the european security
TRANSCRIPT
Diplomatic edition · The European Security and Defence Policy4â | |â 5
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. Germany in Europe â opportunities and risks in a changed security environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. European Security Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4. Milestones and fundamentals of ESDPâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Legalâbasisâ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15â Milestonesâ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5. Military capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6. European Defence Agency (EDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7. Civilian capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8. EU and NATO: Strategic partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9. European Union Satellite Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10. EU crisis management operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29EUâNAVFORâATALANTA:ââCombatingâpiracyâoffâtheâcoastâofâSomaliaâ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29EUâPoliceâMissionâinâAfghanistanâ(EUPOLâAfghanistan)â . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33EULEXâKosovoâââTheâlargestâcivilianâESDPâmissionââtoâdateâfullyâoperational. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36ServingâonâbehalfâofâtheâEU:âGermanâexpertsâtakeâpartââinâtheâEUâmonitoringâmissionâinâGeorgiaââââCurrentâsituationâasâofâMayâ2009â. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Diplomatic edition · The European Security and Defence Policy6â | |â 7
1. Introduction
ThisâyearâmarksâtheâendâofâtheâfirstâdecadeâofâtheâEuropeanâUnionâsâEuropeanâSecurityâandâDefenceâPolicyâ(ESDP).âInâthisârelativelyâshortâperiod,âtheâEuro-peanâUnionâhasânotâonlyâestablishedâtheârequiredâstructures,âproceduresâandâconcepts;âsinceâ2003,â24âcivilian,âmilitaryâorâcivil-militaryâoperationsâandâmissionsâhaveâbeenâundertakenâwithinâtheâframeworkâofâtheâESDPâandâaânum-berâofâtheseâhaveâalreadyâbeenâsuccessfullyâcompleted.âToday,âwithâitsâESDPâinstruments,âtheâEUâisâaârecognizedâactorâinâtheâfieldâofâinternationalâcrisisâmanagementâwhoseâcapabilitiesâareâsoughtâaroundâtheâworld.
ThroughâtheâESDPâandâtheâinstrumentsâavailableâtoâtheâEuropeanââCommissionâandâtheâEUâmemberâstates,âtheâEuropeanâUnionâhasâtheâcompleteârangeâofâtoolsâforâcrisisâprevention,âcrisisâmanagementâandâpost-crisisârehabili-tationâatâitsâdisposal.âItâhasâbothâmilitaryâandâcivilianâcapabilities,âprovidedââbyâtheâmemberâstates,âthatâenableâitâtoârespondâquicklyâtoâcrisesâ(e.g.âEUââBattlegroupsâandâCivilianâResponseâTeams).âThisâisâwhatâmakesâtheâESDPâsoâattractive.
TheâEuropeanâUnionâhasâprovenâitsâabilityâtoâtakeâactionâinâaânumberâofâinstances,âmostârecentlyâinâtheâAugustâ2008âwarâinâGeorgiaâwhereâitsâswiftâresponseâandâpresenceâonâtheâgroundâgreatlyâcontributedâtoâdefusingâtheâcon-flictâandâtoâovercomingâtheâlackâofâdialogueâbetweenâtheâconflictâparties.
TheâEuropeanâUnionâisâcarryingâoutâitsâfirstâmaritimeâoperationâoffâtheâHornâofâAfrica,âwhichâaimsâtoâcombatâpiracyâoffâSomaliaâsâcoast.âItâisâcloselyâcoordinatingâthisâoperationâwithâNATO,âtheâUnitedâStates,âRussia,âJapanâandâChina,âasâwellâasâwithâcountriesâinâtheâregion.âByâprotectingâtheâWorldâFoodâProgrammeâsâships,âitâisâbecomingâincreasinglyâpossibleâââdespiteâtheâmanyâdifficultiesâââtoâprovideâtheâpeopleâinâSomaliaâwithâessentialâsuppliesâofâfood.
InâKosovoâtheâEuropeanâUnionâisâcarryingâoutâitsâfirstâexecutiveâESDPâmissionâwhich,âwithânearlyâ2000âstaff,âisâalsoâtheâlargestâcivilianâmissionâtoâdate.âEULEXâKosovoâisâaâpoliceâandârule-of-lawâmissionâthatâhasâassumedâtasksâinâtheâpolice,âjudiciaryâandâcustomsâareasâthroughÂŹoutâKosovoâfromâtheâUNâInterimâAdministrationâMissionâinâKosovoâ(UNMIK).âTheâmissionâisâmakingâaâsubstantialâcontributionâtoâtheâcountryâsâstabilizationâandâhelpingâtoâestablishârule-of-lawâstructures.
The European Security and Defence Policy
3A French soldier folds the European Union flag during a ceremony marking the end of the EU mission âArtemisâ.
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TheâESDPâisâandâwillâcontinueâtoâbeâopenâforâcooperationâwithâthirdâcountriesâbecauseâoftenâitsâgoalsâcanâonlyâbeâreachedâbyâworkingâwithâpart-ners,âparticularlyâpartnersâfromâtheâaffectedâcrisisâregion.âTheâcapabilitiesâofâtheâEUâcomplementâthoseâofâtheâotherâimportantâactorsâinâinternationalâcrisisâmanagementâsuchâasâNATO,âtheâUNâorâtheâOSCE.âTheâEUâmaintains,âandâcontinuallyâstrivesâtoâdeepen,âcloseâworkingârelationshipsâwithâtheseâorganiza-tionsâatâallâlevelsâandâcoordinatesâitsâactivitiesâwithinâtheâframeworkâofâmis-sionsâandâoperations.
Inâaddition,âtheâEuropeanâUnionâisâincreasinglyâpartneringâwithâre-gionalâorganizationsâinâtheâfieldâofâcrisisâmanagementâinâorderâtoâstrengthenâtheirâabilityâtoâassumeâresponsibilityâinâtheirârespectiveâregions.âThroughâthisâapproach,âtheâEUâisâactivelyâsupportingâtheâAfricanâUnionâinâbuildingâupâitsâownâcrisis-managementâcapabilities.
âAs a union of 25 states1 with over 450 million people producing a quarter of
the worldâs Gross National Product (GNP), the European Union is inevitably
a global player ⊠It should therefore be ready to share in the responsibility
for global security and building a better world.â
(European Security Strategy; Introduction) 1 After the accession of Bulgaria and Romania on 1 January 2007 the European Union now has 27 member states
RegularâopinionâpollsâhaveâshownâthatâtheâvastâmajorityâofâEUâcitizensâsupportâaâCommonâForeignâandâSecurityâPolicyâforâtheâEU.âClarityâasâtoâtheâobjectivesâandâtheâmeansâtoâachieveâthemâisârequiredâtoâenableâtheâEUâtoâdoâjusticeâtoâitsâresponsibilityâasâaâplayerâinâsecurityâpolicy.âTheâEuropeanâSecurityâStrategyâofâDecemberâ2003âwasâtheâfirstâdocumentâtoâformuÂŹlateâcorrespond-ingâguidelinesâforâtheâEU.âGermanyâwasâinstrumentalâinâdraftingâtheâdocu-mentâandâworkedâtoâensureâthatâtheâStrategyâemphasizesâtheâimportanceâofâinternationalâlawâandâtheâroleâofâtheâUnitedâNations.âInâitsâfirstâreviewâofâtheâimplementationâofâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâStrategyâinâDecemberâ2008,âtheâEuropeanâCouncilâreiteratedâtheâStrategyâsâcontentâandâgoals.
GermanyâisâmakingâaâsignificantâandâwidelyâacknowledgedâcontributionâtoâtheâESDP.âFromâtheâveryâstartâweâhaveâlentâourâsupportâtoâtheâequalâdevelop-mentâofâcivilianâandâmilitaryâcapabilitiesâandâareâcurrentlyâparticipatingâinânearlyâeveryâcivilianâESDPâmissionâwithâpoliceâofficers,âcustomsâofficialsâandâexperts.âTheâreformâofâtheâBundeswehrâ(FederalâArmedâForces)âwillâallowââGermanyâtoâmeetâtheâdemandsâofâmilitaryâcrisisâmanagementâevenâbetterââinâtheâfuture,âwithinâtheâframeworkâofâtheâEUâandâNATO.
TheâstrategicâpartnershipâbetweenâtheâEUâandâNATOâisâandâwillâremainâindispensableâtoâtheâsuccessâofâtheâESDP.âTheâEUâandâNATOâcomplementâratherâthanâcompeteâwithâeachâother.âAâdynamicâESDPâstrengthensâtheâEuropeanâpillarâofâtheâAllianceâandâthereforeâNATOâasâaâwhole.âFranceâsâreturnâtoâtheâmilitaryâstructuresâofâNATOâatâtheâAprilâ2009âNATOâsummitâinâStrasbourgâandâKehlâfurtherâreinforcesâthisâpartnership.âItâisâonlyâbyâworkingâtogetherâthatâtheâdemocraciesâofâEuropeâandâNorthâAmericaâcanâensureâtheirâsecurity.
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2. Germany in Europe â Opportunities and risks in a changed security environment
Ourâsecurityâenvironmentâchangedâfundamentallyâfollowingâtheâeventsâofâ1989â1990.âGermanyâandâEuropeânowâfaceâcompletelyâdifferentâchallengesâthanâtheyâdidâwhenâourâcontinentâwasâdividedâintoâEastâandâWest.âTheâeventsâofâ11âSeptemberâ2001âmadeâthisâabsolutelyâclear.âTheâmainâparametersâofâtheseâchallengesâcanâbeâsummarizedâasâfollows:
3 Today, threat analysis focuses on terrorist groups operating worldwide, dangers
emanating from failed or failing states and the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction. The significance of traditional national and Alliance defence has dimin-
ished considerably by comparison. Conflict prevention and conflict management
missions abroad have become increasingly important.
3 Todayâs international system is no longer determined by a few blocs but by a multi-
tude of states. Responding effectively to the new security challenges is only possible
through close international cooperation.
