16.6 85.0 6.8 157.9 9.14 14.0 85.3 6.3 158.4 9.95 11.4 85.3 5.6 159.5 11.66 8.1 84.0 5.6 160.6 12.97 2.7 82.6 6.5 162.7 11.58 2.0 81.0 8.4 165.5 8.69 0.7 79.7 8.7 166.8 4.910 0.3 76.6 11.0 169.0 3.111< 13 0.3 77.7 12.0 166.3 2.4

36

The information provided by MLCSL’s Pig Carcase Authentication Service is used widely as the basis for transactions between producers and slaughterers. The current service, which incorporates all of the mandatory requirements of the EU Pig Carcase Grading Scheme, was introduced in Great Britain in 2010. The service provides pig slaughterers with technically trained MLCSL staff who independently establish all of the important criteria for trade between pig suppliers and abattoirs.

The Service Includes

Identification – Carcases are individually serial numbered and the slap marks are read and recorded to identify each consignment of pigs. The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) Order 2003 requires all pigs going to slaughter to be identified by a Defra-allocated herdmark on both shoulders. This must be legible before and after slaughter to allow correct tracing of the pigs for both payment and biosecurity.

Weighing – Carcases are individually weighed. Hot weights are recorded, with hot weight rebates and dressing coefficients deducted to establish the payment weight. Regular scale and tare checks form an integral part of the service. Mature boars and sows are not covered by the mandatory scheme, but a weighing service is available as part of the Authentication Service.

Backfat measurement and lean meat percentage – MLCSL classifiers are trained to operate all of the approved classification equipment.

Methods and ProbesMLCSL offers all methods of pig carcase classification for the prediction of lean meat percentage in accordance with EU legislation. Each method involves taking carcase measurements with EU approved equipment at specified positions on each carcase.

The following equipment is approved for use in the UK:• Optical Probe• Hennessey Grading Probe (HGP)• Fat-O-Meater (FOM)• AutoFOM• CSB Ultra-Meater

The HGP, FOM, AutoFOM and CSB Ultra-Meater are all automatic recording probes.

Method 1Optical Probe is used to measure backfat and rind thickness at the P1 and P3 positions, level with the head of the last rib. The probe is inserted 4.5cm and 8cm from the dorsal midline respectively. The sum of the P1 and P3 measurements is recorded.

Method 2Optical Probe is used to measure backfat and rind thickness at the P2 position, level with the head of the last rib. The probe is inserted 6.5cm from the dorsal midline.

The Meat and Livestock Commercial Services Ltd (MLSCL) Independent Authentication ServiceChristine Walsh, Managing Director

Chapter 8 – Pig carcase classification

37

Marketing Chain

Method 3HGP or FOM are used to measure:

● Backfat and rind thickness at the P2 position, as for Method 2. The HGP or FOM probes are inserted 6cm from the dorsal midline.

● Backfat and rind thickness at a point 6cm from the dorsal midline between the third and fourth last rib. This measurement is referred to as rib fat.

● Longissimus dorsi (eye muscle) depth at a point 6cm from the dorsal midline between the third and fourth last rib. This measurement is referred to as rib muscle.

Lean Meat Percentage and EU GradeLean meat percentage is calculated as follows:

Optical probeCold carcase weight and P2 (or P1 + P3) fat depths are used to estimate lean meat percentage.

An EU grade can be allocated to a carcase by using the lean meat percentage figure.

Visual AppraisalThis is the identification of pigs with carcase faults. These are described as ‘Z’ carcases. Carcases that are scraggy, deformed, blemished, pigmented and coarse-skinned, those with soft fat or pale muscle and those devalued by being partially condemned are recorded as ‘Z’ on the carcase record (PCC1 or computer equivalent). Young boars are identified and recorded. Carcases with poor conformation are recorded as ‘C’ carcases at the request of the abattoir.

