piaget’s theory of cognitive development
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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget proposed that cognitive development, or development of mental abilities, occurs as we adapt to the changing world around us. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Development
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• Piaget proposed that cognitive development, or development of mental abilities, occurs as we adapt to the changing world around us.
• According to Piaget adaption to the world around us occurs through two closely related processes called assimilation and accommodation.
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Assilimation• Involves the process of taking in new
information and fitting it into and making it part of a existing mental idea (schema) about objects or the world.
• For example an infant may see a truck and call it a car because the infants schema only has knowledge of cars.
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Accommodation• Sometimes we can not
assimilate information into our existing schema therefore we must accommodate.
• Accommodation refers to changing an existing schema in order to fit in new information.
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Sensorimotor Stage (birth to two years)
• In this stage infants construct their understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor abilities.
• At the end of this stage an infant should have mastered the following two cognitive accomplishments:– Object Permanence– Goal directed behaviour
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Object Permanence• Object Permanence refers to the
understanding that objects still exist even if they cannot be seen or touched.
• For example peek-a-boo game, out of sight, really is out of mind!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFUInSY2CeY&feature=related
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Goal- Directed Behaviour• An infant at this stage develops goal-directed
behaviour which is behaviour carried out with a particular interest in mind. They will be begin to think about things that want and how it get them.
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Pre-operational Stage(2-7 years)
At this stage the infant becomes more able to think about and imagine things in their own mind. The key cognitive accomplishments at this stage are:
- Egocentrism- Animism- Transformation- Centration- Reversibility.
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Egocentrism• Children in this stage are unable or have difficulty
in seeing things from another person’s perspective.
• For example a child may want a toy truck for his birthday, when then child is asked what their mother would like for her birthday the child may say toy truck.
• http://www.youtube.com/• watch?v=OinqFgsIbh0
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Animism• The belied that everything which exists has a
conscience awareness.
• For example a child may tell you off for banging your books on the table because you will ‘hurt’ the table if you bang it too hard
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Transformation• Understanding that something can change
from one for or state to another.
• For example a child may understand an ice block, then a glass of water but not comprehend the melting process of how it has changed forms
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Centration• This process involves a child only being able to
focus on one quality or feature of an object at a time.
Reversibility• The ability to follow a line of reasoning back to
its original starting point.• For example Jim was asked if he has a brother,
he replied ‘’Yes, his name is Tom”. Jim was then asked does Tom have a brother, he replied “no”.
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Concrete Operational Stage
(7-12 years)• The thinking of a concrete operational chilld revolve around what they know and what they can experience. The key cognitive accomplishments in this stage are:
• Conservation• Classification
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Conservation• Refers to the idea that an object does not
change its weight, mass volume or area when the object changes its shape or appearance.
• http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=55837&title=Piaget_Conservation_Tasks
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Classification• The ability to organise
information into categories based on common features that sets them apart from other classes or groups.
• For example pre-operational child will be able to classify farm animals and understand although they are all together they all belong to different groups.
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Formal Operational Stage12 years+
• More complex thought processes become evident in this stage the key cognitive accomplishments:
• Abstract ThinkingA way of thinking that does not rely on visualising concepts in order to understand them.
• Logical Thinking Individuals are able to develop strategies, solve
problems and identify solutions to problems.