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Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development

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It's just a stage ...

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Overview

The stages of intellectual development formulated by Piaget appear to be related to major developments in brain growth.

The human brain is not fully developed until late adolescence or in the case of males sometimes early adulthood.

We often expect children to think like adults when they are not yet capable of doing so.

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It is important that parents, teachers and tutors know what to expect from the child as they develop.

We often expect children to think like adults


Expectations for a given age need to be realistic.

They're not and they can't.

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Each

has an

And

Developmental Stage

Approximate Age Range

Characteristic Behaviors

Piaget's Four Stages of CognitiveDevelopment

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Sensorimotor Stage(0 - 24 months)

Preoperational Stage(2-7 years)

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

Formal Operational Stage(11-15+ years)


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In the first post natal stage of

development, children experience

six

sub-stages of spatial and sensory

learning and growth.

Sensorimotor StageInfancy

(0 - 24 months)


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Characteristic BehaviorDevelopmental Stage & Approximate Age

Reflexive (0-2 months) Simple reflex activity such as grasping, sucking.

Primary Circular Reactions(2-4 months) Reflexive behaviours occur in stereotyped repetition such

as opening and closing fingers repetitively.

Secondary Circular Reactions(4-8 months) Repetition of change actions to reproduce interesting consequences such as kicking one's feet to more a

mobile suspended over the crib.

Coordination of Secondary Reactions(8-12 months) Responses become coordinated into more complex

sequences. Actions take on an "intentional" character such as the infant reaches behind a screen to obtain a hidden object.

Tertiary Circular Reactions(12-18 months) Discovery of new ways to produce the same

consequence or obtain the same goal such as the infant may pull a pillow toward him in an attempt to get a toy resting on it.

Invention of New Means Through Mental Combination (18-24 months) Evidence of an internal representational system.

Symbolizing the problem-solving sequence before actually responding. Deferred imitation.


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The Preoperational Stage Toddler & Early Childhood(2-7 years)


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There are 2 sub-stages or phases here:

Preoperational 2-4 years

Intuitive 4-7 years

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The whole Preoperational Stage is characterised by the following processes:

demonstrated when children attribute living qualities to inanimate objects, like toys

involves a child’s response to one aspect of a situation or object, such as the height versus the height and diameter of an object.

allows a child to combine similar objects in basic clusters according to shared criteria like size and colour.


Animism:

Centration:

Classification:

Preoperational Stage(2-7 years)

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The Preoperational StageThe First Phase(2-4 years)


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Beginning of Symbolic Functioning:

Egocentrism:

Conservation - lack of:

Belief in magical increase, decrease, disappearance.

the child’s self-preoccupation and personal view that does not readily accept another person’s view.

the inability to conserve reflects a child’s difficulty with concepts of volume, mass and number.

the ability to understand the meaning of something that is not physically there.

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The Preoperational StageThe Intuitive Phase(4 -7 years)


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Intuitive thought reveals belief in something without understanding why one believes in it.

Intuitive grasp of logical concepts in some areas

Tendency to focus attention on one aspect of an object while ignoring others

Belief in magical increase,decrease,disappearance.

The rise of imagination

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Operational thinking develops, moving fromthe concrete towards the abstract

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Conservation evolves so that a child retains the understanding of quantity, length or numbers associated with an object or process.

This stage is characterized by 7 types of conservation:

number

length

liquid

mass

area

volume



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Decentering

Decreasing Egocentrism

the child’s ability to comprehend multiple aspects of a problem while solving it.

the child begins to understand another person’s perspective, whether or not they are in agreement.

speech becomes more social, less egocentric. The pronoun 'WE' starts to get a workout.

Understanding Reversibility

an object or number can change and then reverse into its original state.

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This stage is often the period of a child’s development when s/he begins to engage with the concepts of:

fairness

sharing

empathy

compassion



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This stage continues into adulthood.

This is the stage where children,

entering puberty, begin to think

abstractly and create meaning

from available data.



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Thought becomes more abstract, incorporating the principles of formal logic.

The ability to generate abstract propositions, multiple hypotheses and their possible outcomes is evident.

Thinking becomes less tied to concrete reality.

Formal logical systems can be acquired. Prepositional logic, as-if and if-then steps can be used.

Can handle proportions, algebraic manipulation, other purely abstract processes. If a + b = x then a = x - b.

Can use aids such as axioms to enhance comprehension.

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This critical fourth stage is responsible for creating

global problem solvers and creative thinkers



who can

analyze a situation and not be confined by

concrete ideas or

previously accepted logic.

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global problem solvers and creative thinkers

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However cross-sectional studies

of adolescents indicate

only 30 to 35% of high school seniors

attain

the cognitive development stage of

formal operations

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For formal operations, it appears that

maturation establishes the basis,

but

a special environment is required

for most adolescents and adults

to develop fully formed

formal operational capacity .

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The four stages are believed to be

universal rather than cultural.


The four stages follow the same sequence of development

despite the variance of timing or geographic relevance.

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The Preoperational Stage(2-7 years)



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(Kuhn, Langer, Kohlberg & Haan, 1977).

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