Dressing SpecificationCarcase dressing specifications are closely monitored by MLCSL staff and provide a vital element of the carcase record.

Pig carcase classification

Figure 8.1 Locations of probing on a pig carcase

Lean meat percentage EU grade

60% and above S55–59% E50–54% U45–49% R40–44% O39% or less P

38

Classification Consistency To ensure consistency of pig carcase classification standards by MLCSL staff, various procedures are strictly applied to the operation of the scheme. Extensive training programmes, both in-plant and centrally, ensure that classifiers maintain the required standards of proficiency. Classifiers are checked regularly by Divisional Managers and nominated checkers on a local basis, with the Quality Manager providing a link in Great Britain.

Each check requires the manager/checker to separately classify and record 20 carcases. The classification measurements assessed by the classifier are then checked against the manager’s measurements and an analysis of accuracy levels for the 20 carcases is made. This analysis measures both bias (the tendency of a classifier to measure higher or lower classifications than the checker) and consistency (the overall level of agreement between classifier and checker). All checks are analysed at MLCSL HQ to ensure classifiers are meeting accuracy levels.


Figure 8.2 Distribution of the GB classified sample by carcase weight

Source: AHDB, MLCSL

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

<60 60–65 65–70 70–75 75–80 80–85 85–90 90–95 95+Weight range (kg)

2016 2017

% of sample

39

Marketing ChainPig carcase classification

Figure 8.3 Average carcase weights of the GB collected sample

Figure 8.4 Distribution of the classified sample in EC grade by weight band, 2017

Source: AHDB, MLCSL

Source: AHDB, MLCSL

Weight (kg)

70.8

75.1

79.281.1 81.9

83.0

60

65

70

75

80

85

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017

0102030405060708090

100

<60

60–6

5

65–7

0

70–7

5

75–8

0

80–8

5

85–9

0

90–9

5

>95

Weight range (kg)

All pigs other grades

All pigs grade U

All pigs grade E

All pigs grade S

% of sample

<60 60–65 65–70 70–75 75–80 80–85 85–90 90–95 >95

All pigs grade S All pigs grade E All pigs grade U All pigs other grades

40


Figure 8.5 Distribution of the GB-classified sample by EC grade, 2017

Figure 8.6 Trends in P2 fat depth

Source: AHDB, MLCSL

Source: AHDB, MLCSL

76.9

22.0

1.1 0.00

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

S E U Other grades

%

EC grade

6

8

10

12

14

16

18Fat depth (mm)

80kg 60-80kg <60kg

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

41

Marketing Chain

Table 9.1 GB deadweight pig prices

GB SPP (EU Specification) GB APP (EU Specification)

