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Physical Pheno mena in Granular Materials
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41005-3 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 195:Physical Phenomena in Granular MaterialsEditors: G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe and Ping ShengFrontmatterMore information
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www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41005-3 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 195:Physical Phenomena in Granular MaterialsEditors: G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe and Ping ShengFrontmatterMore information
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MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 195
Physical Phenomena in Granular Materials
Symposium held April 16-20,1990, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
EDITORS:
G. D. CodyExxon Corporate Research Laboratory, Annandale, New Jersey, U.S.A.
T. H. GeballeStanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
Ping ShengExxon Corporate Research Laboratory, Annandale, New Jersey, U.S.A.
IMIRIS1 MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETYPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41005-3 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 195:Physical Phenomena in Granular MaterialsEditors: G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe and Ping ShengFrontmatterMore information
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cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press32 Avenue of the Americas, New York ny 10013-2473, USA
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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Materials Research Society506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, pa 15086http://www.mrs.org
© Materials Research Society 1990
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
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First published 1990 First paperback edition 2012
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isbn 978-1-107-41005-3 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to inthis publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
This work was supported in part by the U.S. Army Research Office under Grant Number DAAL03-90-G-0087. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision unless so designated by other documentation.
This work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research under Grant Number N00014-90-J-1126. The United States Government has a royalty-free license throughout the world in all copyrightable material contained herein.
This Material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR-8920808.
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41005-3 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 195:Physical Phenomena in Granular MaterialsEditors: G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe and Ping ShengFrontmatterMore information
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Contents
DEDICATION xii
PREFACE xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvi i
MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS xviii
PART I: OPTICAL PHENOMENA
•INFRARED ABSORPTION BY GRANULAR METALS 3D.B. Tanner, Y.H. Kim, and G.L. Carr
*FAR INFRARED MAGNETO-OPTICAL ABSORPTION IN SMALLBISMUTH PARTICLES 15
Robert P. Devaty and Ralph E. Sherriff
INFRARED OPTICAL GUIDED MODES IN PLASMA DEPOSITEDGOLD CLUSTERS EMBEDDED IN A POLYMER MATRIX 25
F. Parmigiani, M. Jurich, E. Kay, and J.D. Swalen
OXYGEN-INDUCED REVERSIBLE STRUCTURAL CHANGE OF SUPPORTEDFINE SILVER PARTICLES OBSERVED BY IN SITU OPTICALABSORPTION AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION 31
Akihisa Yanase, Hiroshi Komiyama, and Kazunobu Tanaka
•OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR MATERIALS: HOW TO MODELCOATINGS FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT WINDOWS 37
C.G. Granqvist
•OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR METALLIC MEDIA NEAR THEPERCOLATION TRANSITION 53
J. Lafait, S. Berthier, M. Gadenne, and P. Gadenne
THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI-CONTINUOUS METAL FILMS:A SCALING BASED MODEL 65
