phulbari coal mine layout

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Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of Asia Energys Phulbari Coal Project Table of Content of Volume 1

Final ReportApril 2006

Volume 1: Main Report Page - 1

VOLUME 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................1-11.1 THE STUDY.....................................................................................................................1-11.2 THE PROPONENT..........................................................................................................1-21.3 STUDY AREA..................................................................................................................1-41.4 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT......................................................................................1-61.5 PLANNING AND APPROVAL PROCESS.......................................................................1-81.6 SCOPE OF THE ESIA.....................................................................................................1-91.7 ESIA STRUCTURE..........................................................................................................1-9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Location of Site....................................................................................................................1-1

Figure 1.2: Key Activities for Definitive Feasibility Study.......................................................................1-3

Figure 1.3: Corporate Structure of Asia Energy PLC.............................................................................1-4

Figure 1.4: Conceptual Mine Footprint ..................................................................................................1-5LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Key Project Parameters for the Phulbari Coal Project..........................................................1-7

Table 1.2: Likely Mining Co-products - Phulbari Coal Project (GHD, 2003)..........................................1-8

Table 1.3: Coal Mining Lease and Coal Licences Held and Applied for by Asia Energy.......................1-8

CHAPTER 2: LEGAL & POLICY CONSIDERATIONS

2 LEGAL AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................... ................2-12.1 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................2-12.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE BY THE GOVERNMENT OF BANGLADESH...........2-22.3 GOVERNMENT OF BANGLADESH LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK...............................2-32.4 COMPLIANCE WITH GOVERNMENT OF BANGLADESH LAWS................................2-102.5 COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS............................................2-102.6

COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND POLICIES.......................2-11

Appendix 2.1: Compl iance with GoB Legislation ................................................................... ........2-14

Appendix 2.2: International Treaties Applicable to the Project and Asia Energys Act ionPlan ......................................................... ............................................................ .......2-18

Appendix 2.3: Brief Summary of the Purposes o f Each Policy or Guidel ine ...............................2-20

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: IFC / World Bank Policies and Guidelines..........................................................................2-11


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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3 METHODOLOGY .................................................. ........................................................ .............3-13.1 STUDY METHODOLOGY................................................................................................3-13.2 STATUS OF PROJECT STUDIES.................................................................................3-103.3 STUDY LIMITATIONS...................................................................................................3-11

Appendix 3.1: The Study Team ............... ............................................................ .................................. 1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: Project ESIA Evaluation Process........................................................................................3-2LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Reference Studies................................................................................................................3-5

Table 3.2: Government and Multilateral Agency Sources......................................................................3-5

Table 3.3: ESIA Technical Studies........................................................................................................3-6

Table 3.4: Residual Impact Likelihood Ranking.....................................................................................3-8

Table 3.5: Significance Assessment Matrix...........................................................................................3-8

CHAPTER 4: CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS

4 CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS...............................................................................4-14.1 OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................4-14.2 METHODOLOGY/CONSULTATION STRATEGY............................................................4-14.3 CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS.....................................................................................4-64.4 IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES.........................................................................................4-74.5 CONSULTATION IN FURTHER PROJECT PHASES...................................................4-16

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Summary of Stakeholder Consultation to Date.....................................................................4-5

Table 4.2: Land Acquisition Mitigation Suggestions..............................................................................4-9

Table 4.3: Resettlement Mitigation Suggestions .................................................................................4-10

Table 4.4: Impacts on Livelihoods and Occupations Mitigation Suggestions......................................4-11

Table 4.5: Impacts on Infrastructure and Services Mitigation Suggestions.........................................4-12Table 4.6: Impacts on Religious and Archaeological Mitigation Suggestions......................................4-12

Table 4.7: Community Relations Mitigation Suggestions.....................................................................4-12

Table 4.8: Impacts on Indigenous Groups Mitigation Suggestions......................................................4-13

Table 4.9: Impacts on Natural Resources Mitigation Suggestions ......................................................4-13


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CHAPTER 5: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

5 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................................5-15.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................5-15.2 THE DO-NOTHING ALTERNATIVE...............................................................................5-15.3 PROCESS ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS............................................................................5-25.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL........................................5-25.5 COAL RESOURCE LOCATION.......................................................................................5-35.6 MINING METHOD ALTERNATIVES................................................................................5-35.7 MINE DESIGN ALTERNATIVES......................................................................................5-65.8 PREFERRED PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OPTION.......................................................5-75.9 ROAD AND RAIL RE-ALIGNMENT.................................................................................5-8

Appendix 5.1: Mine Design Alternat ives and Recommendat ions ...................................................5-9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 5.1: Project Alternative Analysis for Coal Mining to Assess Project Development Options........5-2

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.1: Mining Direction Alternatives................................................................................................5-7