2015 2016 2017 2016–17 2015 2016 2017 2016–17

p/kg dw % change p/kg dw %

change

January 140.70 117.37 150.66 28.4 144.06 121.59 153.85 26.5

February 135.02 112.70 149.75 32.9 138.72 116.66 153.19 31.3

March 132.65 112.33 151.53 34.9 136.54 115.98 154.61 33.3

April 132.07 113.19 156.11 37.9 136.02 116.83 159.03 36.1

May 131.28 116.01 159.64 37.6 136.02 119.46 163.23 36.6

June 132.15 120.88 162.08 34.1 136.88 124.35 165.60 33.2

July 133.02 128.05 164.36 28.4 137.18 130.67 167.90 28.5

August 132.45 135.57 164.28 21.2 136.78 137.85 167.82 21.7

September 130.75 139.91 161.65 15.5 134.88 141.93 165.23 16.4

October 127.81 144.84 156.95 8.4 131.83 147.26 160.00 8.7

November 126.25 149.92 153.25 2.2 129.91 152.08 156.30 2.8

December 124.75 151.70 150.76 –0.6 128.98 154.54 154.17 –0.2

Annual price 131.67 129.12 156.72 21.4 135.64 132.07 160.13 21.2

Source: AHDB

Chapter 9 – Livestock and meat prices

42

Table 9.2 GB weaner prices

30kg weaners 7kg weaners

2015 2016 2017 2016–17 2015 2016 2017 2016–17

£ per head % change £ per head %

change

January 45.78 37.60 55.15 46.7 34.15 30.38 38.66 27.3

February 45.20 36.62 55.73 52.2 33.51 29.13 38.49 32.1

March 44.87 36.73 56.65 54.2 32.98 28.50 39.02 36.9

April 44.60 37.44 58.21 55.5 33.16 28.85 40.50 40.4

May 44.27 38.56 59.90 55.3 33.09 29.18 42.90 47.0

June 44.23 40.14 60.06 49.6 32.92 30.06 44.04 46.5

July 44.29 42.71 60.52 41.7 32.85 31.20 44.26 41.9

August 43.87 45.96 60.08 30.7 32.80 33.11 44.55 34.6

September 44.37 47.40 59.07 24.6 32.69 34.89 43.77 25.5

October 43.40 49.65 56.94 14.7 32.25 36.62 42.54 16.2

November 41.47 53.93 55.52 2.9 31.46 37.37 41.13 10.1

December 40.75 54.60 52.69 –3.5 30.91 38.53 40.40 4.9

Source: AHDB

Livestock and meat prices

43

Marketing Chain

Price (p/kg dw)

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

Jan 12 Jul 12 Jan 13 Jul 13 Jan 14 Jul 14 Jan 15 Jul 15 Jan 16 Jul 16 Jan 17Deadweight Average Pig Price (DAPP)

Standard Pig Price (SPP) All Pig Price (APP)Jul 17 Jan 18

Figure 9.1 GB average producer pig prices

Figure 9.2 GB average weaner pricesSource: AHDB

The methodology for collecting 30kg weaner prices changed from November 2013 Figures after that date are not directly comparable with earlier months Source: AHDB

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Jan 12 Jul 12 Jan 13 Jul 13 Jan 14 Jul 14 Jan 15 Jul 15 Jan 16 Jul 16 Jan 17

30kg 7kg

Price (£/head)

Jul 17 Jan 18


44

38.636.6

38.2

35.0 34.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017

% of retail price

42.0

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

Jul10

Jan10

Jan11

Jul11

Jan12

Jul12

Jan13

Jul13

Jan14

Jul14

Jan15

UK EU average

Price (p/kg dw)

Jul15

Jan16

Jul16

Jan17

Jul17

Jan18

Figure 9.3 Producer retail price spreads

Figure 9.4 UK and EU pig meat reference prices

Graph shows the average percentage of the retail price received by producersSource: AHDB

Source: EU Commission


45

Marketing ChainLivestock and meat prices

Figure 9.5 Global export prices for fresh/frozen pork

Global export price is the average price of fresh/frozen pork exported from the four major global exporters - EU, US, Canada and BrazilSource: IHS Maritime and Trade – Global Trade Atlas®

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

Jan 13 Jan 14Jul 13 Jul 14 Jan 15 Jul 15 Jan 16 Jul 16 Jan 17 Jul 17 Jan 18

Global export prices for fresh/frozen pork

Price (US$/kg dw)

46

Chapter 10 – Imports and exports

Tonnes, product weight 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Fresh/frozen meat 351,723 358,138 371,746 439,918 460,282

Bacon/ham 249,847 256,155 251,050 242,713 220,040

Sausages 105,836 109,287 122,682 123,129 134,679

Processed hams, shoulders and pieces* 134,513 138,979 140,125 149,210 157,015

Total 841,919 862,559 885,603 954,970 972,016

Live pigs (head) 339,558 212,961 820,917 577,930 507,817

£‘000 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017


Bacon/ham 644,871 601,343 536,356 552,258 560,899

Sausages 344,987 352,876 360,467 395,920 465,534


Total 2,194,205 2,143,239 1,956,178 2,222,148 2,527,629

Live pigs (head) 36,726 18,426 77,460 56,466 61,104

Table 10.1 Volume of total UK pig meat imports

Table 10.2 Value of total UK pig meat imports

*Including cannedData as at February 2018 Source: IHS Maritime & Trade – Global Trade Atlas®/HMRC