Y. Yagil, M. Yosefin, D.J. Bergman, and G. Deutscher
INFLUENCE OF THE MORPHOLOGY ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OFNANOCERMET FILMS: A RENORMALIZATION APPROACH 71
S. Berthier and K. Driss-Khodja
SIMULATION OF COMPOSITE OPTICAL PROPERTIES CLOSE TOPERCOLATION THRESHOLD 77
F. Brouers, J.P. Clerc, and G. Giraud
•CLASSICAL AND NONCLASSICAL OPTICAL DIFFUSION 83J.M. Drake and A.Z. Genack
•PHONON DISPERSION IN SUSPENSIONS OF HARD SPHERE COLLOIDS 93D.A. Weitz, J. Liu, L. Ye, and Ping Sheng
DIFFUSION OF LIGHT IN ANTARCTIC SEA ICE 103R.G. Buckley and H.J. Trodahl
•Invited Paper
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CALCULATION OF LOCAL FIELDS FOR CLUSTERS OF ELLIPSOIDSWITHIN THE T-MATRIX APPROACH 109
Manuel Gomez, Luis F. Fonseca, Luis Cruz,and William Vargas
PART II: ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT
*MAGNETORESISTANCE IN GRANULAR METALS 117W.L. McLean
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR Nix(SiO2) 100_xTHIN FILMS 129
John R. Beamish, B.M. Patterson, and K.M. Unruh
A QUANTUM PERCOLATION MODEL FOR MAGNETOCONDUCTANCEOF GRANULAR METAL FILMS 135
Zhao-Qing Zhang and Ping Sheng
CONDUCTIVITY FLUCTUATIONS IN TWO-COMPONENT FINITESYSTEMS 141
Jorgen Axe11 and Johan HeIsing
A STUDY OF THE VOLUME FRACTION, TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREDEPENDENCE OF THE RESISTIVITY IN A CERAMIC-POLYMERCOMPOSITE USING A GENERAL EFFECTIVE MEDIA EQUATION 147
David S. McLachlan, Michael Blaszkiewics,Shoko Yoshikawa, and Robert E. Newnham
*PERCOLATIVE PROPERTIES OF Al-Ge COMPOSITE THIN FILMS 153A. Kapitulnik, J.W.P. Hsu, and M.R. Hahn
PARTICLE INTERACTION MODEL OF PERMITTIVITY ENHANCEMENTIN METAL-INSULATOR COMPOSITES 165
W.T. Doyle and I.S. Jacobs
MICROWAVE PROPERTIES OF NON-PERCOLATING METAL-INSULATORCOMPOSITES 169
I.S. Jacobs, H.J. Patchen, S.A. Miller,F.J. Rachford, and J.O. Hanson
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PERCOLATING NANOCRYSTALS 175P. Marquardt and G. Nimtz
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN GRANULAR METAL FILMS 181J.E. Morris, A. Mello, and C.J. Adkins
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HOPPING CONDUCTIVITY INGRANULAR METALS 187
L.F. Chen, Ping Sheng, B. Abeles, and M.Y. Zhou
ANDERSON LOCALIZATION IN ANISOTROPICALLY RANDOM MEDIA 193Ping Sheng, Weige Xue, Zhao-Qing Zhang, andQ.J. Chu
A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CERMET RESISTIVITY DATAUSING THE GENERAL EFFECTIVE MEDIA (GEM) EQUATION 199
David S. McLachlan
*Invited Paper
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THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF TWO COMPONENT COMPOSITES 205Ohad Levy and David J. Bergman
CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN DISCONTINUOUS COPPER FILMS 211P. Biegariski and E. Dobierzewska-Mozrzymas
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND PERCOLATION MODEL OF COMPACTIFIEDMETALLIC MIXTURES SINTERING BY ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE 217
A.B. Pakhomov, B.P. Peregood, A.K. Sarychev, andA.P. Vinogradov
*FIELD EFFECT EXPERIMENTS ON DISCONTINUOUS METAL FILMS 223C.J. Adkins
TUNNELING AND PERCOLATION BEHAVIOR IN GRANULAR METALS 233I. Balberg, N. Wagner, Y. Goldstein, and S.Z. Weisz
THE FORMATION OF NEW CRITICAL SYSTEM BY ELECTRICBREAKDOWN IN PERCOLATION SYSTEM 239
V.A. Garanov, A.A. Kalachev, A.M. Karimov,A.N. Lagar'kov, S.M. Matitsin, A.B. Pakhomov,B.P. Peregood, A.K. Sarychev, A.P. Vinogradov,and A.M. Virnik
PART III: EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORIES
*BULK EFFECTIVE MODULI: THEIR CALCULATION AND USAGE FORDESCRIBING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MEDIA 247
David J. Bergman
•INVERSE TRANSPORT PROBLEMS FOR COMPOSITE MEDIA 257Ross C. McPhedran and Graeme W. Milton
EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORY OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OFGRANULAR MATERIALS IN THE PRESENCE OF SKIN EFFECT 275
L.V. Panina, A.N. Lagar'kov, A.K. Sarychev,Y.R. Smychkovich, and A.P. Vinogradov
AN EXTENDED THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH TO TRANSPORTPHENOMENA IN POROUS MEDIA 283
J.A. del Rio and M. Lopez de Haro