CHAPTER 6: THE PROJECT

6 THE PROJECT...........................................................................................................................6-16.1 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................6-16.2 THE COAL.......................................................................................................................6-46.3 MINE PLANNING.............................................................................................................6-56.4 RELOCATION OF REGIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE.......................................................6-86.5 MINE LAYOUT AND INFRASTRUCTURE....................................................................6-126.6 LAND REQUIREMENT AND ACQUISITION.................................................................6-206.7 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE (YEAR 1-YEAR 3)........................................................6-226.8 MINE OPERATIONS......................................................................................................6-276.9 COAL HANDLING AND TREATMENT..........................................................................6-366.10 PLANT AND EQUIPMENT.............................................................................................6-466.11 WORKFORCE AND OPERATIONAL HOURS...............................................................6-466.12 WATER MANAGEMENT................................................................................................6-486.13 COAL TRANSPORT......................................................................................................6-556.14 WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT..............................................................6-576.15 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT.................................................................6-576.16 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT.............................................6-58


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6.1: Extent of Mine Operation.....................................................................................................6-2

Figure 6.2: Project Schedule.................................................................................................................6-3

Figure 6.3: Mine Development Schedule...............................................................................................6-7

Figure 6.4: Proposed Transport Relocations.........................................................................................6-9

Figure 6.5: Extent of Mine Activities for Year 25..................................................................................6-11

Figure 6.6: General Infrastructure Arrangement..................................................................................6-14

Figure 6.7: Detailed Mine Infrastructure Layout, Year 3......................................................................6-15

Figure 6.8: Schematic of Coal Handling Facilities...............................................................................6-16

Figure 6.9: Land Resettlement Phases...............................................................................................6-21

Figure 6.10: Construction Schedule....................................................................................................6-23

Figure 6.11: Major Infrastructure Features, end Year 1.......................................................................6-24



Figure 6.14: A General Schematic of Mine Operations.......................................................................6-28Figure 6.15: A General Schematic of Mining Pit..................................................................................6-29

Figure 6.16: Mining Stage Plan 2 Year 3..........................................................................................6-30

Figure 6.17: Mining Stage Plan 5 Year 10........................................................................................6-31

Figure 6.18: Mining Stage Plan 10 Year 35...................................................................................... 6-32

Figure 6.19: Conceptual Final Land Use Plan.....................................................................................6-37

Figure 6.20: A Schematic Representation of Coal Handling and Process...........................................6-38

Figure 6.21: General Layout of Coal Handling Facilities......................................................................6-39

Figure 6.22: Coal Handling Infrastructure near the Pit.........................................................................6-40

Figure 6.23A: Raw Coal Stockpile.......................................................................................................6-42

Figure 6.23B: Typical Coal Stockpile...................................................................................................6-43Figure 6.24: Coal Handling and Preparation Plant ..............................................................................6-44

Figure 6.25: Coal Product Stockpile....................................................................................................6-45

Figure 6.26: Organisation Structure.....................................................................................................6-47

Figure 6.27: Simplified Mine Water Balance for Major Components...................................................6-50

Figure 6.28: Schematic Mine Dewatering and In-pit Water Management Diagram.............................6-52

Figure 6.29: Schematic Showing Mine Water Management Collection Systems................................6-53

Figure 6.30: Proposed Coal Transport Route......................................................................................6-56LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.1: Coal Product Details.............................................................................................................6-5Table 6.2: Mine Development Schedule................................................................................................6-6

Table 6.3: River Diversion Design Details (GHD 2005n).....................................................................6-10

Table 6.4: Mine Activities.....................................................................................................................6-12

Table 6.5: Product Stockpiles..............................................................................................................6-41

Table 6.6: Mining Equipment Fleet (MineConsult 2005)......................................................................6-46


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CHAPTER 7: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

7 EXISTING BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................... ...................7-17.1 SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION..........................................................................................7-17.2 REGIONAL SETTING......................................................................................................7-17.3 TOPOGRAPHY................................................................................................................7-27.4 GEOLOGY AND SOILS...................................................................................................7-27.5 METEOROLOGY...........................................................................................................7-117.6 AIR QUALITY.................................................................................................................7-157.7 NOISE ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................7-227.8 SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY.........................................7-247.9 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AND WATER QUALITY............................................7-367.10 LAND USE.....................................................................................................................7-467.11 BIODIVERSITY..............................................................................................................7-46

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 7.1: Regional Setting..................................................................................................................7-2

Figure 7.2: Topographic Elevation Contours.........................................................................................7-3

Figure 7.3: Geological Interpretation of Bangladesh.............................................................................7-4

Figure 7.4: Regional Conceptual Geological Cross-section: North to South Profile - Bangladesh........7-4

Figure 7.5: Known Coal Deposits in Bangladesh..................................................................................7-5

Figure 7.6: Depth to Coal Main Seam. ..................................................................................................7-6

Figure 7.7: Location of Coal Deposit of Barapukuria & Phulbari Basins................................................7-6

Figure 7.8: Bangladesh Geotectonic Map. ............................................................................................7-7

Figure 7.9: Location of Recorded Earthquakes. ....................................................................................7-7