3 German security policy is largely defined through the European Union. The Com-
mon Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union and the ESDP as an
integral part of the CFSP have assumed ever greater importance. In this context, the
ESDP plays a decisive part in developing a balanced partnership with NATO and the
United States.
3 The United States is an important actor in the global pursuit of peace and stability.
It will not be possible to master the great challenges without close cooperation
with the United States. Today the United States recognizes that the European Union
clearly expands the range of crisis management tools available to the international
community. The US is therefore participating as a third country in, for instance, the
police and rule-of-law mission led by the EU in Kosovo (EULEX) and has seconded
a liaison officer to the EU mission focused on reforming the security sector in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (EUSEC).
3 The interdependence that links states around the globe makes it necessary to
have a comprehensive understanding of security. Risks and threats must be met
with a coordinated set of tools that includes diplomatic, economic, development
policy, police and military activities.
3 The United Nations has primary responsibility for preserving stability and peace
around the world. The UN Security Council remains the central decision-making
body within the framework of international peacekeeping as well as the most
important source of legitimacy under international law.
Overâtheâlastâ19âyearsâEuropeâhasâbecomeâaâzoneâofâstabilityâandâsecurity.âOurâgoalâisâtoâsystematicallyâexpandâthisâareaâofâsecurityâbyâusingâtheâEuro-peanâNeighbourhoodâPolicyâtoâhelpâstabilizeâtheâneighbouringâregionsâofâtheâEU.âAtâtheâsameâtime,âweâfaceâthreatsâdueâtoâdevelopmentsâinâdistantâregions.âConflictsâonâotherâcontinentsâcanâhaveâaâdirectâimpactâonâourâsecurity.âTerror-istâgroups,âforâinstanceâthoseâlinkedâtoâIslamicâfundamentalism,âhaveâsetâtheirâsightsânotâonlyâonâtheâUSâbutâalsoâonâEurope.
ItâisâimportantâagainstâthisâbackgroundâthatâtheâEuropeansâassumeââanâevenâgreaterâresponsibilityâforâtheirâsecurityâinâtheâfuture,âbothâinâtheâEUâandâinâNATO.âTheâadoptionâofâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâStrategyâinâDecemberâ2003,âwhichâwasâreaffirmedâbyâtheâEuropeanâCouncilâinâDecemberâ2008,ââisâanâexpressionâofâthisârecognition.âWeâneedâaâcomprehensiveâapproachâthatâcombinesâcivilianâandâmilitaryâcrisisâmanagementâinstrumentsâtoâpreventâconflictsâfromâescalatingâwheneverâpossible.âEuropeanâintegrationâandâtheâtransatlanticâpartnershipâwillâcontinueâtoâbeâtheâmostâimportantâpillarsâofâGermanyâsâforeignâandâsecurityâpolicy.
3Secretary-General of the Council and High Representative for the CFSP Javier Solana and Foreign Minister Frank Walter Steinmeier
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3. European Security Strategy
Onâ12âDecemberâ2003,âtheâEuropeanâCouncilâadoptedâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâStrategyâ(ESS)ââAâSecureâEuropeâinâaâBetterâWorldâ.âTheâESSâoutlinesâtheâEuro-peanâUnionâsâstrategicâpositionâfollowingâtheâparadigmâshiftsâincurredâbyâtheâeventsâofâ1989â1990âandâ11âSeptemberâ2001.âItâservesâasâaâbasisâbothâforâstrategicâdialogueâwithâourâmostâimportantâpartners,âespeciallyâtheâUnitedâStates,âandâforâdefiningâtheâEuropeanâUnionâsâcommonâsecurityâinterests.
TheâStrategyâalsoâdirectlyâaddressesâtheâcitizensâofâtheâEuropeanâUnion.âItâwasâtheâfirstâdocumentâtoâoutline,âinâtermsâthatâtheâgeneralâpublicâcouldârelateâto,âaâframeworkâforâtheâCommonâForeignâandâSecurityâPolicyâthatâwillâcontinueâtoâserveâasâaâguidelineâforâtheâEUâmemberâstatesâandâinstitutions.
SurveysâhaveâdemonstratedâthatâcitizensâhaveâhighâexpectationsâofâtheâEuropeanâUnionâsâsecurityâpolicy.âTheâSecurityâStrategyâanalyzesâtheâmostâim-
portantâglobalâchallengesâandârisksâandâidentifiesâtheâinstrumentsâtheâEUâhasâatâitsâdisposalâtoâcounterâthem.âInâdoingâso,âtheâStrategyâassumesâaâcompre-hensiveâunderstandingâofâsecurity.
TheâStrategyâidentifiesâfiveâprincipalâthreatsâtoâourâsecurity:âinterna-tionalâterrorism,âtheâproliferationâofâweaponsâofâmassâdestruction,âregionalâconflicts,âstateâfailureâandâorganizedâcrime.
Againstâthisâbackground,âitâdefinesâthreeâoverallâgoals:
3 These new threats must be countered early on and with the full range of instru-
ments available to the EU. Priority is given to timely action and to addressing the
causes of conflict where they occur.
3 The Security Strategy defines the European Unionâs will to act on a global scale.
At the same time, the Strategy places emphasis on establishing security in our im-
mediate neighbourhood. In doing so, the EU is pursuing the goal of helping establish
a ring of stable and responsibly governed states from the eastern borders of the EU
to the Mediterranean.
3 The EU is committed to a global order based on effective multilateralism and inter-
national law, an expression of the Europeansâ conviction that no nation can meet the
new global challenges on its own.
TheâStrategyâadvocatesâaâmoreâactiveâEUâforeignâpolicyâandâtheâtargetedâuseâofâtheâwideârangeâofâinstrumentsâatâitsâdisposalâforâtheâpreventionâandâmanagementâofâconflicts,âasâwellâasâforâpost-conflictâreconstruction.âSpecifical-ly,âtheseâincludeâpolitical,âdiplomatic,âtradeâandâdevelopmentâpolicyâactivitiesâinâadditionâtoâcivilianâandâmilitaryâcrisisâmanagementâtools.
AânumberâofâimportantâGermanâconcernsâareâreflectedâinâtheâSecurityâStrategy.âForâinstance,âtheâdocumentâplacesâgreatâemphasisâonâtheâneedâforâtheâEUâtoâtakeâpreventiveâactionâtoâkeepâconflictsâfromâescalating.âItsâcommit-mentâtoâtheâUnitedâNationsâCharterâunderlinesâthatâmilitaryâforceâmayâbeâusedâonlyâasâaâlastâresortâandâonlyâinâaccordanceâwithâtheâCharter.âTheâdocumentââreaffirmsâthatâtheâprimaryâresponsibilityâforâpeaceâandâsecurityârestsâwithâtheâUNâSecurityâCouncil.âMoreover,âtheâStrategyâhighlightsâtheâimportanceâofâarmsâcontrolâforâglobalâsecurityâasâwellâasâtheâsignificanceâofâtheâstrategicâpartnershipâbetweenâtheâEUâandâNATOâforâcrisisâmanagement.
3The multi-national EU Operation Headquarters in Potsdam. Among other things, the military-strategic command for the EU operation EUFOR RD Congo was carried out from here.
Diplomatic edition · The European Security and Defence Policy14â | |â 15
GermanyâfirmlyâsupportedâtheâadoptionâofâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâStrat-egy.âTheâStrategyâremainsâtrueâtoâtheâidentityâandâvaluesâthatâcharacterizeâtheâEUâasâaâpowerâbasedâonâtheâruleâofâlaw.âHowever,âitâalsoâunderscoresâtheâfactâthatâtheâEUâhasâbecomeâaââcivilianâpowerâwithâbiteââââwillingâtoâtakeârobustâactionâifârulesâareâbroken.
InâDecemberâ2008âJavierâSolana,âHighâRepresentativeâforâtheâCommonâForeignâandâSecurityâPolicy,âsubmittedâaâreportâofâtheâimplementationâofâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâStrategyâtoâtheâEuropeanâCouncil.âTheâreportâconfirmsâtheâSecurityâStrategyâsâcontinuingâroleâasâaâsolidâbasisâforâtheâEuropeanâUnionâsâactions.
Theâevaluationâpresentsâaâmoreâdetailedâanalysisâofâtheâthreatsâposedâinâtheâareasâofâcyber,âenvironmentalâandâenergyâsecurityâasâwellâasâbyâclimateâchange.âItâanalyzesâtheâroleâofâemergingâcountriesâandâcommitsâtoâprovidingâbetterâprotectionâforâwomenâandâchildrenâinâarmedâconflicts.
Toâachieveâanâevenâmoreâcapableâforeignâpolicy,âtheâreportâcallsâforâtheâEUâandâitsâmemberâstatesâtoâmakeâgreaterâeffortsâtoâdevelopâtheâinstrumentsânecessaryâtoâimplementâtheâstrategy,âtoâutilizeâEUâpoliciesâandâinstrumentsâinâaâmoreâcoherentâandâcoordinatedâmanner,âandâtoâintensifyâcooperationâwithâinternationalâorganizationsâlikeâtheâUN,âNATOâandâtheâOSCE.
4. Milestones and fundamentals of ESDP Legal basis
TheâgroundworkâforâtheâdevelopmentâofâtheâCFSP/ESDPâwasâlaidâstartingâinââtheâmidâ1990s,âinducedâbyâtheârealizationâthatâtheâEuropeanâUnionâhadâlimitedâsecurityâpolicyâoptionsâduringâtheâviolentâbreak-upâofâYugoslavia.
TheâgoalâofâaâCommonâForeignâandâSecurityâPolicyâ(CFSP)âforâtheâEuro-peanâUnionâwasâformulatedâforâtheâfirstâtimeâinâtheâMaastrichtâTreaty,âwhichâenteredâintoâforceâinâ1993.