EFFECTIVE-MEDIUM APPROACH FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALSCONTAINING CONDUCTIVE STICKS 289
A.K. Sarychev and Y.R. Smychkovich
USE OF DIELECTRIC MIXTURE EQUATIONS FOR ESTIMATINGPERMITTIVITIES OF SOLIDS FROM DATA ON PULVERIZEDSAMPLES 295
Stuart O. Nelson and Tian-Su You
PART IV: SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
•GRANULAR ASPECTS OF HIGH Tc SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 303Guy Deutscher
•Invited Paper
vii
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•STUDYING SUPERCONDUCTING GRANULAR ALUMINUM WITHMICROWAVES: AN APPRENTICESHIP 317
K. Alex Muller
STUDY ON THERMAL HYSTERESIS OF ELASTIC MODULUS INGRANULAR Y-Ba-Cu-0 AND Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-0 321
Yening Wang, Linhai Sun, Jin Wu, and Min Gu
THE RESPONSE OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL GRANULARSUPERCONDUCTING FILMS TO LIGHT 327
J.C. Culbertson, U. Strom, and S.A. Wolf
MAGNETIC PENETRATION DEPTH MEASUREMENTS ANDINHOMOGENEITY IN YBa2Cu307-5 SUPERCONDUCTINGTHIN FILMS "* 333
Steven M. Anlage, Brian W. Langley,Jurgen Halbritter, Chang-Beom Eom, Neil Switz,T.H. Geballe, and M.R. Beasley
SUPERCONDUCTING AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFYBa2Cu30?_x/SILVER GRANULAR SOLIDS 341
H.K. "Niculescu, P.J. Gielisse, Y.S. Hascicek,and L.R. Testardi
•DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF WEAKLY COUPLED JOSEPHSONSYSTEMS 347
K.H. Lee, T.-K. Xia, and D. Stroud
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN DISSIPATIVE JOSEPHSON CHAINS 357P.A. Bobbert, R. Fazio, Gerd Schon, andG.T. Zimanyi
QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS IN GRANULAR SUPERCONDUCTORS 363R.S. Fishman
NON-OHMIC NORMAL STATE BEHAVIOR AND THE ONSET OF GLOBALSUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN PARTIALLY ANNEALED QUENCH-CONDENSEDFILMS OF TIN 369
Carl A. Sniffman, Robert S. Markiewicz, and Wen Ho
•SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY IN GRANULARAND HOMOGENEOUS QUENCH CONDENSED THIN FILMS 375
J.M. Valles, Jr. and R.C. Dynes
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN GRANULAR Snx(SiO2) 100_x THIN FILMS 385John R. Beamish, B.M. Patterson, and K.M. Unruh
SURFACE IMPEDANCE AND GRANULARITY IN SUPERCONDUCTINGCUPRATES 391
J. Halbritter
INDIUM-IMPREGNATED POROUS GLASS: MAGNETOTRANSPORTAND SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSITION 397
M.J. Graf, C.A. Huber, T.E. Huber, and A.P. Salzberg
ON THE OPTIMIZED MIXING OF ORDER AND DISORDER INHIGH-TC CERAMIC SUPERCONDUCTORS 403
E. Mezzetti
•Invited Paper
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PART V: MAGNETISM
•GRANULAR MAGNETISM 411C.L. Chien
SYNTHESIS AND MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANULAR CoDISPERSIONS IN A POLYMER MATRIX 423
Eric Kay, C. Laurent, S.S.P. Parkin, and D. Mauri
STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Fe/Al2O3 GRANULARSYSTEMS 429
J.L. Dormann and D. Fiorani
SPIN GLASS MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF IRON/SILICA GELNANOCOMPOSITES 435
Robert D. Shull and Joseph J. Ritter
PERCOLATION EFFECTS IN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFGRANULAR N i - A l ^ THIN FILMS 441
T.E. Schlesinger, A. Gavrin, R.C. Cammarata, andC.-L. Chien
MAGNETIC AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF GRANULARIRON-SILICON DIOXIDE THIN FILMS 445
M.J. Carey, F.T. Parker, and A.E. Berkowitz
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED Fe/Ag COMPOSITEMETAL FILMS 451
S.H. Liou, Y.X. Zhang, and R.J. DeAngelis
PART VI: POROUS MEDIA
*WAVE VELOCITIES IN SEDIMENTS 459Dominique Marion, Amos Nur, and Hezhu Yin
EFFECT OF SODIUM IONS ON THE DIELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITYOF POROUS SILICA IN HUMID ENVIRONMENTS 471
Wanqing Cao, Rosario Gerhardt, andJohn B. Wachtman, Jr.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL GELS SUBJECT TOPARTICLE REARRANGEMENTS 477
Wan Y. Shih, Wei-Heng Shih, and Ilhan A. Aksay
A CHORD DISTRIBUTION DESCRIPTION OF POROUS GLASS 485M.Y. Lin and S.K. Sinha
TRANSPORT OF TOLUENE IN MICROPOROUS VYCOR GLASS 491Ben Abeles, L.F. Chen, J.W. Johnson, andJ.M. Drake
•ELEMENTS OF THE DIAGENESIS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 497Morrel H. Cohen