*Including cannedData as at February 2018Source: IHS Maritime and Trade – Global Trade Atlas®/HMRC

47

Marketing Chain


Total 249,847 256,155 251,050 242,713 220,040

Denmark 92,790 88,093 88,613 92,429 103,161

Netherlands 103,680 115,150 95,327 92,472 58,198

Germany 34,126 35,640 47,238 37,665 37,765


Total 351,723 358,138 371,746 439,918 460,282

Denmark 88,835 89,680 97,858 169,668 169,996

Germany 77,651 74,579 67,706 68,488 80,180

Netherlands 56,347 55,774 55,953 49,505 53,655

Spain 24,413 27,089 33,532 37,726 40,198

Ireland 31,864 31,963 32,528 32,478 38,920

Belgium 32,098 35,502 36,673 33,775 31,831

France 30,079 31,879 27,280 25,158 21,526

Poland 2,193 4,493 11,292 14,297 13,391

Italy 3,627 2,567 3,390 2,606 4,220

Portugal 1,548 2,771 2,688 2,673 2,475

Austria 3 4 65 535 1,558

United States 946 856 909 954 935

Table 10.4 UK bacon imports by source

Table 10.3 UK fresh/frozen pork imports by source

Data as at February 2018 Source: IHS Maritime and Trade – Global Trade Atlas®/HMRC


Imports and exports

48

Imports and exports



Bacon/ham 13,549 13,909 15,921 16,419 19,299

Sausages 10,866 10,612 9,371 6,265 6,338


Pig offal 41,648 45,084 58,929 77,031 81,476

Total 258,836 265,120 284,442 318,521 334,610

Live pigs (head) 2,079 1,295 126 589 2,277

£‘000 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017


Bacon/ham 39,139 38,256 38,132 41,332 53,599

Sausages 17,204 18,269 16,158 15,350 18,241


Pig offal 26,091 35,048 38,464 64,365 79,717

Total 329,572 334,992 321,276 398,653 470,440

Live pigs (head) 1,631 1,481 82 352 67

Table 10.5 Volume of total UK pig meat exports

Table 10.6 Value of total UK pig meat exports



49

Marketing Chain



Bacon/ham 13,549 13,909 15,921 16,419 19,299

Sausages 10,866 10,612 9,371 6,265 6,338


Pig offal 41,648 45,084 58,929 77,031 81,476

Total 258,836 265,120 284,442 318,521 334,610

Live pigs (head) 2,079 1,295 126 589 2,277

Imports and exports


Total 180,749 181,713 187,080 206,098 215,999

EU-28 127,624 127,490 130,122 131,180 139,001Germany 30,940 30,977 31,820 32,632 32,695Ireland 29,110 27,950 31,032 33,587 31,037Denmark 20,397 23,702 23,604 22,130 30,004Netherlands 21,467 19,648 18,083 17,486 16,357Sweden 7,660 7,342 10,025 9,605 9,114Belgium 5,931 7,213 5,747 5,672 7,481

China 25,006 24,669 27,250 40,016 40,354Hong Kong 15,842 14,634 11,123 10,837 11,862United States 3,112 3,267 5,998 8,177 7,711

Table 10.7 Volume of UK fresh/frozen pork exports by destination

Table 10.8 Value of UK fresh/frozen pork exports by destination



£‘000 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total 218,136 209,178 197,405 252,278 293,484