TheâAmsterdamâTreaty,âwhichâenteredâintoâforceâinâ1999,âincorporatedâtheââPetersbergâtasksââofâtheâWesternâEuropeanâUnionâ(WEU;âhumanitarianâandârescueâtasks,âpeacekeepingâtasksâandâtasksâofâcombatâforcesâinâcrisisââmanagement,âincludingâpeacemaking)âintoâtheâEUâframework.âInitiallyââtheseâtasksâcontinuedâtoâbeâcarriedâoutâbyâtheâWesternâEuropeanâUnionâatââtheâbehestâofâtheâEU.âTheâcreationâofâtheâHighâRepresentativeâforâtheâCFSP,ââaâpostâheldâbyâJavierâSolanaâsinceâNovemberâ1999,âgaveâEuropeanâforeignââandâsecurityâpolicyâaâface.
3Signing ceremony of the Treaty of Lisbon on 13 December 2007
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TheâNiceâTreaty,âwhichâenteredâintoâforceâinâ2003,âcreatedâtheâinstitu-tionalâprerequisitesânecessaryâforâtheâEuropeanâUnionâtoâcarryâoutâcrisisââmanagementâactivitiesâonâitsâown.âTheâtreatyâestablishedâtheâPoliticalâandââSecurityâCommitteeâ(PSC),âwhichâexercisesâpoliticalâcontrolâandâstrategicâdirectionâofâcrisisâmanagementâoperationsâandâcanâdraftâdecisionsâforâtheâCouncilâinâthisâcontext.
TheâfurtherâinstitutionalâdevelopmentâofâtheâESDPâisâalsoâencompassedâinâtheâLisbonâTreatyâwhich,âaccordingâtoâtheâEuropeanâCouncilâconclusionsâofâDecemberâ2008,âshouldâenterâintoâforceâbyâtheâendâofâ2009âandâisâcurrentlyâstillâinâtheâprocessâofâbeingâratified.âThereâareâthreeâveryâimportantâprovisionsâinâtheâTreatyâforâtheâfurtherâdevelopmentâofâtheâESDP:
3 The Treaty contains a political solidarity clause, which is very similar to the political
solidarity clause in the WEU Treaty. It takes the obligations of NATO member states
into account as well as the special character of the constitutional provisions of the
neutral member states of the European Union.
3 Permanent structured cooperation will enable a group of member states to take
further steps, under the auspices of the European Union, towards integration in
developing their military capabilities.
3 In addition, the coherence of the European Unionâs actions in the area of external
relations will be decisively improved through the creation of a new post: the High
Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. This post com-
bines the functions of three existing positions: the High Representative for the CFSP,
the EU Commissioner for External Relations and the Chair of the External Relations
Council. The High Representative will also be explicitly responsible for the ESDP.
He will be supported by the new European External Action Service which will be
composed of representatives from the European Commission, the EU Council
Secretariat and the diplomatic services of the member states.
Milestones
TheâESDPâwasâconceivedâatâtheâCologneâEuropeanâCouncilâinâJuneâ1999.ââItâwasâprecededâbyâaâjointâBritish-FrenchâdeclarationâonâdevelopingâEuropeâsâabilityâtoâtakeâactionâinâthisâfieldâissuedâinâSaint-Maloâinâ1998.âInâCologneâtheâEUâheadsâofâstateâandâgovernmentâadoptedâaââDeclarationâonâstrengtheningâ
theâcommonâEuropeanâpolicyâonâsecurityâandâdefenceââwhichâstatedâtheâcentralâobjectiveâofâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâandâDefenceâPolicy:âtheâconductâofâinterânationalâcrisisâmanagementâoperationsâandâtheâestablishmentâofâtheânecessaryâstructuresâandâtheârequiredâcivilianâandâmilitaryâcapabilities.
TheâsameâyearâtheâHelsinkiâEuropeanâCouncilâstated:ââTheâEuropeanâCouncilâunderlinesâitsâdeterminationâtoâdevelopâanâautonomousâcapacityâtoâtakeâdecisionsâand,âwhereâNATOâasâaâwholeâisânotâengaged,âtoâlaunchâandâconductâEU-ledâmilitaryâoperationsâinâresponseâtoâinternationalâcrises.ââTheâCouncilâalsoâagreedâtoâbuildâupâtheâmilitaryâcapabilitiesânecessaryâforâsuchâoperationsâbyâ2003,âalsoâknownâasâtheââHelsinkiâHeadlineâGoalâ.
TheâESDPâisâanâintegralâpartâofâtheâCFSPâandâfunctionsâaccordingâtoâtheâtraditionalârulesâofâintergovernmentalâcooperation.âDecisionsâmustâbeâunani-mousâandâareâusuallyâmadeâbyâtheâGeneralâAffairsâandâExternalâRelationsâCouncilâ(GAERC).âTheâdefenceâministersâhaveâalsoâmetâinâtheâGAERCâformatâsinceâ2004.âTheyâcanâmakeâdecisionsâregardingâtheâEuropeanâDefenceâAgencyâandâmilitaryâcapabilities.
Inâorderâtoâbeâableâtoâcarryâoutâcrisisâmanagementâoperations,âtheâEUâhadâtoâcreateâtheârelevantâstructuresâandâdevelopâtheânecessaryâprocedures.âTheârequiredâstructuralâdecisionsâwereâmadeâatâtheâNiceâEuropeanâCouncilââinâ2000.âTheâmostâimportantâbodiesâare:
3 The Political and Security Committee (PSC): The PSC comprises ambassadors from
the 27 EU member states who deal with all Common Foreign and Security Policy
issues. It exercises political control and strategic direction of crisis management
operations on behalf of the Council.
3 The Military Committee of the EU (EUMC): The Military Committee is made up
of the member statesâ Chiefs of General Staff or their representatives. The Military
Committee advises the PSC on military crisis management issues and the develop-
ment of military capabilities. The Chair of the Military Committee also acts as an
advisor to the Secretary-General/High Representative on all military issues. The
Military Staff, part of the EU-Council Secretariat, does the preparatory work for the
Military Committee.
3 The Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CIVCOM): CIVCOM is
comprised of diplomats and civilian crisis management specialists and advises the
PSC on all issues of civilian crisis management.
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5. Military capabilities
AtâitsâmeetingâinâHelsinkiâinâ1999,âtheâEuropeanâCouncilâsetâaââheadlineâgoalââforâtheâdevelopmentâofâmilitaryâcapabilitiesâinâorderâtoâbeâableâtoâmanageâtheâentireâspectrumâofâmilitaryâcrisisâmanagementâtasksâsetâoutâinâtheâEUâTreaty.âTheâgoalâstatedâthat,âforâEUâledâoperations,âbyâ2003âtheâmemberâstatesâshouldâbeâableâtoâdeployâwithinâ60âdaysâandâsustainâforâatâleastâoneâyearâforcesâofâ50,000â60,000âsoldiersâcapableâofâcarryingâoutâtheâfullârangeâofâPetersbergâtasks.âTheâ2001âLaekenâEuropeanâCouncilâconclusionsâincludedâaâdeclarationâonâtheâoperationalâcapabilityâofâtheâESDP.âInâquantitativeâterms,âtheâheadlineâgoalâhadâbeenâmetâtoâaâlargeâdegreeâbyâ2003.âHowever,âthereâwereâaânumberââofâprimarilyâquantitativeâcapabilityâshortfalls,âparticularlyâinâtheâareasâofââstrategicâtransport,âstrategicâreconnaissanceâandâcommandâandâcontrolâcapability.âTheâEuropeanâCapabilityâActionâPlanâ(ECAP)âconstitutedâaâfirstâstepâtowardsâaddressingâthoseâdeficiencies.âECAPâachievedâconcreteâresultsâsuchâasâtheâStrategicâAirliftâInterimâSolutionâ(SALIS),âwhichâprovidesâtheâmemberâstatesâwithâassuredâaccessâtoâlarge-capacityâtransportâaircraftâlikeâtheâAntonovâ
ANâ124â100âplanesâbasedâinâLeipzig.âInâ2003âtheâCapabilityâDevelopmentââMechanismâwasâadoptedâtoâanalyzeâdemand,âavailableâcapabilitiesâandââexistingâdeficiencies.
Followingâtheâeventsâofâ11âSeptemberâ2001âandâtheâadoptionâofâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâStrategy,âtheâheadlineâgoalâwasâadjustedâinâ2004âandâadoptedâwithâaânewâtargetâdateâasâtheâHeadlineâGoalâ2010.âTheâmostâimportantâdevelopmentâwasâexpandingâtheârangeâofâtasksâtoâincludeâobservation,âtrain-ingâandâsupportâofâthirdâcountriesâinâcounteringâterrorism.âAâkeyâelementâwasâtheâcallâtoâdevelopâtheâEUâsârapidâresponseâcapabilityâforâaâmilitaryâcrisisâwhichâstemmedâfromâaâproposalâbyâGermany,âFranceâandâtheâUnitedâKingdom.âThisâledâtoâtheâcreationâofâtheâEUâBattlegroupsâ(EUâBG)âinâ2005.âTheyâreachedâtheirâfullâoperationalâcapacityâinâ2007,âmeaningâthatâtwoâBattlegroupsâareâalwaysâavailable,âeachâforâaâperiodâofâsixâmonths.âTheyâareârapidlyâdeployableâandâcapableâofâconductingâlimitedâindependentâoperationsâorâtheâinitialâphaseâofâaâlargerâoperation.âAnâEUâBattlegroupâisâcomprisedâofâanâinfantryâbattalion,âmobileâheadquartersâandâtheârequiredâsupportâstaff.âTheâcoreâofâaâBattlegroupâconsistsâofâaboutâ1500âsoldiers.