HEALING OF PORES IN METALS BY MAGNETIC PRESSURE PULSES 511V.I. Betechtin, A.B. Pakhomov, B.P. Peregood,A.I. Petrov, and M.V. Razuvaeva
•Invited Paper
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SELF-REGULATING BEHAVIOR OF FERROMAGNETIC GRANULES ININDUCTIVE SINTERING PROCESS 517
L.S. Bulatova and A.V. Dmitriev
DIGITIZED DIRECT SIMULATION MODEL OF THE MICROSTRUCTURALDEVELOPMENT OF CEMENT PASTE 523
Dale P. Bentz and Edward J. Garboczi
OBSERVATION OF LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES IN UNSATURATEDMATERIALS 531
J.E. Maneval, M.J. McCarthy, and S. Whitaker
•TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR POROUS MEDIA 537Lawrence M. Schwartz
INFLUENCE OF MICROGEOMETRY ON MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OFSHALY SANDS 549
Pabitra N. Sen
MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIVITIES INTHREE-DIMENSIONAL PORE STRUCTURES 553
Sebastian C. Reyes, Enrique Iglesia, andYee C. Chiew
THE GRANULAR NATURE OF HIGH RANK COALS 559George D. Cody Jr., John W. Larsen,Michael Siskin, and George D. Cody Sr.
PART VII: THERMODYNAMICS AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES;OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOCRYSTALS
*MELTING BEHAVIOR IN GRANULAR METAL THIN FILMS 567Karl M. Unruh, B.M. Patterson, and S.I. Shah
MELTING AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL GRANULARPARTICLES 579
Ping Sheng and Min-Yao Zhou
STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF GRANULAR NOBLE METALCATALYSTS 585
H.W. Deckman, S.C. Fung, M.G. Matturro, andJ.A. McHenry
•PARTICLE SHAPE EFFECTS ON OPTICAL ABSORPTION INSEMICONDUCTOR COLLOIDS 591
P.D. Persans, E. Lu, J. Haus, G. Wagoner,and A.F. Ruppert
RECENT ADVANCES IN SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCLUSTERPREPARATION 597
A.P. Alivisatos, V.L. Colvin, A.N. Goldstein,M.A. Olshavsky, and J.J. Shiang
•Invited Paper
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PART VIII: FABRICATION AND APPLICATIONS
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF Co/Si02 AND Co304/Si02COMPOSITES 605
W. Win, E.M. Logothetis, R.E. Soltis, H.K. Plummer,and L.E. Wenger
PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINEGRAINED METALS 611
B. Gunther, A. Baalmann, and H. Weiss
NONCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS PREPARED BY COMPACTINGNANOMETER-SIZED PARTICLES 617
J. Weissmiiller, J. Jing, A. Kramer, R. Birringer,U. Gonser, and H. Gleiter
FABRICATION OF GRANULAR MATERIALS BY HIGH-PRESSURESPUTTERING 623
G.M. Chow, R.L. Holtz, C.L. Chien, andA.S. Edelstein
•CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD INELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC GRANULAR SYSTEMS 627
L.B. Schein
*OXIDE NONLINEAR CONDUCTORS: A REVIEW 639Lionel M. Levinson and Herbert R. Philipp
Pt-SiO% GRANULAR METALS FOR CRYOGENIC THERMOMETRYIN HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS 659
Elida De Obaldia, T.D. Moustakas, Jeff Hettengier,and J.S. Brooks
EFFECT OF GRANULARITY ON CuInSe2 SOLAR CELL RESPONSE 663James R. Sites
AUTHOR INDEX 669
SUBJECT INDEX 673
MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS 679
*Invited Paper
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Dedication
BEN ABELESSummer of 1990
Annandale, New Jersey, USA
xii
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Preface
Granular materials constitute a wide class of artificiallymade or naturally occurring disordered media with a granularmicrostructure; included in the generic title are granularmetals, discontinuous films, composites in general, porousmedia, aggregates, colloids, etc. Today, granular materials arean important area of research, not only for the basic scientificquestions raised by many of their novel physical character-istics, but also for their numerous practical applications.However, what is generally recognized today was not recognizedin the early 1960s, and it could be argued that granularmaterials research did not even exist as a cohesive area ofstudy 25 years ago. As a preface to this proceedings volume, wewould like to give a personal perspective on how the fielddeveloped from its beginning in granular metals and the roleplayed by one of its pioneers, Ben Abeles, for whose 65thbirthday this volume is dedicated.