EU-28 166,454 157,366 138,118 160,174 196,034Ireland 61,606 65,509 60,875 71,856 83,635Germany 41,394 35,872 27,112 32,197 38,260Denmark 22,274 24,864 22,378 25,000 33,898Netherlands 19,180 16,319 9,512 10,386 11,405Belgium 4,455 4,219 2,846 3,443 6,893Sweden 3,551 2,529 4,259 4,815 6,648

China 20,441 19,619 25,027 43,344 43,115United States 10,932 10,289 17,699 23,047 23,668Hong Kong 13,457 11,980 7,632 10,248 12,706

50

Imports and exports

Figure 10.1 Map of UK fresh/frozen pork exports by destination

The

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51

Marketing ChainImports and exports

Table 10.9 Volume of UK pig offal exports by destination

Table 10.10 Value of UK pig offal exports by destination



£‘000 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total 26,091 35,048 38,464 64,365 79,717EU-28 10,111 5,502 5,213 6,958 12,177

Netherlands 2,825 1,598 1,350 3,046 4,935Denmark 1,309 1,066 1,245 1,306 2,948Ireland 2,607 2,186 1,737 1,477 1,841Germany 1,617 121 100 30 1,025

Hong Kong 8,104 14,612 11,157 18,497 28,290China 5,555 11,654 17,937 31,385 25,948Philippines 462 981 1,073 3,121 5,985United States 9 - 10 - 1,097Japan 254 360 204 301 1,096


Total 41,648 45,084 58,929 77,031 81,476EU-28 22,375 11,130 13,294 15,951 18,507

Netherlands 7,103 5,097 6,233 8,335 7,698Denmark 1,824 2,360 3,398 3,331 5,196Ireland 3,951 2,644 1,891 2,216 2,365Germany 3,610 399 312 519 1,041

China 7,263 17,202 27,287 36,071 32,330Hong Kong 8,335 11,980 10,957 15,198 17,089Philippines 652 1,288 2,005 4,239 6,525Cote d'Ivoire 317 401 1,093 883 1,998Japan 700 825 709 702 1,226

52

Imports and exports

‘000 tonnes, product weight 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Live animals 30.1 43.5 24.9 10.5 14.8

Fresh and frozen pork 1,448.1 1,360.0 1,523.4 2,139.0 1,947.4

Salted, dried, smoked pig meat 31.6 32.1 33 34.4 38.6

Pig offal 1,005.5 1,081.8 1,177.7 1,393.6 1,308.6

Sausages 131.3 121.4 110.5 95.2 100.8

Prepared and preserved 80.4 71.7 65.6 66.3 65.9

Pig fat 10.2 14.5 13.1 13.8 14.6

Lard 359.4 211.5 214 249.7 201.7

Total 3,096.6 2,936.5 3,162.2 4,002.5 3,692.4

Table 10.11 EU fresh/frozen pig meat exports to non-EU countries

Source: European Commission

53

Marketing Chain


Total 1,603,400 1,562,951 1,741,393 2,307,651 2,093,774

China 304,431 290,953 531,362 986,265 711,515

Japan 233,689 317,373 292,736 318,340 331,425

South Korea 99,166 194,935 188,924 219,787 221,015

Hong Kong 116,613 140,995 97,811 138,379 147,979

United States 41,671 66,347 71,663 82,357 107,291

Philippines 40,310 79,884 74,753 89,817 106,110

Australia 44,222 73,256 83,704 81,556 68,687

Taiwan 2,887 26,111 40,668 40,239 50,049

Serbia 10,510 19,472 20,383 22,126 26,906

Cote d'Ivoire 17,391 15,917 20,557 20,381 26,542

New Zealand 12,502 19,520 25,574 30,153 26,110

Singapore 17,738 27,319 27,672 25,725 25,726

South Africa 17,056 17,129 24,314 21,919 23,105

Canada 7,243 11,858 13,470 18,609 22,651

Imports and exports

Table 10.12 EU fresh/frozen pork exports by destination

Totals are higher than those of the EU Commission reported in Table 10.11 as the latter exclude meat from non-domestic swineData as at February 2018Source: IHS Maritime and Trade – Global Trade Atlas®/HMRC