Fiveânationally-providedâOperationâHeadquartersâareâavailableâforâcom-mandingâmilitaryâESDPâmissionsâ(inâGermany,âFrance,âtheâUnitedâKingdom,âItalyâandâGreece)âandâcanâbeâstaffedâwithâpersonnelâfromâtheâEUâmemberâstatesâuponâactivation.âInâaddition,âNATOâmakesâitsâSHAPEâheadquartersâavailableâforâEUâoperationsâthatâareâtoâbeâcarriedâoutâwithârecourseâtoâNATOâassetsâandâcapabilities.âMoreoverâtheâEUâhasâitsâownâOperationsâCentreâthatâcanâcommandâmilitaryâoperationsâofâlimitedâsizeâifânoânationalâheadquartersâisâavailable.
ToâimplementâtheâHeadlineâGoalâ2010,âtheâentireâEuropeanâdemandââforâmilitaryâcapabilitiesâwasâdetermined.âThisâwasâthenâcomparedâwithâtheâânationalâforcesâandâcapabilitiesâofferedâvoluntarily.âTheâresultâofâtheâcompara-tiveâanalysisâwasâmainlyâtheâdiscoveryâofâshortfallsâthatâwereâassessedâinâtermsâofâtheirâoperativeâriskâandâthenâcategorized.âAfterwards,âtheâshortfallsâthatâhadâbeenâidentifiedâwereâprioritized.âAâhostâofâindividualâprojectsâwereâiniti-atedâonâthisâbasisâandâareâcurrentlyâbeingâimplemented.
InâDecemberâ2008âtheâEuropeanâCouncilâraisedâtheâbarâinâaâdeclarationâonâenhancingâtheâESDP.âItâisâbasedâonâtheâframeworkâofâtheâmilitaryâandâcivil-ianâheadlineâgoalsâandâservesâtoâalignâtheâspectrumâofâtasksâandâoperationalâscenariosâwithâtheâoperationsâandâmissionsâmostâlikelyâforâtheâEU.
3Aboard the frigate âMecklenburg-Vorpommernâ: Federal Minister of Defence Franz Josef Jung and the shipâs captain, Commander Kay Achim Schönbach
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TheâEUâshouldâthusâbeâcapableâofâsimultaneouslyâplanningâandâconduct-ingâtheâfollowingâoperations:
3 two major stabilization and reconstruction operations, with a suitable civilian
component, supported by up to 10,000 troops for at least two years;
3 two rapid-response operations of limited duration using the EU Battlegroups;
3 an evacuation operation for European nationals, bearing in mind national respon-
sibilities and making use of the âLead State Conceptâ;
3 a maritime or air surveillance/interdiction mission;
3 a civilian-military humanitarian assistance operation lasting up to 90 days;
3 a dozen ESDP civilian missions of varying formats (particularly police, rule-of-law,
civilian administration or disaster response missions, security sector reform and
observation missions) including one major mission (with up to 3000 experts)
possibly lasting up to several years.
6. European Defence Agency
TheâEuropeanâDefenceâAgencyâ(EDA)âwasâestablishedâinâ2004ââtoâsupportâtheâMemberâStatesâandâtheâCouncilâinâtheirâeffortsâtoâimproveâEuropeanâdefenceâcapabilitiesâinâtheâfieldâofâcrisisâmanagementâandâtoâsustainâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâandâDefenceâPolicyâasâitâstandsânowâandâdevelopsâinâtheâfutureâ.âAlongâwithâdevelopingâdefenceâcapabilities,âtheâEDAâisâtoâpromoteâarmamentsâcooperation,âimproveâtheâindustrialâandâtechnologicalâbasisâinâtheâfieldâofâdefence,âsupportâtheâestablishmentâofâaâcompetitiveâmarketâforâEuropeanâdefenceâequipmentâandâpromoteâcooperativeâresearchâinâdefenceâtechnology.
ForâtheâfirstâtimeâatâtheâEUâlevel,âtheâareasârelevantâforâtheâinitiationââandâpreparationâofâcooperativeâprogrammesâââcapabilityâanalysis,âresearchâandâtechnologyâandâarmamentsâââareâthusâintegratedâinâaâsingleâorganization,âtheâEDA.
TheâEDAâquicklyâbeganâitsâworkâandânowâhasâoverâ110âstaffâmembersâimplementingânumerousâprojectsâinâallâfourâofâtheâareasâmentionedâabove.â
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Strategicâdocumentsâwereâadoptedâforâeachâofâtheâareasâtoâserveâasâaâsetâofâguidelinesâforâfutureâwork.
Inâparticular,âtheâagencyâisâtoâassumeâaâcoordinatingâfunctionâbetweenâexistingâstructuresâandâorganizations,âpoolâactivitiesâandâachieveâmaximumâsynergyâinâitsâareasâofâresponsibility.
AsâpartâofâtheâprocessâdevelopedâtoâimplementâtheâHeadlineâGoalââ(CapabilityâDevelopmentâMechanism),âtheâEuropeanâDefenceâAgencyâisâre-sponsibleâforâidentifyingâprioritiesâforâcapabilityâdevelopmentâandâcontinuallyâimplementingâspecificâprojectsâtoâthisâend.âAnâinitialâCapabilityâDevelopmentâPlanâwasâadoptedâinâ2008âtoâguideâtheâEDAâinâthisâfunction.
TheâEuropeanâDefenceâAgencyâisâpartâofâtheâEuropeanâUnionâsâover-archingâinstitutionalâframework.âItâworksâunderâtheâpoliticalâcontrolâofâtheâCouncilâofâMinistersâandâisâdirectedâonâmattersâofâsubstanceâbyâtheâSteeringâBoardâcomposedâofâtheâparticipatingâmemberâstatesâandâchairedâbyâtheââSecretary-General/HighâRepresentativeâofâtheâEU.âTheâCouncilâmeetsâinâtheâDefenceâMinistersâformatâtoâdiscussâandâdecideâonâissuesâaffectingâtheâEDA.âTheâEDAâallowsâtheâparticipationâofâthirdâcountriesâandâisâfreeâtoâcooperateâwithâotherâinstitutions.âNorwayâhasâalreadyâconcludedâanâadministrativeâagreementâwithâtheâEDAâandâisâactivelyâcooperatingâonâaânumberâofâprojects.âAdditionally,âtheâJointâActionâonâtheâEstablishmentâofâtheâEDAâenvisagesââcooperationâandâcoordinationâwithâtheâOrganizationâforâJointâArmamentââCooperationâ(OCCAR)âinâorderâtoâachieveâoptimalâinteragencyâcooperation.
TheâJointâActionâalsoâenvisagesâcooperationâwithâTurkey,âNorwayâandâNATO.
7. Civilian capabilities
TheâexperienceâgainedâinâtheâBalkansâandâinâAfghanistanâhasâshownâthatââcivilianâinstrumentsâareâanâindispensableâpartâofâcrisisâmanagementâand,ââinâmostâcasesâindeedâpreferred.âCivilianâforcesâareâessentialâtoâconflictââprevention.âMoreover,âitâisâoftenânecessaryâtoârebuildâstateâstructuresâafterâaâviolentâconflictâhasâended.âGenerally,âpoliceâofficersâandâcivilianâexpertsâinâtheâfieldsâofâpolice,âruleâofâlaw,âcivilâadministrationâandâcustomsâareâneededâtoârestoreâandâmaintainâstability.âThisâusuallyâgoesâhandâinâhandâwithâlong-termâcommitmentâwithinâtheâframeworkâofâreconstructionâorâaâdomesticâreformâprocessâinâtheâcountry.
AâtrademarkâandâparticularâstrengthâofâtheâESDPâisâtheâparallelâandâbal-ancedâdevelopmentâofâcivilianâandâmilitaryâcapabilities.âTheâEuropeanâUnionâthereforeâhasâtheâentireâspectrumâofâcrisisâmanagementâtoolsâatâitsâdisposal,ârangingâfromâdiplomaticânegotiationâeffortsâtoâtheâimpositionâofâsanctionsâorâtheâsecondmentâofâaâpoliceâorârule-of-lawâmissionâtoâtheâuseâofâmilitaryâforce.âGermanyâstronglyâsupportsâstrengtheningâtheâEUâsâcivilianâcapabilities.
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TheâFeiraâ(Juneâ2000)âandâGöteborgâ(Juneâ2001)âEuropeanâCouncilsââformulatedâcorrespondingâobjectivesâforâtheâdifferentâareasâofâcivilianââcrisisâmanagement.âTheâheadsâofâstateâandâgovernmentâagreedâtoâdevelopâcapabilitiesâinâtheâareasâofâpolice,âruleâofâlaw,âcivilâadministrationâandâcivilâprotection.
InâDecemberâ2004,âtheâEuropeanâCouncilâadoptedâaâconsolidatedâheadlineâgoalâforâcivilianâcrisisâmanagement,âtheâCivilianâHeadlineâGoalâ2008.âItsâmainâobjectiveâisâtoâidentifyâandâdevelopâtheâcivilianâcapabilitiesâtheâEUârequiresâuntilâ2008âtoâcompleteâitsâtasks.âDuringâtheâGermanâCouncilâPresi-dency,âtheâtimeâhorizonâwasâalignedâwithâtheâmilitaryâHeadlineâGoalâ2010.
TheâCivilianâHeadlineâGoalâisâintendedâtoâbringâaboutâqualitativeâandâquantitativeâimprovementsâinâtheâareaâofâcivilianâcrisisâmanagement;âtheseâareâtoâbeâachievedâthroughâtheâfollowingâmeasures:
3 Mobilizing adequate resources for civilian crisis management. The aim is to have
the capability to carry out several civilian missions, including a larger âsubstitution
missionâ in a non-benign environment, concurrently over a longer period of time.
3 Enhancing the rapid response capability in the civilian sector (for example by
seconding integrated civilian Crisis Response Teams).
3 Linking civilian and military crisis management more closely. The EU and its
member states offer a range of programmes that prepare police officers and
civilian experts for missions within the framework of the ESDP. Cooperation with
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is very important in this context.
One organization that stands out is the Berlin based Zentrum fĂŒr Internationale
FriedenseinsĂ€tze â Center for International Peace Operations â ZIF) which was
founded in April 2002 in close cooperation with the Federal Government and
the Bundestag (German Parliament). Today ZIF is one of Europeâs leading
institutions for recruiting and training civilian personnel.