The history of granular metals goes back to the beginningof this century. Maxwell-Gar nett in 1904 explained the rubycolor of gold suspensions in silica through an effective mediumtheory (known today as the Maxwell-Gar nett theory), and Swann in1914 observed phenomena in the electrical conductivity of ultrathin metal films that in today's language would be referred toas percolation and hopping conductivity. In the 1930s, Bruggmanformulated a number of effective medium theories that wereinfluential in the development of modern concepts of in-homogeneous media. However, it was not until the early 1970sthat granular metals became a generic area of experimental andtheoretical research. The group of solid state physicists atRCA Laboratories made major contributions to this development.
The story of how granular metals were discovered at RCALaboratories is a textbook case of serendipity and the un-predictable ways of research. In 1965 Ben Abeles and YedudaGoldstein were studying phonon assisted tunneling in Pb-Alsuperconducting tunnel junctions. An anomalous feature of theiraluminum films was the high superconducting transition tempera-tures, in the range of Tc = 2.2-3.7 K, compared to the 1.18 Kliterature value. This was good news from the point of view ofexpanding the temperature range for cryostats cooled by liquidhelium, but it was bad news from the point of view of a paper onsuperconductivity in Al. It turned out that Abeles andGoldstein, relatively inexperienced at the time in thin filmdeposition of aluminum, had used alumina boats instead of theconventional tungsten filaments for the evaporation of theiraluminum films. Oxygen outgassing from the alumina boats duringthe deposition gave rise to films consisting of very finealuminum grains surrounded by thin aluminum oxide. Abeles andco-workers discovered that this granular structure was respon-sible for the enhancement of Tc as well as other unique andinteresting properties of this new class of granular supercon-ductors. Soon after this discovery, the range of granularmaterials, and phenomena that could be studied, were greatlyenlarged by a more versatile and controllable technique of co-sputtering metals and insulators introduced by Joe Hanak.
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What followed was a remarkably productive and creativeperiod at RCA as well as at other laboratories in which many newgranular materials were synthesized and their interesting andnovel phenomena investigated. In fact, the case can be madethat there is a connection between granular aluminum and therecent discovery of the high Tc oxide superconductors. Accountsof this interesting historical point are given by Alex Mttllerand Guy Deutscher in these proceedings.
Following the discovery of granular superconductivity, oneof the organizers of this symposium (6.D. Cody) became curiousabout the optical properties of the granular metals. The adviceof his colleagues with expertise in optics was that granularmetals would be dominated by dirt effects so why bother withexperiments. His curiosity, coupled with lack of familiaritywith the literature, prevailed and with the enthusiastic supportof Ben Abeles, he began a systematic study of the optics ofgranular Ag and Au. As the experimentalist of the team, he ranthe Cary spectrometer at night while functioning during the dayas a laboratory director. Roger Cohen, as the theorist on theteam, reinvented to his later surprise, a more generalizedversion of the Maxwell-Garnett theory! Despite this broadeningof the granular metals research at RCA, the generic nature ofthe granular phenomena was still not grasped.
Another of the organizers (P. Sheng) came to know granularmetals in 1971 as a graduate summer intern at RCA laboratories.At that time, the transport characteristics of granular metals,such as the temperature and electric-field dependence of theconductivity, were not known. As a young graduate studentjoining the granular group, he vividly recalls the excitement inthe air and the anxious anticipation of results from thelaboratory. As in the optical work, there was a feeling that,with Ben Abeles leading the charge, the group was getting intoa large unexplored territory.