Figure 7.10: Distribution of Soil Test Pit Locations................................................................................7-9

Figure 7.11: B Horizon Depth..............................................................................................................7-10

Figure 7.12: Temperature and Rainfall Data from the BMD Dinajpur Station......................................7-12

Figure 7.13: Temperature and Rainfall Data from the Asia Energy Phulbari Station...........................7-13

Figure 7.14: Temperature and Rainfall Data from Two Project Automatic Meteorological Stations....7-14

Figure 7.15: Relative Humidity and Barometric Pressure Data from Two Project AutomaticMeteorological Stations (November 04 to June 05) .......................................................7-14

Figure 7.16: Wind Roses for the Period November 04 to June 05 for the North Station (left) and theSouth Station (right).......................................................................................................7-15

Figure 7.17: Noise and Air Quality Monitoring Locations.....................................................................7-18

Figure 7.18: Dust Deposition Sampling Results (November 2004 to July 2005).................................7-19

Figure 7.19: Measured Ambient Concentrations of PM10(24 hour) ....................................................7-20

Figure 7.20: Typical Measured Noise Levels at Location AN07 from 01/02/05 to 03/02/05................7-23

Figure 7.21: River Catchments in the Northwest Region of Bangladesh.............................................7-25

Figure 7.22: Locations of Surface Water Features..............................................................................7-26

Figure 7.23: Little Jamuna River Gauge Water Levels (G8), Phulbari.................................................7-28

Figure 7.24: Little Jamuna River Flow at Phulbari (G8).......................................................................7-28

Figure 7.25: Surface Water Level Readings (locations shown in Figure 7.22)....................................7-29

Figure 7.26: Flow in the Little Jamuna, Khari Pul and Nalsissa River Systems...................................7-29

Figure 7.27: Water Levels in Khari Pul River.......................................................................................7-30

Figure 7.28: Radar Satellite Imagery over the Study Area..................................................................7-32

Figure 7.29: Groundwater Monitoring Locations..................................................................................7-38

Figure 7.30: Conceptual Hydrogeological Model of the Study Area....................................................7-39


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Figure 7.31: Long Term Water Level Results (BWDB data)................................................................7-40

Figure 7.32: Land Use in the Study Area.............................................................................................7-47

Figure 7.33: Distribution of Major Habitat Types..................................................................................7-49

Figure 7.34: Biodiversity Conservation for Threatened Species in the Study Area.............................7-55

LIST OF TABLES

Table 7.1: Geological and Hydrogeological Sequences within the Study Area.....................................7-5

Table 7.2: Summary of Sampling Results for PM10 (24 hour), PM2.5 (24 hour)and TSP(24 hour) over the PeriodNovember 2004 to June 2005...........................................................................................7-19

Table 7.3: Summary of Sampling Results for NO2and SO2 ................................................................7-21

Table 7.4: Summary of Measured Noise Levels from the Background Noise Monitoring Programme(results in dB(A))................................................................................................................7-22

Table 7.5: Median Concentrations of Key Surface Water Quality Parameters in the Project Area......7-34

Table 7.6: Summary of Sediment Chemistry Results, February 2005.................................................7-36

Table 7.7: Irrigation Tubewell Details and Extent of Irrigation in the Study Area (SMEC 2005p)........7-41

Table 7.8: Secondary Groundwater Chemistry Data Compared with the Bangladesh Drinking WaterStandards..........................................................................................................................7-43

Table 7.9: Results of Groundwater Quality Monitoring (Median Values) , by Depth and Aquifer ........7-44

Table 7.10: Land Use within the 10 Kilometre Zone............................................................................7-46CHAPTER 8: DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

8 DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ................................................8-18.1 SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION..........................................................................................8-18.2 NATIONAL CONTEXT.....................................................................................................8-58.3 DEMOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................8-108.4 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LAND USE................................................................8-198.5 OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN AND LIVELIHOODS........................................................8-258.6 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES...........................................................................8-488.7 HEALTH.........................................................................................................................8-708.8 RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL.......................................................................................8-75

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 8.1: Household Survey Status Map............................................................................................8-3

Figure 8.2: Resettlement Survey Status Map........................................................................................8-4

Figure 8.3: Upazilas and Unions in the Study Area...............................................................................8-8

Figure 8.4: Villages in the Study Area...................................................................................................8-9

Figure 8.5: Households in the Study Area, 2004 (Kamal and Ashan, 2005)........................................8-11

Figure 8.6: Ten Yearly Population Projections within the 5 Kilometre Zone (Kamal & Ashan, 2005)..8-12

Figure 8.7: Ten Yearly Population Projections within the Study Upazilas (Kamal & Ashan, 2005)......8-13

Figure 8.8: Household Composition, 2005..........................................................................................8-13

Figure 8.9: Sex Ratio in the Study Area (based on Kamal & Ashan, 2005).........................................8-14

Figure 8.10: Sex Ratio (based on Asia Energy/SMEC Household Survey, 2005)...............................8-15