8. EU and NATO: Strategic partnership
TheâEUâandâNATOâcomplementâratherâthanâcompeteâwithâeachâother.âInâcasesââwhereâNATOâasâaâwholeâisânotâengagedâ,âtheâEUâisâtoâbeâableâtoâlaunchâandâconductâitsâownâmilitaryâoperations.âInâthisârespectâthereâareâtwoâpossibilities:âEUâledâoperationsâwithârecourseâtoâNATOâassetsâandâcapabilitiesâ(examples:âOperationâCONCORDIAâinâtheâFormerâYugoslavâRepublicâofâMacedonia;ââOperationâALTHEAâinâBosniaâandâHerzegovina)âandâthoseâwithoutâsuchâârecourseâ(examples:âOperationâARTEMISâandâOperationâEUFORâRDâCongoâinâtheâDemocraticâRepublicâofâtheâCongo;âOperationâATALANTA;âEUFORâTchad/RCA).âTheâlatterâareâreferredâtoâasââautonomousââoperations.
GermanyâconsidersâitâveryâimportantâforâNATOâassetsâandâcapabilitiesââtoâbeâusedâwheneverâitâisâpossibleâandâlogicalâtoâdoâso.âThatâisâwhyâconcludingâtheâpermanentâarrangementsâbetweenâtheâEUâandâNATOâ(âBerlinâPlusââagree-ment)âinâMarchâ2003âwasâsuchâaâsignificantâmilestone.âMostâmemberâstatesâofâtheâEUâandâNATOâareâmembersâofâbothâorganizationsâandâthereforeâhaveâanâinterestâinâachievingâcomplementarityâandâcreatingâsynergies.
3NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and the Secretary-General of the Council and High Representative for the CFSP Javier Solana at a meeting on 21 January 2004 at NATO Headquarters in Brussels.
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AtâtheâWashingtonâSummitâinâAprilâ1999,âNATOâmadeâtheâEUâanâofferâbuildingâuponâtheâexistingâcooperationâbetweenâNATOâandâtheâWesternââEuropeanâUnionâ(WEU).âItâwasânamedâtheââBerlinâPlusâagreementââbecauseââtheâofferâwasâaâreiteratedâandâimprovedâversionâofâanâofferâthatâtheâNATOââForeignâMinistersâhadâmadeâtheâWEUâinâ1996âatâaâmeetingâinâBerlin.ââBasically,âNATOâofferedâtheâEUârecourseâtoâtheâAllianceâsâcollectiveââassetsââandâcapabilitiesââasâwellâasâcontinuousâaccessâtoâNATOâplanningâcapabilitiesâforâEUâledâoperations.âThisâisâimportantâbecause,âinâcontrastâtoâNATO,âtheââEUâdoesânotâhaveâitsâownâmilitaryâcommandâorganization.âInâorderâforâthisââassistanceâtoâbeâprovided,âNATOââasâaâwholeââcannotâbeâinvolvedâinâcrisisââmanagementâinâtheâspecificâsituation.
CloseâcoordinationâbetweenâtheâEUâandâNATOâisâalsoâcentralâtoâtheââdevelopmentâofâmilitaryâcapabilities.âEachâofâtheâ21âcountriesâthatâareâmem-bersâbothâofâtheâEuropeanâUnionâandâNATOâdrawsâitsâmilitaryâcontributionsâtoâbothâorganizationsâfromâaâsingleâpoolâofânationalâforces.âItâthereforeâmakesâsenseâthatâeffortsâtoâfurtherâdevelopâmilitaryâcapabilitiesâinâtheâEUâandâNATOâshouldâbeââmutuallyâreinforcingâ.âToâachieveâsuchâanâeffect,âtheâplanningâprocessesâofâbothâorganizationsâmustâbeâsynchronizedâandâharmonizedâââsomethingâGermanyâstronglyâadvocatesâandâsupports.âAccordingâtoâtheââcommuniquĂ©âofâtheâNovemberâ2002âPragueâNATOâSummit,âtheâNATOââResponseâForceâ(NRF)âandâtheârelatedâworkâofâtheâEUâHeadlineâGoalâshouldââalsoâbeâmutuallyâreinforcing.âTheâdevelopmentâofâmilitaryâcapabilitiesâunder-takenâwithinâtheâframeworkâofâtheâESDPâalsoâstrengthensâtheâinteroperabilityâofâAmericanâandâEuropeanâforcesâwithinâNATO.
NATOâisâandâwillâcontinueâtoâbeâtheâfoundationâofâourâcollectiveâdefence.âNoâotherâorganizationâwillâbeâableâtoâassumeâthisâkeyâtaskâinâtheâforeseeableâfuture.âButâaâstrongâallianceâalsoârequiresâcapableâpartnersâinâEurope.âFromâtheâGermanâperspective,âaâdynamicâESDPâoughtâtoâstrengthenâtheâEuropeanâpillarâofâtheâAllianceâandâthereforeâNATOâasâaâwhole.âTheâGermanâGovernmentâviewsâcloseâcooperationâbetweenâNATOâandâtheâEUâasâindispensable.
9. European Union Satellite Centre
TheâEuropeanâUnionâhasâhadâaâsatelliteâcentreâsinceâ1âJanuaryâ2002âthatâisâtaskedâwithâsupportingâEUâdecision-makingâwithinâtheâframeworkâofâtheâCFSPâandâtheâESDP.âToâthisâend,âtheâCentreâassessesâsatelliteâimageryâandâcollateralâdataâsuchâasâaerialâimageryâandâproducesâanalysesâthatâareâmadeâavailableâtoâtheâCouncilâSecretariatâand,âusually,âalsoâtoâtheâmemberâstates.âItâisâlocatedâinâTorrejĂłnâdeâArdozânearâMadrid.
TheâPoliticalâandâSecurityâCommitteeâ(PSC)âexercisesâpoliticalâsuper-visionâoverâtheâCentreâwhichâwithâregardâtoâitsâoperationalâworkâreportsââdirectlyâtoâtheâSecretary-General/HighâRepresentativeâforâtheâCommonââForeignâandâSecurityâPolicy.âAccordingâtoâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâStrategyââ(ESS),âtheâEuropeanâUnionâseeksâtoâactivelyâpursueâitsâstrategicâgoals.âTheâsecurityâchallengesâEuropeâfacesâareâglobalâinânature.âInâorderâtoâmeetâtheseâchallenges,âEuropeâmustâbeâableâtoâdecideâandâactâglobally;âinâthisârespect,âglobalâsatelliteâreconnaissanceâcanâmakeâaâvaluableâcontribution.
3A satellite image of Kinshasa
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TheâCentreâsâprioritiesâreflectâthoseâoutlinedâinâtheâESS.âSpecialâemphasisâisâplacedâonâtheâfollowingâissues:âpreventingâtheâproliferationâofâweaponsâofâmassâdestructionâandâtheirâmeansâofâdelivery,âcombatingâinternationalâterror-ism,âdefusingâregionalâconflictsâandâofferingâsupportâinâtheâareasâofâcrisisâandâconflictâmanagement.âSupportingâtheâplanning,âpreparationâandâexecutionâofâEUâmissionsâandâoperationsâisâbecomingâincreasinglyâimportant.âReliableâandâupâto-dateâinformationâonâtheâgeographyâofâtheâdeploymentâlocationâisâtheâbasisâofâeveryâoperation.âTheâSatelliteâCentreâhasâpreparedâimageâanalysesâforâallâEUâoperationsâtoâdate.âSpecifically,âthisâincludesâtheâoperationsâinâBosniaâandâHerzegovinaâ(ALTHEA)âandâoffâtheâcoastâofâSomaliaâ(ATALANTA).
Underâcertainâconditions,âinternationalâorganizationsâcanâalsoâsubmitârequestsâtoâandâreceiveâproductsâfromâtheâCentre.âForâinstance,âtheâSatelliteâCentreâisâassistingâtheâUnitedâNationsâmissionâinâtheâDemocraticâRepublicâofâtheâCongoâ(MONUC).âItâalsoâcooperatesâcloselyâwithâNATO,âtheâAfricanâUnionâandâtheâInternationalâAtomicâEnergyâAgencyâ(IAEA).
MemberâstatesâusuallyâtaskâtheâCentreâinâconnectionâwithâtheirââcontributionsâtoâhumanitarianâandâpeacekeepingâmissions.âLebanonâisââaâcurrentâexampleâofâsuchâanâoperation,âbutâpastâexamplesâincludeâtheâassistanceâprovidedâfollowingâtheâ2005âtsunamiâinâAsiaâorâtheâ2006âearth-quakeâinâPakistan.
TheâtrainingâcapacityâofâtheâSatelliteâCentre,âoriginallyâintendedâforââtheâcontinuingâtrainingâofâitsâownâpersonnel,âisâincreasinglyâbeingâusedâbyââtheâmemberâstates.âAdditionally,ârepresentativesâofâtheâmemberâstatesâmeetâseveralâtimesâaâyearâinâTorrejĂłnâtoâdiscussâtheâpracticalâaspectsâofâsatelliteââimageryâanalysisâforâgatheringâintelligenceâonâissuesâconcerningâforeignââandâsecurityâpolicy.âInâthisâway,âtheâCentreâisâhelpingâtoâdevelopâEuropeanâcooperationâinâtheâareaâofâdigitalâsatelliteâimageryâanalysis.
InâorderâtoâprovideâtheâSatelliteâCentreâwithâhigh-qualityâsatelliteââimagery,âagreementsâwereâsignedâinâNovemberâ2008âwithâcountriesââparticipatingâinâtheâHeliosâIIâsatelliteâsystemâandâwithâItalyâ(whichâoperatesââtheâCOSMO-SkyMedâsatellite).âAâdeclarationâofâintentâwasâalsoâconcludedââwithâGermanyâ(whichâoperatesâtheâSAR-Lupeâsatellite).