In spite of the intrinsic fascination of the material andthe large amount of work done to clarify their properties,granular metals continued to be a "not-quite respectable" fieldof research in the early 1970s due to its "dirty" nature.However, the mid to late 1970s witnessed a transformation in thestatus of granular research as interest in disordered materialspicked up. In particular, the use of granular metals forpercolation, localization, superconductivity, and opticalstudies essentially integrated this once peripheral area ofinquiry into the main stream of condensed matter and materialsresearch. The first ETOPIM (Electrical Transport and OpticalProperties of Inhomogeneous Media) conference of 1977, held atOhio State University, signaled this transition. This fact wasparticularly brought out in the seminal review presented at thatmeeting by R. Landauer. At about the same time, the rise of oilindustry research laboratories in the late 1970s and early 1980sadded a geological and chemical perspective that broadeneddisordered material research into porous media, nanocrystals,aggregates, colloids, and other disordered systems, all of whichmay be classified as having a granular microstructure.
Concurrent with this broadening of the perspective wereexciting theoretical developments in effective medium andpercolation theories, as well as in classical wave and
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electronic localization phenomena in granular systems. In theformer, improved bounds for physical characteristics of com-posite systems, e.g., electrical conductivity and elasticmoduli, were found through new mathematical techniques, and therecognition and incorporation of microstructural effects incomposites have improved the accuracy of effective medium theorypredictions. In the latter, knowledge about the structure-scattering relationship has enabled the extraction and identifi-cation of new types of symmetry in random media, i.e., that offractals. In short, what appeared initially as something dirtyand peripheral to the mainstream of physics research has, in thespan of 20 years, blossomed into one of the most exciting andfruitful areas of experimental and theoretical study. In thiscontext, it is perhaps accurate to denote the RCA granularmetals research of the late 1960s and early 1970s as one of theseeds whose germination and maturation contributed significantlyto the robust character of disordered materials research today.
The idea for this symposium grew out of discussions betweenthe organizers in late 1988, in anticipation of Ben Abeles' 65thbirthday in 1990. It soon became clear to the organizers thatBen's scientific career, with its numerous significant contribu-tions in diverse areas, actually coincides and spans thedevelopment and maturity of the entire field of granularmaterials research. The organization of this symposium servednot only to pay tributes to a noted pioneer of the field, butalso to review and capture a snapshot of its present status.
It is the organizers' hope that this symposium and itsproceedings will serve as a medium for interdisciplinary crosspollination so that even more scientific fruits may result inthe future.
G.D. CodyT.H. GeballeP. Sheng
July 1990
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41005-3 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 195:Physical Phenomena in Granular MaterialsEditors: G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe and Ping ShengFrontmatterMore information
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41005-3 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 195:Physical Phenomena in Granular MaterialsEditors: G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe and Ping ShengFrontmatterMore information
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Acknowledgments
These proceedings are the permanent record of Symposium S,entitled Physical Phenomena in Granular Materials, which waspart of the Materials Research Society Spring Meeting held inSan Francisco, California, U.S.A., April 16-20, 1990.
The meeting was organized by the symposium chairs in honorof the 65th birthday of Ben Abeles, whose scientific careerreflects his significant contributions to the physics ofgranular materials and spans the growth and maturity of theentire field. The success of this remarkably interdisciplinarymeeting required the enthusiastic response of physicists,chemists, applied mathematicians, and geologists from all overthe world as well as the willingness of government and in-dustrial sponsors to assist in their travel expenses. Thehighly professional assistance rendered by the MaterialsResearch Society staff from early in 1989 to the present time,was an essential ingredient that made it possible to transformthe vision of the symposium organizers into this volume.
The editors extend their sincere thanks to all the men andwomen who contributed to the symposium. We are particularlygrateful for the encouragement of Donald Polk of ONR and RogerCohen of Exxon. Their early support for the concept of aninterdisciplinary symposium in granular materials and phenomenaencouraged us to persevere in what turned out to be a never-ending task.
