Physical Growth-0-2

Average birth weight-7 ½ lbs and 20 inches ¼ of the babies length is the head The trunk is a little longer than the legs This stays this way until about 6 months Then body portions change-head slows,

extremities grow and trunk stays the same As approaches 2 yrs-relation of trunk and

extremities about equal

Reflexes

The earliest movements seen are reflexes They are involuntary Their absence may indicate neurological

problems In some disability areas these reflexes

persist-cerebral palsy So- if present when should have disappeared

or if absent when should be present- can be considered atypical

Infant Reflexes

Probably adaptive survival skills Moro reflex-first 6 mo Rooting and sucking-first year TNR-Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex-both sides Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex-one side flex-

opposite side Palmar grasp-1st 6 mo Plantar grasp-through 1st year-if longer can interfer

with walking

Labyrinthine Righting Reflex-tipping the body, the head will want to remain upright-2 mo to stronger at 6 mo.

Parachute Reflex –beyond 1st year-helps with walking

Righting reflex of head and body-head turned, trunk turns

Crawling reflex-in prone-leg pushes, other extends

Stepping reflex-comes about 1 mo. and disappears about 4th mo.

Positive support Reflex

Voluntary Movement Patterns Postural control

head control-keeping it steady-2 mo Sitting-without support-about 5 mo Prone to sitting-7 mo-can change body

positions Pulling to standing-9 mo Stand alone-11 mo

Voluntary Movement Patterns Locomotion

Rolling over-about 3-4 mo Crawling- 7 mo-low crawl Creeping-more sophisticated crawl-

alternating hand and foot Walking-9-18 mo Standing to one hand to paddlefooted/high

guarded hands p39 Gait generally mature at 11-18 mo

Voluntary Movement PatternsReach and grasp

First weeks-fist with finger-when grasped, tighter fist Followed by hands open Followed by ability to put hands together at about 2

mo 3-4 mo-reach and grasp something Releasing object-8 mo 9-10 mo pincher grasp using thumb and fingers By 2yr-can draw horizontal and vertical lines, turn

pages stack things

Voluntary Movement PatternsStriking

Overarm front to back-more of a push By 22 mo-can use an object to strike-but

basically using the forearm Mature striking doesn’t occur until 6 or 7

years old

Physical Growth 2-6years

Uniform process-rate gain in height nearly doubles that in weight

Lower limbs grow rapidly to trunk proportions-not so much round as linear person

Boys usually taller and heavier but proportionally same

Brain about 75% complete by 3 years-90% by 6yrs

Eyeball does not reach full size until about 12

Voluntary Movement PatternsLocomotion

Running-p 42 Immature-paddle feet and arms away from

body Flight phase: Feet in air 1. stride lengthens 2. Trailing foot higher 3. Arms move with efficiency 4. Forward lean increases

Climbing-ascending before descending Ascend with alternating feet between 29 and 41 mo. Descending-4 years to 55 mo. Jumping- table 2.1 Down is easier than up Jump down from one easier than up from one Jumping up and down easier than jumping out By 5 years can do all types Then adds height and distance

Hopping-one foot takeoff and landing on one foot-by age4 most can hop from 4-6 steps

Girls more proficient at earlier age Galloping and skipping more advanced-have

to learn to run, jump, and hop Gallop-walk and leap-4-6 years of age Skipping-step and hop on one foot then the

other-a little more difficult-6 years

Voluntary Movement PatternsManipulative patterns

Throwing Catching Kicking Striking

Throwing

Stage 1: ages 2-3 yrs, basically a forearm motion no body rotation, feet remain stationary A slight body sway

Throwing Stage 2

3 ½ to 5 years starts some changes Rotation of the body back on throwing side as

arm brought back Ball brought back further and wrist cocked Then to opposite as follow thru Follow thru or throw is on the oblique plane Feet still stationary

Stage 3

5 to 6 years Foot movement-throwing side foot comes

forward at throw Forward form is added as foot comes forward

Stage 4

Mature throwing-6 ½ years Girls may be somewhat behind because of

lack of opportunity and teaching Arm and trunk rotate back with full drawn arm Opposite side step added Body weight shifted forward in preparation for

trunk and hip rotation Full follow thru Distance/force increased

Throwing Teaching Helps

Proficient throwing is enhanced and made much easier by a properly portioned ball. Have a variety of ball sizes to use.

Smaller balls are easier to throw, larger are easier to catch.

Break technique down and teach one point at a time

Catching-p.46

Stage 1: 3 ½ years Avoid the throws by turning head and/or

extending arms Generally hold the palms up Try to trap b all next to chest

Catching stage 2

Elementary Stage-4 years old Follow the ball with the eyes Generally don’t avoid the ball Don’t close eyes until maybe the very end Palms sideways

Catching-stage 3-Mature stage

About age 6 years Track the ball from git go to end Arms held in a classic ready position-elbows

flexed and hands cupped Give with the ball

Kicking p. 47

Most start kicking at 2 years old Stage 1: Kicked with straight leg action Little if any arm or trunk motion No backward leg motion No real force

Stage 2-elementary stage

Flexed kicking leg position Some Uncocking to strike Beginning of a follow through Arms work to maintain balance

Stage 3-Mature Kicking

Total body action Arms swing in opposition Kicking leg much more drwwn back for force Follow thru present

Striking

At approximately 2 years, overhand strikes can be made

A sidearm strike at approximately 3 years All arm motion Use of legs and trunk to promote force at

approx. 6 or 7 years old

Socialization and movement

2-3 year olds very posessive 5-6 show signs of cooperative work and

sharing Success in motor patterns encourages efforts

in of the areas.

Physical growth 7 to 12

The boy/girl thing changes: Not really much difference until after age 10 Girls start reaching puberty and gain a size

advantage that remains until about 14 Boys start getting wider shoulders, girls wider

hips Boys legs become proportionally longer than

girls

Voluntary movement patterns

Refinement of movement patterns Jump farther and higher Run faster Throw farther and more accurate Catch easier Mature striking movements Dribble a ball

Jumping p. 49

Vertical and horizontal Both sexes about the same until age 7 Boys start to excel after age 7-further and

higher Both though improve dramatically

Running- p. 50

Up until the end of about 12 years the progression of increased speed is about the same

After age 12, the boys continue to increase and the girls may start a rapid decline

Throwing-p. 51

Distance and accuracy increase Boys generally at a higher performance level Attributed to greater shoulder and arm

strength Does expectation enter in this?

Catching

More difficult to master than throwing Catching from a bounce easier than a ball in

the air Larger balls easier to catch than smaller By 12 most can catch on the run

Striking

A mature strike may be in place at age 6-6 ½

But may take a couple of years to really use

Dribbling

Stage 1: a down push with no attempt to follow the ball

Stage 2: Attempts to catch the ball after a single bounce

Stage 3: Attempts to catch the ball with multiple overhead strikes with the arms out streched

Stage 4: a series of successive hits with the arm bent and finger/palm strikes

Mature dribbling

Rhythmic and coordinated P. 51 Stationary dibbling is to be mastered before

movement is added Dribbling while moving is difficult and takes

until about age 7 to do

Teaching considerations

Think progression Think fun but developmental A skill must be practiced but little practice

occurs in game play. Game play is for fun Always consider the disability and adjust

game play/rules for it