10. EU crisis management operations
Sinceâ2003âtheâEUâhasâundertakenâ24âoperations,âsomeâofâthemâratherââcomplex.âNineâofâtheseâmissionsâhaveâalreadyâbeenâsuccessfullyâcompleted.âFourâofâtheâmostâimportantâoperationsâandâmissionsâareâdescribedâbelow.
Operation EU NAVFOR ATALANTA: Combating piracy off the coast of Somalia
TheâEuropeanâUnionâbeganâitsâfirstâmaritimeâoperation,âEUâNAVFORââATALANTA,âonâ9âDecemberâ2008.âTheâoperationâisâEuropeâsâcontributionââtoâcombatingâpiracyâoffâtheâHornâofâAfrica.âInâtheâmonthsâleadingâupâtoââtheâstartâofâtheâoperation,âpiratesâ(mainlyâfromâtheâautonomousâregionâofâ
3Soldiers approach a ship off the coast of Somalia.
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PuntlandâinâSomalia)âhadâattackedâandâcapturedâaânumberâofâmerchantââvesselsâinâtheâGulfâofâAdenâoffâtheâeasternâcoastâofâSomalia.
ThereâhasâbeenâfightingâbetweenâvariousâgroupsâandâclansâinâSomaliaâsinceâtheâfallâofâSiadâBarreâsâgovernmentâinâ1991.âByânow,âthereâareâhardlyâanyâstateâstructuresâorâfunctioningâauthoritiesâleft.âAcrossâlargeâsectionsâofâtheâcountryâlawlessnessâisâcommonâandâmuchâofâtheâpopulationâlivesâinâextremeâpoverty.âTheâabsenceâofâeffectiveâadministrativeâstructuresâandâtheâprecariousâconditionsâtheâSomaliâpeopleâliveâinâcontributeâgreatlyâtoâtheâpiracyâoffâtheâcoastâofâSomalia.
SeveralâshipsâservingâtheâUnitedâNationsâWorldâFoodâProgrammeâ(WFP),âdeliveringâfoodâtoâtheâstarvingâSomaliâpopulation,âwereâattackedâbyâpirates.ââAsâaâresult,âitâbecameâincreasinglyâdifficultâforâtheâUnitedâNationsâtoâcharterâshipsâtoâcarryâoutâthisâhumanitarianâtask.âMoreover,âtheâGulfâofâAdenâisâpartââofâtheâmostâimportantâtradingârouteâbetweenâEuropeâandâAsia.âAnnually,âwellâoverâ20,000âshipsâpassâthroughâtheâwatersâoffâtheâSomaliâcoast.
InâlightâofâtheâworseningâmaritimeâsecurityâsituationâoffâtheâcoastâofââSomalia,âtheâUNâSecurityâCouncilâadoptedâResolutionsâ1814,â1816,â1838âandâ1846âinâ2008.âTheseâresolutionsâpermitted,âunderâcertainâconditions,âwarâshipsâfromâotherâcountriesâtoâenterâSomaliaâsâcoastalâwatersâinâorderâtoâcombatâpiracy.âAccordingâtoâcustomaryâinternationalâlawâandâtheâ1982âUNâConventionâonâtheâLawâofâtheâSea,âanyâwarshipâisâauthorizedâtoâfightâactsâofâpiracyâonâtheâhighâseas.
Furthermore,âtheâresolutionsâcallâonâtheâinternationalâcommunityââtoâtakeâactionâagainstâtheâescalatingâactsâofâpiracy.âTheâEuropeanâUnionâârespondedâtoâthisâcallâbyâadoptingâaâcomprehensiveâcrisisâmanagementâconceptâonâ5âAugustâ2008.âFollowingâextensiveâworkâinâtheâCouncilâbodies,âCouncilâJointâActionâ2008/851/CFSPâwasâadoptedâbyâtheâCouncilâofâtheââEuropeanâUnionâonâ10âNovemberâ2008.âAâconceptâofâoperationâandâoperationââplanâwereâsubsequentlyâdeveloped.âApprovalâtoâbeginâtheâoperationâwasââreceivedâfromâtheâCouncilâonâ8âDecemberâ2008âandâitâwasâlaunchedâonâtheââfollowingâday.âThus,âEUâNAVFORâATALANTAâbecameâtheâfirstâoperationâwithâtheâspecificâgoalâofâcombatingâpiracyâoffâtheâHornâofâAfrica.
ATALANTAâisâmandatedâwithâprotectingâshipsâcharteredâbyâtheâWFPââandâmerchantâvesselsâinâtheâareaâandâkeepingâwatchâoverâthoseâstretchesâofâtheâSomaliâcoastâthatâposeâaâdangerâtoâmaritimeâtraffic.âForcesâparticipatingââinâATALANTAâmayââtakeâtheânecessaryâmeasures,âincludingâtheâuseâofâforce,âtoâdeter,âpreventâandâinterveneâinâorderâtoâbringâtoâanâendâactsâofâpiracyâandâ
armedârobberyââandâareâalsoâauthorizedâtoââarrest,âdetainâandâtransferâpersonsâwhoâhaveâcommittedââŠâactsâofâpiracyâorâarmedârobberyââasâwellâasâseizeâevi-denceâ(Articleâ2,âJointâActionâ2008/851/CFSP).
Severalâfrigatesâwithâon-boardâhelicopters,âaâsupplyâshipâandâaâmaritimeâpatrolâaircraftâwereâneededâtoâestablishâoperationalâcapability.âTheâmissionâsâOperationalâHeadquartersâisâlocatedâinâNorthwood,ânearâLondon.âTacticalâcommandâinâtheâtheatreâofâoperationâisâcarriedâoutâfromâaâfrigateâandârotatesâeveryâfourâmonths.âOperationâATALANTAâcooperatesâcloselyâwithâotherânaviesâinâtheâarea.âThisâincludesâNATOâasâwellâasâtheâUSâledâCombinedâTaskâForceâ151,âwhichâcombatsâpiracyâunderâtheâauspicesâofâOperationâEnduringâFreedom,âandâwarshipsâfromâChina,âRussia,âIndia,âtheâRepublicâofâKorea,âMalaysiaâandâJapan.âOperationalâHeadquartersâinâNorthwoodâalsoâworksâcloselyâwithâotherâcountriesâinâtheâregion.
Onâ19âDecemberâ2008âtheâGermanâfrigateââKarlsruheââwasâassignedââtoâOperationâATALANTA.âTheâFederalâCabinetâhadâgivenâitsâapprovalâforââGermanyâsâparticipationâinâtheâoperationâonâ8âDecemberâonâtheâbasisâofâtheâJointâAction.âOnâ19âDecemberâ2008âtheâBundestagâ(parliament)âagreedâbyââaâlargeâmajorityâtoâtheâdeploymentâofâtheâGermanânavyâwithinâtheâframeworkâofâATALANTA.
Forâtheâdurationâofâtheâoperation,âGermanyâwillâcontributeâatâleastâoneâfrigateâwithâanâon-boardâhelicopterâandâprotectionâteamsâknownâasâVesselâProtectionâDetachmentsâ(VPD).âMoreover,âtheâupperâlimitâofâ1400âsoldiersâspecifiedâinâtheâBundestagâmandateâallowsâforâtheâtemporaryâassignmentâofâadditionalânavalâunits,âifânecessary.âThisâexplainsâwhyâatâtimesâthereâareâseveralâGermanâfrigatesâandâsupplyâshipsâtakingâpartâinâATALANTA.âTheâmaritimeâpatrolâaircraftâP3CâOrion,âwhichâisâtemporarilyâstationedâinâDjibouti,âcanâalsoâsupportâATALANTAâifânecessary.âWhileâtheâStandingâNATOâMaritimeâGroupâ(SNMG)âwasâinâtransit,âtheâGermanâshipsâbelongingâtoâthatâgroupâwereâassignedâtoâATALANTA.
Inâadditionâtoâmilitaryâandâoperationalâchallenges,âOperationâATALANTAâraisedâaânumberâofâlegalâquestionsâthatâhadâtoâbeâaddressedâatâbothâtheâEUâandânationalâlevels.âTheseâissuesâprimarilyâconcernâwhatâtoâdoâwithâpiratesâtakenâintoâcustody.âBecauseâtheâcourtsâandâcorrectionalâfacilitiesâinâSomaliaâdoânotâmeetâevenâtheâmostâbasicârequirements,âitâwasânecessaryâtoâfindâalternativeâmeansâofâprosecutingâsuspects.âTheâEuropeanâUnionâthereforeâconcludedâanâagreementâwithâtheâRepublicâofâKenyaâthatâallowsâpersonsâtakenâintoâcustodyâtoâbeâtransferredâtoâKenyaâforâcriminalâprosecution.âGermanyâisâalsoâworkingâtoâestablishâanâinternationalâcourtâforâpiracy.
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Despiteâtheâvastâareaâofâseaâtoâpatrolâandâaânumberâofâlogisticalâandââoperationalâchallenges,âATALANTAâhadâaâsuccessfulâstart.âAsâofâMayâ2009,ââATALANTAâhadâsafelyâguidedâoverâ150,000âtonsâofâfoodâfromâtheâWFPâthroughâtheâdangerousâareaâsoâthatâitâcouldâbeâdistributedâtoâtheâsufferingâSomaliâpopulation.âInâthisâway,âwellâoverâaâmillionâpeopleâwereâableâtoâbeâfed.ââInâmanyâcasesâitâwasâpossibleâtoâfendâoffâpirateâattacksâonâmerchantâvessels.âByâcooperatingâwithâotherâactorsâinâtheâarea,âATALANTAâsucceededâinâmakingâpassageâthroughâtheâGulfâofâAdenârelativelyâsafe.
