PI5501 European SecurityStrategic Studies

From where does the European security infrastructure arise?

Why has it settled in this way? What lasting impact has the Cold War

had on European Security?

Is Europe a security community or complex?

Second World War in Europe• US and USSR

Allies in the Second World War• UK, US, USSR and French

The end of the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War• Germany

Berlin Airlift• US and Hiroshima

The new security dilemma:• West vs. East

The impact of nuclear weapons The West: From Alliance to

Organization The East: From Alliance to Pact

Geopolitical Accommodation• VE-Day 1945• Iron Curtain 1946• Germany foreign

policy towards the East

• French position

Alternatives to the bipolar split in Europe• Finland, • Sweden• Ireland• Spain• Yugoslavia• Albania

The Ideological Conflict• The fight over Poland• The fight over Germany• The fight over Europe

The Eastern Response• Maintain the post-war status quo in Europe• Spread the revolution elsewhere

Origins of the status quo in Europe• Security dilemma

The origins of the revolution• Marxism, Leninism and Stalinism

The Western Response• Over turn the post-war status quo in Europe• Contain the revolution elsewhere

Origin of democratic peace• Democratic peace theory and authoritarian

regimes Origin of containment

• Kennan, X and stopping the ‘red threat’

The Nuclear Environment• American strike capabilities from 1954• Russian first test – 1949

Sputnik – 1957 • UK first test – 1952 • French first test – 1954

Western Nuclear Strategies• Trip wire vs plate glass defence• Local vs rolling strike• Massive retaliation vs flexible response

US Nuclear Weapons in Europe 1954-2007• Federation of American Scientists

US Nuclear Weapons locations in Europe• Natural Resources

Defence Council

Changes in European Security• West German Elections – 1967

Grand coalition (Brandt FM) Ostpolitik I

Czechoslovakia 1967

• West German Elections – 1969 SDU and FDP (Brandt Chancellor) Ostpolitik II

Moscow (Poland, East Germany)

The rise of Détente • Ostpolitik

West German – Soviet non-aggression treaty• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT) –

1969 • Soviets and the status quo (the continuation

of Potsdam)• Sino-Soviet split• US and Vietnam• High point: the Conference on Security and

Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)

The fall of Détente• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan – 1979 • Iranian Revolution – 1979• Election of Reagan – 1980

Abandoned SALT II talks

Did Détente last longer in Europe?

Death of Brezhnev (1982) Rise of Gorbachev (1985) Soviet economy declining The end of the Brezhnev Doctrine –

Poland and the Fall of the Berlin Wall Soviet collapse – 1991

Increased US military spending under Carter and Reagan

The advent of the first Gulf War – 1990

NATO London Declaration – 1990

NATO CSCE cum OSCE START I (SALT II) CFE Treaty Open Skies Treaty

A‘New Cold War’?