Figure 8.11: Age-Sex Pyramid of the Enumerated Persons................................................................8-15Figure 8.12: Religious Affiliation in the 5 Kilometre Zone, 2005..........................................................8-16


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Figure 8.13: Religious Affiliation by Upazila, 2005 (5 Kilometre Zone)................................................8-17

Figure 8.14: Ethnicity of Households in the 5 Kilometre Zone, 2005...................................................8-18

Figure 8.15: Ethnicity by Upazila, 2005...............................................................................................8-18

Figure 8.16: Households Not Owning Their Own House in the Study Area, 2005...............................8-20

Figure 8.17: Building Material of Roof of Main House, 2005...............................................................8-21Figure 8.18: Land Ownership by Type, 2005.......................................................................................8-23

Figure 8.19: Land Transactions, 2005.................................................................................................8-23

Figure 8.20: Occupations of Household Members 15 Years and Older, 2005.....................................8-26

Figure 8.21: Breakdown of No Occupation Category.........................................................................8-26

Figure 8.22: Place of Work..................................................................................................................8-27

Figure 8.23: Reported Sufficiency of Crops.........................................................................................8-28

Figure 8.24: Sale of Crops...................................................................................................................8-29

Figure 8.25: Percentage of Households Owning Trees in the Study Area..........................................8-29

Figure 8.26: Numbers of Fruit Trees Owned by Households in the Study Area..................................8-30

Figure 8.27: Numbers of Timber Trees Owned by Households in the Study Area..............................8-30

Figure 8.28: Number of Households Owning Livestock in the Study Area..........................................8-32

Figure 8.29: Pond Ownership in the Study Area..................................................................................8-35

Figure 8.30: Reported Sources of Income, 2005.................................................................................8-39

Figure 8.31: Reported Monthly Household Income, 2005...................................................................8-40

Figure 8.32: Main Expenditure Items, 2005.........................................................................................8-41

Figure 8.33: Reported Monthly Household Expenditure, 2005............................................................8-41

Figure 8.34: Household Loan..............................................................................................................8-42

Figure 8.35: Household Loan Holdings...............................................................................................8-42

Figure 8.36: Income Sources of Female-Headed Households............................................................8-44Figure 8.37: Reported Monthly Household Income for Female-Headed Households, 2005................8-44

Figure 8.38: Education Level of Female vs Male-Headed Households, 2005.....................................8-45

Figure 8.39: Road Network of the Study Area ....................................................................................8-50

Figure 8.40: Existing Power Supply Network in Phulbari Paurashava.................................................8-53

Figure 8.41: Access to Electricity.........................................................................................................8-54

Figure 8.42: Access to Electricity by Upazila.......................................................................................8-54

Figure 8.43: Type of Sanitation Facility ...............................................................................................8-55

Figure 8.44: Ownership of Sanitation Facility......................................................................................8-56

Figure 8.45: Main Water Source..........................................................................................................8-57

Figure 8.46: Ownership of Tubewell....................................................................................................8-57

Figure 8.47: Availability of Water.........................................................................................................8-58

Figure 8.48: Educational Level of the Population in the 5 Kilometre Zone, 2005................................8-60

Figure 8.49: Gender Differences in Educational Level of the 5 Kilometre Zone, 2005........................8-61

Figure 8.50: Educational Facilities in the Study Area..........................................................................8-62

Figure 8.51: Health Facilities in the Study Area...................................................................................8-64

Figure 8.52: Access to Landline Telephone........................................................................................8-69

Figure 8.53: Most Common Illnesses or Symptoms Suffered by Household Members, 2005.............8-70

Figure 8.54: Occurrence of Specific Physical Ailments/Conditions.....................................................8-72

Figure 8.55: Causes of Disabilities in the Study Area..........................................................................8-72Figure 8.56: First Contact for Illnesses (Household Survey), 2005.....................................................8-73


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Figure 8.57: First Contact for Illnesses (HIA Survey), 2005.................................................................8-73

Figure 8.58: First Contact for Illnesses in Phulbari Paurashava, 2005................................................8-74

Figure 8.59: Source of Specific Health Services, 2005 (Health Promotion Limited, 2005)..................8-74

Figure 8.60: Expenditure on Health Care, 2005 (based on Health Promotion Limited, 2005).............8-75

Figure 8.61: Archaeological Sites in the Study Area............................................................................8-78Figure 8.62: Religious Sites in the Study Area....................................................................................8-79

Figure 8.63: Graveyards and Cremation Sites in the Study Area........................................................8-80

LIST OF TABLES

Table 8.1: Key Indicators of the Households in 5 Kilometre Zone.........................................................8-2

Table 8.2: Key Socio-economic Indicators for Bangladesh...................................................................8-5

Table 8.3: Study Area Upazilas - Basic Facts .......................................................................................8-7

Table 8.4: Unions and Mouzas in the Study Area.................................................................................8-7