54

Table 10.13 EU pig offal exports by destination

Totals are slightly different from those of the EU Commission possibly because of a different approach to amendmentsData as at February 2018Source: IHS Maritime and Trade – Global Trade Atlas®/HMRC


Total 1,003,841 1,083,962 1,176,103 1,391,267 1,307,223

China 399,667 470,984 614,501 823,277 693,770

Hong Kong 288,165 281,451 203,517 237,814 239,134

Philippines 42,589 81,953 78,084 85,613 91,648

South Korea 13,600 31,857 37,049 29,806 42,060

Japan 8,880 12,234 17,790 25,698 36,055

Vietnam 2,315 9,859 25,181 34,782 29,060

Thailand 16,770 26,961 27,594 27,829 26,217

Cote d'Ivoire 20,772 26,514 32,009 20,676 23,266

Ukraine 19,708 22,424 28,313 22,556 22,524

Imports and exports

What does this mean for the industry?Helping our levy payers make sense of the issues as they evolve.

Helping key stakeholders and Government to seek the best possible deal for our industries outside the EU.

www.ahdb.org.uk/brexit

55

Marketing Chain


Total 1,003,841 1,083,962 1,176,103 1,391,267 1,307,223

China 399,667 470,984 614,501 823,277 693,770

Hong Kong 288,165 281,451 203,517 237,814 239,134

Philippines 42,589 81,953 78,084 85,613 91,648

South Korea 13,600 31,857 37,049 29,806 42,060

Japan 8,880 12,234 17,790 25,698 36,055

Vietnam 2,315 9,859 25,181 34,782 29,060

Thailand 16,770 26,961 27,594 27,829 26,217

Cote d'Ivoire 20,772 26,514 32,009 20,676 23,266

Ukraine 19,708 22,424 28,313 22,556 22,524

kg/person/year Pig meat Poultry meat Beef & veal Total meat 2000 23.6 30.5 18.5 79.22005 24.7 31.8 20.7 83.42006 24.9 31.2 20.9 83.22007 25.7 30.0 20.9 82.82008 24.5 29.5 20.0 80.02009 24.3 29.9 18.2 77.92010 24.1 31.8 18.6 79.42011 24.6 32.7 18.1 80.02012 24.6 32.8 18.0 79.72013 23.9 32.8 17.3 78.62014 24.4 33.0 17.8 79.82015 25.1 36.1 18.2 84.32016 26.1 37.7 18.2 86.82017 25.9 36.3 18.2 84.9

% Multiples Freezer centres Butchers Other

Pork2015 86.8 2.7 8.0 2.52016 85.7 3.1 8.3 2.92017 85.1 3.1 8.4 3.4

Bacon2015 89.9 5.5 3.5 1.12016 90.1 5.1 3.3 1.52017 90.7 4.8 3.0 1.5

Table 11.1 UK per capita consumption of major meats

Table 11.2 GB retail value sales by type of outlet

Per capita consumption is a calculation based upon total supplies available for consumption, ie production + imports – exports divided by the mid-year population estimateAll data is carcase weight equivalentSource: AHDB. Calculations based on data from Defra, HMRC, Office for National Statistics

Data covers 52 weeks ending in late December the same year/ early January the next year Source: Kantar Worldpanel

Chapter 11 – Consumption

56

Figure 11.1 GB retailer shares of pork market by value, 2017

Figure 11.2 Trends in GB household pork purchases by volume

% s

hare

of v

alue

24.2

13.1 12.910.7

8.1 7.3

3.3 2.5 2.2 1.9

8.5

5.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Tesc

o

Asd

a

Sain

sbur

y's

Mor

rison

s

A

ldi

L

idl

Wai

trose

Icel

and

The

Co-

Ope

rativ

e

Mar

ks &

Spe

ncer

Tota

l but

cher

s

Oth

er

Data cover 52 weeks ending 31 December 2017Source: Kantar Worldpanel

Source: Kantar Worldpanel

2015 2016 2017

Volume ('000 tonnes)