Atâtheâsameâtime,âattacksâonâcivilianâshipsâinâtheâareaâhaveâcontinued.âTheirâcrewsâareâoftenâtakenâhostage.âThisâshowsâthatâtheâfightâagainstâpiracyâwillâtakeâtimeâandâthatâevenâbetterâcoordinationâisânecessaryâbetweenâtheâlimitedânumberâofâforces.âYetâitâalsoâdemonstratesâthatâtheâmilitaryâanswerâtoâpiracyâoffâtheâcoastâofâSomaliaâmustâbeâaccompaniedâbyâeffortsâtoâestablishâaâfunctioningâstateâonâland.âCreatingâreliableâstateâstructures,âespeciallyâinâtheâfieldâofâsecurity,âremainsâaâdauntingâtaskâinâtheâHornâofâAfrica.
European Union Police Mission in Afghanistan (EUPOL Afghanistan)
AfterâmuchâcarefulâpreparationâandâmanyâdecisionsâonâtheâpartâofâtheââEuropeanâUnion,âEUPOLâAfghanistanâbeganâitsâworkâonâ15âJuneâ2007âwithââ45âinternationalâpoliceâofficers,â27âcivilianâexpertsâandâ35âAfghanâstaffââmembers.âTheâaimâwasâandâstillâisâtoâbuildâupâaâdemocratic,âmulti-ethnicââpoliceâforceâthatâfulfilsâitsâresponsibilitiesâtoâtheâpopulationâinâaccordanceââwithâinternationalâstandardsâandâonâtheâbasisâofâprinciplesâsuchâasâhumanârightsâandâtheâruleâofâlaw.âSimultaneously,âspecialâattentionâwasâgivenâtoâpromotingâeffectiveâcooperationâbetweenâpoliceâandâjudicialâauthorities,âinâparticularâwithâtheâprosecutor-generalâandâtheâAfghanâMinistryâofâJustice.
Envisagedâforâaâperiodâofâthreeâyears,âtheâmandateâoriginallyâencom-passedâ234âpoliceâofficersâandâcivilianâexperts.âHowever,âsinceâ1âDecemberâ2008âtheâmandateâhasâpermittedâupâtoâ400âinternationalâstaffâmembers.ââAtâtheâbeginningâofâMayâ2009âtheâmissionâcomprisedâ152âinternationalâpoliceâofficers,â72âcivilianâexpertsâfromâ19âEUâcountriesâandâtheâsupportingâcountriesâNorway,âCroatia,âCanadaâandâNewâZealand,âincludingâ40âpoliceâofficersâandââ11âcivilianâexpertsâfromâGermany,âandâ139âAfghans.
3An Afghan police officer receives her certification after completing an EUPOL course.
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EUPOLâstaffâmembersâdoânotâhaveâexecutiveâpowers.âTheâsecondedâpoliceâofficersâcarryâweaponsâforâtheirâownâsafety.âTheâcivilianâexpertsâworkingâonâtheâoperationâareâunarmed;âprotectionâisâprovidedâbyâaâprivateâsecurityâfirm.âStaffâareâhousedâinâprotectedâresidencesâthatâareârequiredâtoâmeetâEUâsecurityâstandards.âOutsideâofâtheâhomes,âarmedâvehiclesâmustâbeâusedâforâtransportâandâbullet-proofâvestsâmustâbeâwornâatâallâtimes.
Theâmandateâencompassesâtheâfollowingâmainâpoints:
3 supporting the Afghan Government in reforming the police; in particular,
providing strategic consulting to the Ministry of the Interior;
3 supporting the Afghan National Police (ANP) by helping to fight crime and
develop the border police, uniformed police, Kabul city police as well as nationwide
training and anti-corruption systems along with the relevant action plans;
3 improving cooperation and coordination among international actors working
in the police sector;
3 streamlining the judicial process by advising the prosecutor-generalâs office
and the Ministry of Justice in particular.
Policeâworkâfocusesâonâtheâfollowingâareas:âanalysisâandâevaluationâofâcapabilities,âcriminalâprosecution,âinformation-gathering,âANPâinspectionâandâpatrollingâactivities,âcityâsecurityâandâtrainingâandâeducationâforâtheâANP,âincludingâtheâborderâpolice.
TogetherâwithâtheâANP,âEUPOLâisâdevelopingâanâinformation-gatheringâandâassessmentâsystem.âAdditionally,âcoursesâareâofferedâonâtopicsâincludingâcrime-sceneâinvestigationâtechniques,âinvestigationâproceduresâandâcovertâoperationâandâsurveillanceâmeasures.
SinceâFebruaryâ2009âtheâEUPOLâKabulâCityâSecurityâProjectâandâotherâinternationalâpartnersâhaveâhelpedâtheâANPâimplementâaâcomprehensiveâsecurityâconceptâforâKabulâ(populationâ4.5âmillion)âandâintroduceâtheâmodelââinâotherâcities.âOverâ1200âmembersâofâtheâANPâhaveâalreadyâreceivedâtrainingâinâKabulâandâaâfurtherâ1800âwillâbeâtrainedâinâtheâcomingâweeks.
Aânumberâofâpilotâprojectsâincludingâaviationâsecurityâtraining,âaâsingleânationwideâemergencyânumberâandâsettingâupâcooperativeâinvestigationâteamsâcomposedâofâpoliceâofficersâandâpublicâprosecutorsâtoâcounterâorgan-izedâcrimeâatâtheâprovincialâlevelâareâbeingâimplementedâacrossâtheâcountry.
AâcomprehensiveâinformationâtechnologyâconceptâwasâdevelopedââwithâtheâANPâinâorderâtoâmakeâpossibleâself-sufficientâITâsystemâmaintenanceâandâupkeep,âasâwellâasâtheânecessaryâvocationalâandâspecialâtraining.ââWithâtheâapproval,âbudgetâandâlandâforâbuildingâanâITâcentreânowâatâhand,âimplementationâcanâbegin.
EUPOLâisâcurrentlyârunningâaââTrainâtheâTrainerââprogramme.âByâtheâendâofâtheâyear,âroughlyâ1000âpoliceâofficersâwillâhaveâbeenâtrainedâasâinstructorsâtoâworkâinâtheâfieldâofâANPâtraining.
Inâtheârun-upâtoâtheâpresidentialâelections,âsetâtoâtakeâplaceâinâAugustâ2009,âEUPOLâisâimplementingâaânumberâofâtrainingâmeasuresâtogetherâwithâtheâUnitedâNationsâDevelopmentâProgrammeâ(UNDP)âthatâwillâbenefitâaâtotalâofâ35,000âANPâpoliceâofficers.âAtâEUPOLâsâinitiative,âtheâSeniorâPoliceâAdvisoryâGroupâwasâestablished.âItâcoordinatesâtheâpolice-relatedâactivitiesâofâallâinter-nationalâactorsâatâtheâstrategicâlevelâandâpresentsâpoliticalâdecision-makersâwithârecommendationsâforâdevelopingâtheâANP.
Inâtheâareaâofâtheâruleâofâlaw,âEUPOLâpromotesâcooperationâamongâtheâpolice,âpublicâprosecutorâsâofficeâandâjudiciary,âadvisesâtheâofficeâofâtheâprosecutor-generalâandâtheâMinistryâofâJusticeâandâsupportsâtheâdraftingâofâlegislation.âEUPOLâwasâthusâableâtoâhelpâconsiderablyâinâdraftingâtheânewâcodeâofâcriminalâprocedure,âpoliceâlegislationâandâadministrativeâlawâgoverningâtheâpolice.
AâstrategyâandâstructureâforâpromotingâequalâopportunityâandâhumanârightsâareâcurrentlyâbeingâdevelopedâinâtheâMinistryâofâtheâInterior.âJointâseminarsâandâworkingâgroupsâensureâbetterâcooperationâamongâpolice,âpublicâprosecutorsâandâjudgesâbyâinstitutionalizingâworkingâmethods.
EUPOLâhasâtakenâanâimpressiveâleadâonâtheâanti-corruptionâcampaignââinâtheâInteriorâMinistry.âTogetherâwithâitsâinternationalâpartnersâEUPOLââdevelopedâanâimplementationâconceptâandâidentifiedâtheârequiredâmeasuresâtoâbeâtakenâinâdetailedâactionâplans,âwhichâwereâapprovedâbyâtheâMinisterâofâtheâInterior.
Theâmainâtasksâinâtheânextâfewâmonthsâwillâbeâimplementingâtheâprojectsâandâintroducingâtheâpilotâprojectsâacrossâtheâwholeâcountry.âExtendingâtheâmissionâinâtheâindividualâregionsâandâprovincesâandâbolsteringârule-of-lawâactivitiesâareâfurtherâpriorities.
â
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EULEX Kosovo â The largest civilian ESDP mission to date fully operational
Afterâbeginningâoperationsâonâ9âDecemberâ2008,âtheâESDPârule-of-lawâmissionâEULEXâKosovoâreachedâitsâfullâoperationalâcapabilityâonâ6âAprilâ2009âwithâaroundâ1750âinternationalâ(andâsomeâ800âlocal)âstaff.âItâisâtheâfirstâcivilianâESDPâmissionâtoâhaveâanâexecutiveâmandate.âWithinâtheâgeneralâframeworkâofâUnitedâNationsâSecurityâCouncilâResolutionâ1244,âtheâmissionâisâtaskedâwithâassistingâtheâauthoritiesâofâKosovoâinâestablishingâaâprofessional,âmulti-ethnicâjudiciary,âpoliceâforceâandâcustomsâserviceâandâhelpingâthemâmeetâtheâEUâsârule-of-lawâstandards.âGermanyâisâplayingâaâsubstantialâroleâinâtheâmission:âitâcurrentlyâhasâaroundâ100âpoliceâofficersâandâoverâ20âcivilianâexpertsâ(judges,âpublicâprosecutors,âadministrativeâexperts)âservingâinâKosovo.