Table 8.5: Total Households and Population in the Study Area Upazilas............................................8-10

Table 8.6: Estimated Households in the Study Area Unions and Phulbari Paurashava......................8-10Table 8.7: Historical Population Densities of the Study Area Upazilas................................................8-11

Table 8.8: Religions, 1991 Population Census....................................................................................8-16

Table 8.9: Building Material of Roof of Main House.............................................................................8-20

Table 8.10: Land Use within the 5 Kilometre Zone..............................................................................8-21

Table 8.11: Land Holdings by Type of Tenancy for the Study Area Upazilas, 1996............................8-22

Table 8.12: Land Ownership in the 5 Kilometre Zone..........................................................................8-22

Table 8.13: Type of Landholding by Union, 1996................................................................................8-24

Table 8.14: Cultivable Land Holdings in the 5 Kilometre Radius, 2005...............................................8-25

Table 8.15: Occupational Status, Population 10 Years and Older, 1991.............................................8-25

Table 8.16: Key Agricultural Indicators in the Study Area Upazilas, 2002...........................................8-28

Table 8.17: Livestock in the Study Area Upazilas, 1996......................................................................8-31

Table 8.18: Livestock Owned by Households in the 5 Kilometre Zone, 2005......................................8-32

Table 8.19: Agricultural Labour............................................................................................................8-33

Table 8.20: Upazila Fishing Indicators, 2002.......................................................................................8-34

Table 8.21: Industries in the Study Area Upazilas...............................................................................8-36

Table 8.22: Professionals and Trades in the Study Area Upazilas......................................................8-36

Table 8.23: Professionals and Trades in the Study Area Upazilas......................................................8-36

Table 8.24: Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Phulbari Township.............................................8-37

Table 8.25: Main Sources of Household Income, 1991.......................................................................8-39Table 8-26: Population Below Poverty Line (DCI Method), 2000........................................................8-46

Table 8-27: Incidence of Poverty (Headcount Ratio), 2000.................................................................8-46

Table 8-28: Change in Incidence of Poverty, 1991/92 2000.............................................................8-47

Table 8.29: Transport Infrastructure in the Project Study Area Upazilas, 2002...................................8-48

Table 8.30: Average Annual Daily Traffic Flows & Passenger Car Unit Equivalents (October 2004)..8-51

Table 8.31: Average Daily Traffic Statistics In and Around Phulbari Township...................................8-51

Table 8.32: Existing Power Supply Systems in Phulbari .....................................................................8-52

Table 8.33: Access to Electricity..........................................................................................................8-52

Table 8.34: Sanitation Facilities, 1991.................................................................................................8-55

Table 8.35: Main Source of Drinking Water, 1991...............................................................................8-56


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Table 8.36: Educational Facilities in the Study Area Upazilas.............................................................8-59

Table 8.37: Educational Facilities in Unions Located in the 5 Kilometre Zone....................................8-59

Table 8.38: Literacy Rates in the Study Area Upazilas, 2002..............................................................8-60

Table 8.39: Health Services in the Study Area Upazilas, 2002...........................................................8-61

Table 8.40: Physicians in Private Practices in the Study Area Upazilas, 2002....................................8-63Table 8.41: Health Facilities in the Study Area....................................................................................8-63

Table 8.42: Government and Semi Government Offices in the Study Area.........................................8-66

Table 8.43: NGOs in the Study Area, 2005.........................................................................................8-67

Table 8.44: Markets and Their Shops in the 5 Kilometre Zone, 2005..................................................8-69

Table 8.45: Health Conditions Suffered by the Adult Population........................................................8-71

Table 8.46: Common Illness Suffered by Children in the Study Area..................................................8-71

Table 8.47: Archaeological Site Classification.....................................................................................8-76

Table 8.48: Sites of Archaeological and Religious Importance............................................................8-77

Table 8.49: Religious Sites Located in the 5 Kilometre Zone..............................................................8-77

Table 8.50: Graveyards and Cremation Sites in the 5 Kilometre Zone................................................8-77

CHAPTER 9: BIOPHYSICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

9 BIOPHYSICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...................................................................................9-19.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................9-19.2 SOIL.................................................................................................................................9-19.3 LAND USE AND LAND CAPABILITY..............................................................................9-89.4 AIR QUALITY.................................................................................................................9-149.5

NOISE, BLASTING AND VIBRATION...........................................................................9-28

9.6 SURFACE WATER........................................................................................................9-399.7 GROUNDWATER..........................................................................................................9-54 9.8 VISUAL AMENITY.........................................................................................................9-689.9 BIODIVERSITY..............................................................................................................9-789.10 WASTE MANAGEMENT................................................................................................9-859.11 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ENERGY USE...............................................9-91

Appendix 9.1: Greenhouse Gas Calcu lat ions .............................................................. ...................9-99

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 9.1: Conceptual Rehabilitation Plan.........................................................................................9-10

Figure 9.2: Modelled Air and Noise Quality Receptor Locations.........................................................9-18

