phylum annelida the segmented worms. characteristics bilateral symmetry body metamerically segmented...
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PHYLUM ANNELIDA
The Segmented Worms
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Characteristics
• Bilateral symmetry• Body metamerically segmented• Chitinous setae (bristles) often present on
parapodia• Digestive system complete• Respiratory gas exchange through skin, gills or
parapodia• Closed circulatory system• Excretory system typically a pair of nephridia
for each segment
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Characteristics
• Coelom well developed and divided by septa (except in leeches); coelomic fluid functions as hydrostatic skeleton– Coelom develops embryonically as a split in the
mesoderm on each side of the gut (schizocoelomate)
• Body wall with outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layers
• Transparent moist cuticle secreted by epithelium• Hermaphroditic or separate sexes
– Larvae if present are trochophore– Asexual reproduction by budding in some– Spiral, determinate cleavage of the embryo
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Polychaete
Body Plan• 3 regions:
– Head – Prostomium & peristomium– Segments (metameres)– Pygidium• New segments formed at the posterior end
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Body planMetamerism
• Divides body into linear series of segments (metameres) separated by septa
• Repetition of organs, tissues and appendages in each segment
• Allows for regional specialisation
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• Regional specialisation can result from:1. Restriction of certain structures to only a few
segments
2. Structures retained in all segments, but diverge and adopt different functions
3. Fusion of segments
Body planMetamerism
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• Contraction of circular or longitudinal muscle causes a segment to become either longer and thinner or shorter and wider, respectively
• Movement achieved by alternating waves of contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle (peristaltic contraction)
Body planMetamerism
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Circulatory System
• Circulatory system closed• Respiratory pigments often present• Aortic arches (“hearts”) for pumping blood
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Nervous System
• Pair of cerebral ganglia (brain)
• Two fused ventral nerve chords
• Lateral nerves in each segment
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Nervous System
• Giant axons in ventral chord conduct impulses very quickly
• Sensory system of tactile organs, taste buds, statocysts (in some), photoreceptor cells and eyes with lenses (in some)
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Excretory System
• Pair of nephridia in each metamere (except first 3 and last 1)
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Excretory System
• Each nephridium occupies 2 adjacent segments
• Nephrostome (internal opening) leads via small ciliated tubule to segment behind where it connects with main part of nephridium
• Nephridium made of several loops of tubule that terminate in a nephridiopore (external opening)
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Excretory System
• Cilia draw fluid from the coelom into the nephrostome
• Water and salts reabsorbed
• Urine released through the nephridiopore
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Reproduction
• Monoecious or dioecious• Larvae (if present) are
trochophore type– Trochophore: Free-swimming,
translucent, marine larva with an ovoid body and ring of cilia
• Asexual reproduction by budding in some
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Polychaete
Class: Polychaeta
• Largest class• Mostly marine• May live under rocks or in crevices,
burrow into sand, build tubes, or be pelagic
• Well differentiated head with specialised sense organs
• No clitellum
Free-moving sedentary
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Class: Polychaeta
• Paired appendages (parapodia) on most segments – Used for locomotion and respiration
• Many setae, usually arranged in bundles on the parapodia
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Class: Polychaeta• Two groups:
– Sedentary polychaetes • Spend most of their time in
tubes or permanent burrows• Ciliary feeders with tenticular
crown
– Errant polychaetes • Include free-moving pelagic
forms, active burrowers and crawlers, and tube worms that leave their tubes for breeding and feeding
• Predatory forms with pharynx, teeth and jaw
Free-moving
sedentary
sedentary
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Class: Polychaeta
Reproduction:• No permanent sex organs
or ducts for sex cells• Sexes usually separate • External fertilization• Indirect development with
trochophore larvae• Asexual budding in some
prototroch
mouth
anus
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Class: Oligochaeta
• Earthworms• Mostly terrestrial or freshwater,
some parasitic and a few live in marine or brackish water
• Few setae per segment• No parapodia• Head absent
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Class: Oligochaeta
• Typhlosole increases surface area for absorption of nutrients
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Reproduction in Earthworms
• Hermaphroditic – copulate to exchange sperm• Copulating worms held together by mucous
secreted by clitellum and by special ventral setae– Clitellum develops only in sexually mature
worms• After copulation, each worm forms a cocoon
around its clitellum, which slides forward along the body
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Reproduction in Earthworms
• As the cocoon moves along the body, eggs and sperm are released into it and fertilization takes place inside the cocoon
• Cocoon eventually slides off the head of the worm and its ends close up
• Young emerge from the cocoon as small worms- direct development
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Class: Hirudinea
• Leeches
• Mostly freshwater, some marine or terrestrial
• Dorsoventrally flattened
• Usually both anterior and posterior sucker
• No parapodia
• Usually no setae
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Class: Hirudinea
• Coelom filled with connective tissue and muscle – does not function well as hydrostatic skeleton
• Many are carnivores of small invertebrates, some temporary parasites and some permanent parasites
• Feed on body juices of prey – have a muscular pharynx and three jaws with teeth
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Class: Hirudinea
• Fixed number of segments (34) that are not usually divided internally by septa
• Hermaphroditic • Clitellum appears only during breeding
season• Direct development
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Evolutionary Relationships
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Evolutionary Relationships
• Annelids most closely related to either arthropods or molluscs
• Share with arthropods a segmented body plan and a similar nervous system
• Share with molluscs similar features of early embryology and a trochophore larva