Originally,âEULEXâwasâtoâreachâitsâfullâoperationalâcapabilityâonâ15âJuneâ2008âwhenâKosovoâsâconstitutionâenteredâintoâforce.âButâdifficultânegotiationsâ
withinâtheâUNâframeworkâandâwithâSerbiaâdelayedâtheâtransferâofâauthorityâfromâtheâUNâinterimâadministrationâ(UNMIK)âtoâtheâauthoritiesâofâKosovoâandâEULEX.âOnâ24âNovemberâ2008,âUNâSecretary-GeneralâBanâKiâmoonâsubmittedââaâreportâonâreducingâUNMIKâsâpresenceâandâunderscoredâtheâlargerâroleââtheâEUâwouldâplayâinâtheâfuture.âAllâmembersâofâtheâUNâSecurityâCouncilââwelcomedâtheâreportâwithâaâPresidentialâStatementâonâ26âNovemberâ2008.âFromâSerbiaâsâperspective,âthisâlegitimizedâtheâdeploymentâofâEULEXâthrough-outâallâofâKosovo.âTheâEUâissuedâaâdeclarationâsupportingâtheâUNâreportâonââ28âNovemberâ2008.âOnâthisâbasis,âanâexchangeâofâlettersâbetweenâSecretary-General/HighâRepresentativeâSolanaâandâPresidentâTadicâtookâplaceâonââ28âNovemberâ2008,âinâwhichâSerbiaâexpressedâitsâpoliticalâsupportâforâtheâbuildupâofâtheâEULEXâmissionâacrossâallâofâKosovo.
EULEXâwasâableâtoâreportâitsâfirstâsuccessâinâtheâfirstâhalfâofâ2009:ââEULEXâstaffâareâadvisingâandâsupportingâallâpoliceâstationsâacrossâtheâcountry.âMoreâmulti-ethnicâpoliceâpatrolsâareâbeingâestablished.âOverâ100âcriminalâhearingsâandâtrialsâhaveâbeenâcarriedâoutâandâtheâfirstâwarâcrimesâtrialâhasâbeenâconcluded.âCivilâcasesâareâgraduallyâbeingâprocessed.âBorderâcrossingsâ1âandâ31âonâtheâborderâbetweenâSerbiaâandâKosovoâareâopenâaroundâtheâclockâforâtheâfirstâtime,âwithâstatisticsâonâtheânumberâofâpeopleâandâamountâofâgoodsâthatâpassesâthroughâthemâbeingârecordedâinâpreparationâforâaâfutureâtoll.
CloseâcooperationâbetweenâtheâNATOâmissionâKFORâandâEULEXâhasââbeenâableâtoâguaranteeâaâstableâsecurityâsituationâinâKosovoâsoâfar.
Aânumberâofâ(international)âlegal,âpoliticalâandâpracticalâissuesâstillââneedâtoâbeâresolved;âforâexample,âtoâwhatâextentâdoâresidentsâofâtheâcountryârecognizeâandâabideâbyâlegislationâKosovoâsâparliamentâpassesâunderâtheââumbrellaââofâtheâUN?âAnotherâexampleâisâachievingâaâfullyâfunctionalâcourtâinânorthâMitrovica,âwhichâisâviewedâasâespeciallyâimportantâbyâtheâpeopleâofâKosovo.âTheâsameâisâtrueâforâfillingâpositionsâinâKosovoâsâpoliceâforceâinâorderââtoâensureâaâproportionalârepresentationâamongâethnicities.
TheâsuccessâofâtheâEULEXâmissionâwillâcontinueâtoâdependâonâtheââcommitment,âenergy,âteamâspiritâandâcommunicationâskillsâofâourâEULEXâexperts,âwhoâmanageâtoâdoâtheirâjobsâunderâlogisticalâcircumstancesâthatââareâanythingâbutâsimple.âTheirâworkâisâguidedâbyâtheâprinciple:âbyâtheâpeople,âforâtheâpeople.
3A German police officer in the Serbian part of Mitrovica, Kosovo, 5 May 2008.
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Serving on behalf of the EU: German experts take part in the EU monitoring mission in Georgia â Current situation as of May 2009
Inâtheâsummerâofâ2008,âaâsituationârequiringâactionâbyâtheâEuropeanâSecurityâandâDefenceâPolicyâaroseâinâtheâEUâsâimmediateâneighbourhood:âaâdisputeâoverâSouthâOssetiaâandâAbkhaziaâthatâhadâlongâbeenâbrewingâturnedâintoâaâviolentâconflictâbetweenâRussiaâandâGeorgia.âAsâtheâUnitedâStatesâwasâlimitedâinâitsâabilityâtoâtakeâactionâinâforeignâpolicyâdueâtoâtheâpresidentialâelectionâcampaign,âitâfellâprimarilyâtoâtheâEUâtoâendâtheâfightingâquicklyâandârestoreâstabilityâtoâtheâregion.
NicolasâSarkozy,âtheâEUâCouncilâPresidentâatâtheâtime,âwasâableâtoâânegotiateâaâceasefireâwithâtheâhelpâofâshuttleâdiplomacy.âOnâ12âAugustâtheâpartiesâagreedâonâtheââsix-pointâAgreementâ,âwhichâwasâfurtherârefinedâinâanâimplementationâagreementâonâ8âSeptember.âTheâEUâassumedâtheâroleâofâguarantorâofâstabilityâinâtheâregionâand,âwithâitsâSpecialâRepresentativeâPierreâMorel,âwasâalsoâaâdecisiveâforceâinâtheâpoliticalâtalksâonâresolvingâtheâconflict.
AâEuropeanâUnionâMonitoringâMissionâ(EUMM)âwithâoverâ200âexpertsâledâbyâtheâGermanâdiplomatâHansjörgâHaberâhasâbeenâactiveâinâGeorgiaâproperâ
sinceâ1âOctober.âItsâtasksâareâtoâcontributeâtoâstabilization,ânormalizationâandâconfidence-buildingâinâtheâcountryâandâtoâbriefâEuropeanâpolicy-makersâonâtheâsituationâthere.
Germanyâisâparticipatingâinâtheâmissionâwithâaâtotalâofâ44âexpertsââthatâincludeâbothâpoliceâofficersâandâexpertsâfromâZIF.âTheyâpatrolâtheââadministrativeâboundaryâlinesâofâSouthâOssetiaâandâAbkhaziaâdailyâinâorderââtoâmonitorâtheâdeploymentâofâGeorgian,âAbkhazian,âSouthâOssetianâandââRussianâsecurityâforces.âTheyâvisitâsheltersâforârefugeesâandâtalkâtoâpeopleââinâtheâvillagesâinâtheâconflictâzoneâinâorderâtoâfindâoutâaboutâtheirâlivingââconditions.âTheâimpressionsâtheyâgatherâcanâresultâinâproposalsâforâaidââprojectsâtoâbeâinitiatedâinâcoordinationâwithâtheâEuropeanâCommission.ââTheâregularâreportsâEUMMâsendsâtoâBrusselsâandâtheâcapitalsâofâtheâmemberâstatesâkeepâpolicy-makersâup-to-dateâonâtheâcurrentâsituationâonâtheâground.
Theâmostâdifficultâtaskâisâbuildingâfreshâconfidence.âEightâmonthsââafterâtheâwar,âtheâconflictâpartiesâdeeplyâdistrustâeachâotherâandâcontactâisâpracticallyânon-existent.âTheâsightâofâtheâconflictingâpartiesââsecurityâforcesâalone,âmanningâGeorgian,âAbkhazian,âSouthâOssetianâorâRussianâcheckpointsâinâbullet-proofâvestsâandâcarryingâmachineâguns,âdoesânotâexactlyâencourageâmutualâtrust.âTheâEUâobserversâpayâregularâvisitsâtoâtheâcheckpoints,ââcommunicateâinformationâbetweenâtheâdifferentâsidesâandâsometimesââevenâsucceedâinâgettingâtheâcheckpointâcommandersâofâbothâsidesâtoâspeakââtoâeachâotherâdirectly.
AâmechanismâforâpreventingâfurtherâincidentsâwasâdevelopedâwithinââtheâframeworkâofâtheâGenevaâtalksâledâbyâEUâSpecialâRepresentativeâPierreâMorel.âUnderâtheâdirectionâofâEUMM,âtheâOSCEâandâUNOMIG,ârepresentativesâofâallâsidesâareâtoâmeetâweeklyâonâtheâgroundâtoâdiscussâsecurityâissuesâand,ââinâtheâmid-term,âbuildâconfidence.âAnâinitialâmeetingâregardingâSouthââOssetiaâtookâplaceâalongâtheâadministrativeâboundaryâlineâatâtheâendâofâApril.âItâdemonstratedâthatâthereâisâstillâmuchâworkâtoâbeâdone.
Afterâeightâmonths,âtheâEUMMâpatrolsâhaveâbecomeâaâfamiliarâsightâinâtheâvillagesâalongâtheâadministrativeâboundaryâlines.âTheâpeopleâthereâandââtheâGeorgianâgovernmentâaffirmâthatâEUMMâisâmakingâaâconsiderableââcontributionâtoâsecurityâinâthoseâareas.âItâisâalsoâdueâinânoâsmallâpartâtoâtheâEUMMâpresenceâthatâtheâRussianâtroopsâwithdrewâfromâtheâareasâborderingâSouthâOssetiaâandâAbkhaziaâatâtheâbeginningâofâOctober,âallowingâtheâpeopleâwhoâhadâfledâtoâreturnâhome.
3EU election observers in the Georgian village of Muchrani, 1 October 2008
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3 On patrol in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A German soldier from Parachute Battalion 261 based in Lebach in the German federal state of Saarland waves at onlookers.
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TheâFederalâForeignâOfficeâsetsâgreatâstoreâbyâtheâuseâofâlanguageâwhichâtreatsâmenâandâwomenâasâequals.âInâthisâpublication,âhowever,ânotâallâformulationsâareâgenderâneutralâasâtheâexplicitânamingâofâbothâformsâwouldâmakeâitâmoreâcumbersomeâtoâreadâsomeâtexts.