Figure 9.3A: Predicated Maximum PM10Concentration Contour (Year 5)...........................................9-20

Figure 9.3B: 99thPercentile PM2.5Concentration Contour for Year 5..................................................9-23

Figure 9.3C: Increase in Dust Deposition Contour for Year 5..............................................................9-24

Figure 9.4: Predicted Noise Contours Year 02 (Night Inversion).........................................................9-33

Figure 9.5: Predicted Noise Contour Year 05 (Night Inversion)...........................................................9-34

Figure 9.6: 1:100 Year Pre Development Flood Depths......................................................................9-41

Figure 9.7: 1:100 Year Post Development (without Land Settlement) Flood Depths...........................9-42

Figure 9.8: Predicted Land Settlement Impact (with Injection)............................................................9-45


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Figure 9.9: 1 in 100 Year Post Development Flood Depth (with Sediment Consolidation)..................9-46

Figure 9.10: Predicted Groundwater Contours for Year 29 on 31 March.............................................9-56

Figure 9.11: Predicted Groundwater Contours with Injection for Year 29 on 31 March.......................9-58

Figure 9.12: Locality Plan - Areas Impacted by Mine Dewatering and Aquifer Injection......................9-59

Figure 9.13: Layout - Irrigation Water Supply Distribution from the Dewatering System.....................9-64

Figure 9.14: Typical Layout Plan for Irrigation Water Supply from New DTW.....................................9-66

Figure 9.15: View Points......................................................................................................................9-72

Figure 9.16: Priority Areas Identified for Biodiversity Conservation.....................................................9-79

Figure 9.17: Conceptual Design of Treatment of AMD and Other High Risk Materials (GHD 2005a).9-87

LIST OF TABLESTable 9.1: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria - Soils....................................................................9-7

Table 9.2: Significance of Residual Impacts Soils: Ex-Pit Overburden Dump....................................9-8

Table 9.3: Significance of Residual Impacts Soils: In-Pit Overburden Dump.....................................9-8

Table 9.4: Significance of Residual Impacts Soils: Adjacent Agricultural Area...................................9-8Table 9.5: Areal Extent of the Mine Footprint and Proposed Rehabilitation. .........................................9-9

Table 9.6: Land Use Changes During Mining........................................................................................9-9

Table 9.7: Areal Extent of Final Landform Type..................................................................................9-11

Table 9.8: Areal Extent of Final Land Use Type..................................................................................9-11

Table 9.9: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Land Use..........................................................9-13

Table 9.10: Significance of Residual Impacts Land Use...................................................................9-13

Table 9.11: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Land Capability..............................................9-13

Table 9.12: Significance of Residual Impacts Land Capability .........................................................9-14

Table 9.13: Predicted PM10Concentrations from Project Emissions (g/m3)......................................9-19

Table 9.14: Predicted PM2.5 (24 hour)Concentrations at the Discrete Receptors.....................................9-21Table 9.15: Predicted Increase in Dust Deposition Rates at the Discrete Receptors..........................9-22

Table 9.16: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Air Quality ......................................................9-27

Table 9.17: Significance of Residual Impacts Air Quality.................................................................9-28

Table 9.18: Predicted Noise Impacts from the Project (dB(A))............................................................9-32

Table 9.19: Predicted Ground Vibration and Overpressure Levels at Various Distances....................9-35

Table 9.20: 2005 and Projected AADT for the Main Transport Routes Out of Phulbari.......................9-36

Table 9.21: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Noise..............................................................9-38

Table 9.22 Significance of Residual Impacts Noise..........................................................................9-39

Table 9.23: Flood Elevation due to Mine and Town Bunding (metres above sea level)......................9-40

Table 9.24: Effect of Land Settlement on Water Elevation.................................................................. 9-44Table 9.25: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Surface Water.................................................9-53

Table 9.26: Significance of Residual Impacts Surface Water...........................................................9-54

Table 9.27: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Groundwater..................................................9-67

Table 9.28: Significance of Residual Impacts Groundwater.............................................................9-68

Table 9.29: Visual Impact Assessment................................................................................................9-77

Table 9.30: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Visual.............................................................9-78

Table 9.31: Significance of Residual Impacts Visual.........................................................................9-78

Table 9.32: Habitat Areas....................................................................................................................9-80

Table 9.33: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Biodiversity.....................................................9-84

Table 9.34: Significance of Residual Impacts Terrestrial and Aquatic..............................................9-85

Table 9.35: Summary of AMD Risk (GHD 2005o)...............................................................................9-86


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Table 9.36: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Waste.............................................................9-90

Table 9.37: Significance of Residual Impacts Waste........................................................................9-91

Table 9.38: Mine Power Supply Scenario............................................................................................9-94

Table 9.39: Predicted CO2Equivalent Emissions from the Project......................................................9-95

Table 9.40: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria Greenhouse Gas Emissions..........................9-97

Table 9.41: Significance of Residual Impacts Greenhouse Gas Emissions.....................................9-97