Symposium Sponsors
Army Research OfficeNational Science FoundationOffice of Naval Research
David Sarnoff Research CenterDeposition Technology
Exxon Research and Engineering CompanyGE Corporate Research and Development
IBM CorporationKurt J. Lesker Company
Materials Research CorporationNEC Research Institute
Schlumberger Doll Research
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41005-3 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 195:Physical Phenomena in Granular MaterialsEditors: G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe and Ping ShengFrontmatterMore information
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MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS
Recent Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings
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Volume 159—Atomic Scale Structure of Interfaces, R.D. Bringans, R.M. Feenstra,J.M. Gibson, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-047-X
Volume 160—Layered Structures: Heteroepitaxy, Superlattices, Strain, andMetastability, B.W. Dodson, LJ. Schowalter, J.E. Cunningham,F.H. Pollak, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-048-8
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Volume 162—Diamond, Boron Nitride, Silicon Carbide and Related Wide BandgapSemiconductors, J.T. Glass, R.F. Messier, N. Fujimori, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-050-X
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Volume 164—Materials Issues in Microcrystalline Semiconductors,P.M. Fauchet, C.C. Tsai, K. Tanaka, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-052-6
Volume 165—Characterization of Plasma-Enhanced CVD Processes, G. Lucovsky,D.E. Ibbotson, D.W. Hess, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-053-4
Volume 166—Neutron Scattering for Materials Science, S.M. Shapiro, S.C. Moss,J.D. Jorgensen, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-054-2
Volume 167—Advanced Electronic Packaging Materials, A. Barfknecht, J. Partridge,C-Y. Li, CJ. Chen, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-055-0
Volume 168—Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics,T.M. Besmann, B.M. Gallois, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-056-9
Volume 169—High Temperature Superconductors: Fundamental Properties and NovelMaterials Processing, J. Narayan, C.W. Chu, L.F. Schneemeyer,D.K. Christen, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-057-7
Volume 170—Tailored Interfaces in Composite Materials, C.G. Pantano, E.J.H. Chen,1989, ISBN 1-55899-058-5
Volume 171—Polymer Based Molecular Composites, D.W. Schaefer, J.E. Mark, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-059-3
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Volume 173—Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid-StateMaterials, L.Y. Chiang, D.O. Cowan, P. Chaikin, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-061-5
Volume 174—Materials Synthesis Utilizing Biological Processes, M. Alper, P.D. Calvert,P.C. Rieke, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-062-3
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Volume 178—Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization, Utilizationand Disposal VI, F.P. Glasser, R.L. Day, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-066-6
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41005-3 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 195:Physical Phenomena in Granular MaterialsEditors: G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe and Ping ShengFrontmatterMore information
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MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS
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Volume 181—Advanced Metallizations in Microelectronics, A. Katz, S.P. Murarka,A. Appelbaum, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-070-4
Volume 182—Polysilicon Thin Films and Interfaces, B. Raicu, T.Kamins,C.V. Thompson, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-071-2
Volume 183—High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Defects in Materials, R. Sinclair,D.J. Smith, U. Dahmen, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-072-0
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Volume 187—Thin Film Structures and Phase Stability, B.M. Clemens, W.L. Johnson,1990, ISBN: 1-55899-076-3
Volume 188—Thin Films: Stresses and Mechanical Properties II, W.C. Oliver,M. Doerner, G.M. Pharr, F.R. Brotzen, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-077-1
Volume 189—Microwave Processing of Materials II, W.B. Snyder, W.H. Sutton,D.L. Johnson, M.F. Iskander, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-078-X
Volume 190—Plasma Processing and Synthesis of Materials III, D. Apelian, J. Szekely,1990, ISBN: 1-55899-079-8
Volume 191—Laser Ablation for Materials Synthesis, D.C. Paine, J.C. Bravman, 1990,ISBN: 1-55899-080-1
Volume 192—Amorphous Silicon Technology, P.C. Taylor, MJ. Thompson,P.G. LeComber, Y. Hamakawa, A. Madan, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-081-X
Volume 193—Atomic Scale Calculations of Structure in Materials, M.A. Schluter,M.S. Daw, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-082-8
Volume 194—Intermetallic Matrix Composites, D.L. Anton, R. McMeeking, D. Miracle,P. Martin, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-083-6
Volume 195—Physical Phenomena in Granular Materials, T.H. Geballe, P. Sheng,G.D. Cody, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-084-4
Volume 196—Superplasticity in Metals, Ceramics, and Intermetallics, MJ. Mayo,J. Wadsworth, M. Kobayashi, A.K. Mukherjee, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-085-2
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Volume 199—Workshop on Specimen Preparation for Transmission ElectronMicroscopy of Materials II, R. Anderson, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-088-7
Volume 200—Ferroelectric Thin Films, A.I. Kingon, E.R. Myers, 1990,ISBN: 1-55899-089-5
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