150

155

160

165

170

175

180

29Jan

26Feb

28Mar

24Apr

21May

18Jun

16Jul

13Aug

10Sep

08Oct

05Nov

03Dec

31Dec

52 weeks ending

Consumption

57

Marketing Chain

Figure 11.3 Change in GB retail volume and value sales of pig meat products, 2017

Figure 11.4 GB volume sales of pig meat by product, 2017

Data covers 52 weeks ending in late December the same year/early January the next yearSource: Kantar Worldpanel

Data covers 52 weeks ending 31 December 2017Source: Kantar Worldpanel

FreshPork

FrozenPork

FreshPork

Sausages

FrozenPork

Sausages

LoosePork

Sausages

Bacon Gammon SlicedCooked

Ham

SlicedCooked

Pork

Year on year % change

Volume Value

0.0

-25.0

3.0

-3.0

-11.0

2.0 2.0 3.0 2.04.0

-15.0

5.0 7.0

-13.0

2.0 3.0 2.05.0

-30-25-20-15-10-505

10

FreshPork

FrozenPork

FreshPork

Sausages

FrozenPork

Sausages

LoosePork

Sausages


Ham

SlicedCooked

Pork

Volume ('000 tonnes)

159.3

5.0

119.9

32.310.7

214.7

57.6

128.0

3.80

20406080

100120140160180200220

Consumption

58

Figure 11.5 Average GB retail price of pig meat products, 2017

Figure 11.6 Share of pig meat products sold on promotion in GB retail outlets

Data cover 52 weeks ending 31 December 2017Source: Kantar Worldpanel

Source: Kantar Worldpanel

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14Price per kg (£)

FreshPork

FrozenPork

FreshPork

Sausages

FrozenPork

Sausages

LoosePork

Sausages


Ham

SlicedCooked

Pork

4.73.9 4.3

2.6

6.1 5.6 5.0

8.5

11.5

40.4 37.1

47.3

38.4

2.5

38.834.9

29.7

40.0

27.6 30.9

43.2

31.6

2.9

35.726.6

25.3

39.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70% of total volume

52 w/e 03 Jan 17 52 w/e 31 Dec 17

FreshPork

FrozenPork

FreshPork

Sausages

FrozenPork

Sausages

LoosePork

Sausages


Ham

SlicedCooked

Pork

Consumption

59

Figure 11.7 Per capita consumption of pig meat in selected EU Member States, 2017

Source: AHDB calculations using data from Eurostat and IHS Maritime & Trade – Global Trade Atlas®

Consumption (kg/head)

59.053.3 52.2 52.1

42.0 41.2 38.9 36.632.5

24.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

Spain

Germ

any

Aust

ria

Polan

d

Neth

erlan

ds EU

Belg

ium

Italy

Fran

ce

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

Consumption

60

Figure 11.8 Percentage of product facings with British logo sold in the total GB market

Figure 11.9 Percentage of product facings with Red Tractor quality standard mark sold in the total GB market

Source: AHDB, ESA

Source: AHDB, ESA

Pork Bacon Ham Sausage

%

Jan 16 July 16 Jan 17 July 17 Jan 18

81

49

66

8182

46

65

8478

43

63

8379

48

63

8479

49

65

85

0102030405060708090

100

Pork Bacon Ham Sausage

%

Jan 16 July 16 Jan 17 July 17 Jan 18

56

23

12

4756

2314

5053

2314

5154

23

11

5252

23

10

47

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Consumption

61

Marketing Chain

pig pocketbook – 2018 · 5 marketing chainmarketing chain figure 1.1 uk product flows in the pig...

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