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 9.1: Views from the North...........................................................................................................9-73

Plate 9.2: Views from the East.............................................................................................................9-74

Plate 9.3: Views from the South..........................................................................................................9-75

Plate 9.4: Views from the West............................................................................................................9-76

CHAPTER 10: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT

10 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT.........................................................................10-110.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................10-110.2 LAND ACQUISITION.....................................................................................................10-210.3 POPULATION DISPLACEMENT.................................................................................10-2410.4 LIVELIHOODS AND INCOME.....................................................................................10-3410.5 SOCIAL, COMMUNITY AND CULTURAL PRACTICES..............................................10-4710.6 IMPACTS ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES.................................................10-5010.7 HEALTH AND SAFETY IMPACTS...............................................................................10-6710.8 IMPACTS ON CULTURAL HERITAGE........................................................................10-7710.9 VULNERABLE GROUPS.............................................................................................10-8310.10HOST COMMUNITY IMPACTS...................................................................................10-9610.11SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES....................................................10-104

APPENDICES ....................................................... .............................................................. ............10-106

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 10.1: Land Occupation Stages (need to be update).................................................................10-4

Figure 10.2: Proposed Road and Rail Realignments...........................................................................10-8

Figure 10.3: Land Acquisition Process..............................................................................................10-17

Figure 10.4: Institutional Arrangements for Resettlement Implementation........................................10-21

Figure 10.5: Resettlement Phases....................................................................................................10-26

Figure 10.6: Agricultural Based Sources of Income...........................................................................10-35

Figure 10.7: Skill Level of Permanent Employees in Mine Footprint .................................................10-40

Figure 10.8: Baseline Survey Sites and Proposed Network Impact Sites (SMEC 2005)...................10-54

Figure 10.9: Impact on Travel Distances...........................................................................................10-56

Figure 10.10: Health Facilities in the Mine Footprint..........................................................................10-59

Figure 10.11: Educational Facilities in the Mine Footprint.................................................................10-62

Figure 10.12: Archaeological Sites in the Mine Footprint..................................................................10-79

Figure 10.13: Religious Structures in the Mine Footprint...................................................................10-80

Figure 10.14: Graveyards and Cremation Sites in the Mine Footprint...............................................10-83


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Figure 10.15: Monthly Income for Female-headed Households vs Male-headed Households..........10-85

Figure 10.16: Income Sources for Female-Headed Households.......................................................10-85

Figure 10.17: Affected Indigenous Villages.......................................................................................10-89

Figure 10.18: Agreement to Statements about the Coal Project .......................................................10-90

Figure 10.19: Purpose of Government Land Use..............................................................................10-92

Figure 10.20: Relocation Villages......................................................................................................10-97

LIST OF TABLES

Table 10.1: Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria...........................................................................10-1Table 10.2: Cultural/Religious Heritage Severity/Consequence Ranking Criteria...............................10-2Table 10.3: Summary Mine Development Schedule............................................................................10-3Table 10.4: Land Occupation by Mining Stage....................................................................................10-3Table 10.5: Resettlement Implementation Schedule...........................................................................10-6Table 10.6: Estimate of Affected Land Use Categories.......................................................................10-9Table 10.7: Land Acquisition Requirements by Upazila and Union...................................................10-10Table 10.8: Proportion of Affected Administrative Unit in Mine Footprint ..........................................10-10Table 10.9: Ownership of Tree Types...............................................................................................10-12Table 10.10: Type of Fruit Trees Owned...........................................................................................10-12Table 10.11: Type of Timber Trees Owned.......................................................................................10-13Table 10.12: Estimate of Trees Located in the Mine Footprint..........................................................10-13Table 10.13: Fish Species Cultivated................................................................................................10-14Table 10.14: Homestead Structures in the Mine Footprint ................................................................10-14Table 10.15: Predicted Magnitude of Subsidence with Aquifer Injection...........................................10-15Table 10.16: Summary of Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures: Land Acquisition..............10-22Table 10.17: Mine Footprint Resettlement Estimates........................................................................10-24Table 10.18: Estimated Households to be Resettled by Administrative Unit and Phase...................10-25Table 10.19: Elderly Household Heads.............................................................................................10-25Table 10.20: Disabled Household Heads..........................................................................................10-27Table 10.21: Villages Potentially Affected by Mining Disturbance.....................................................10-27Table 10.22: Villages Potentially Affected by Transport Realignments .............................................10-27Table 10.23: Villages Located in the Western Extension of Phulbari Township................................10-28Table 10.24: Resettlement Preferences of Households....................................................................10-30Table 10.25: Summary of Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures: Population Displacement.10-33Table 10.26: Estimates of Households Below Adjusted Poverty Line, 2005......................................10-34Table 10.27: Agricultural Reliant Businesses Enumerated in the Resettlement Survey....................10-37Table 10.28: Local Procurement Opportunities.................................................................................10-41Table 10.29: Livelihoods Re-establishment Preferences...................................................................10-42Table 10.30: Training Preferences....................................................................................................10-44Table 10.31: Summary Matrix of Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Livelihoods..........................10-46

Table 10.32: Summary Matrix of Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Social and Community Practices.....................................................................................................................................10-50

Table 10.33: Proportion of Union Affected in Mine Footprint.............................................................10-52

Table 10.34: Impact on Travel Distance (km)....................................................................................10-55

Table 10.35: Impact on Travel Time (min).........................................................................................10-55

Table 10.36: Health Facilities and Operators in the Mine Footprint...................................................10-58

Table 10.37: Health Facilities and Operators in Phulbari Western Extension....................................10-60


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Table 10.38: Educational Facilities in the Mine Footprint ..................................................................10-61

Table 10.39: Educational Facilities in Areas of Possible Mine Disturbance.......................................10-61

Table 10.40: Educational Facilities in Phulbari Western Extension...................................................10-61

Table 10.41: Markets in the Mine Footprint.......................................................................................10-63

Table 10.42: Summary Matrix of Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Infrastructure and Services.10-68

Table 10.43: Summary Matrix of Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Health and Safety ...............10-76

Table 10.44: Religious Structures in the Mine Footprint....................................................................10-78

Table 10.45: Religious Sites in Phulbari Western Extension.............................................................10-78

Table 10.46: Graveyards in the Mine Footprint .................................................................................10-81

Table 10.47: Summary Matrix of Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Cultural Heritage.................10-82

Table 10.48: Demographic Characteristics of Female Household Heads.........................................10-84

Table 10.49: Summary Matrix of Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Vulnerable Groups..............10-95

Table 10.50: Project Resettlement Sites...........................................................................................10-96

Table 10.51: Priority One Resettlement Sites....................................................................................10-96

Table 10.52: Priority Two Resettlement Sites....................................................................................10-98

Table 10.53: Priority Three Resettlement Sites.................................................................................10-98Table 10.54: Host Area Landowners, Priority One Resettlement Sites.............................................10-98

Table 10.55: Gender Breakdown of Host Area Landowners.............................................................10-99

Table 10.56: Primary Occupation of Host Area Population...............................................................10-99

Table 10.57: Land Transactions in the Last Twenty-Four Months...................................................10-100

Table 10.58: Dominant Income Sources.........................................................................................10-101

Table 10.59: Sharecropping and Leasing Arrangements................................................................10-101

Table 10.60: Support for the Establishment of the Resettlement Sites...........................................10-101

Table 10.61: Reasons for not Supporting Establishment of Resettlement Sites..............................10-102

Table 10.62: Summary Matrix of Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Host Communities.............10-104

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 10.1.1: Assignment of Truck and Workforce Trips to New Road Network.......................10-107

Appendix 10.1.2: Traffic Assignment Assumptions for Future Road Network.................................10-108

Appendix 10.1.3: Estimated Background Average Daily Traffic When Reassigned (PCUs) ...........10-109

Appendix 10.1.4: Daily Truck Trips Due to Barapukuria and Madhyapara Minegate Sales (PCUs)10-110

Appendix 10.1.5: Daily Work Trips Due to Barapukuria & Madhyapara Mine (PCUs)....................10-111

Appendix 10.2: Estimated Total Average Daily Traffic Without Project Development (PCUs) ........10-112

Appendix 10.3: Estimated Average Daily Traffic With Project Development (PCUs) ......................10-113

Appendix 10.4: Estimated Peak Hour Traffic With Project Development (PCUs)............................10-114

Appendix 10.5: RHD Standard Road Design Requirements...........................................................10-115

CHAPTER 11: ANCILLARY DEVELOPMENT

11 ANCILLARY DEVELOPMENT.................................................................... .............................11-111.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................11-111.2 PHULBARI EXTENDED TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE..................11-111.3 COAL FIRED POWER STATION...................................................................................11-611.4 TRANSPORTATION AND PORT INFRASTRUCTURE.................................................11-8


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 11.1: Proposed Extended Town / Village Locations.................................................................11-2

Figure 11.2: Extended Phulbari Township Land Use Plan..................................................................11-3

Figure 11.3: Generic Village Plan........................................................................................................11-4

Figure 11.4: Site of Proposed Power Station....................................................................................... 11-7Figure 11.5: Proposed Coal Transport Route...................................................................................... 11-9

CHAPTER 12: CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

12 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ........................................................... ..............................................12-112.1 RELEVANT PROJECTS.............................................................................................12-112.2 WATER RESOURCES...............................................................................................12-312.3 AIR QUALITY.............................................................................................................12-612.4 NOISE........................................................................................................................12-712.5 LAND USE AND LAND CAPABILITY.........................................................................12-712.6 ECOLOGICAL ISSUES AND BIODIVERSITY............................................................12-812.7 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.............................................................................12-812.8 LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT............................................................12-912.9 LIVELIHOODS AND EMPLOYMENT.........................................................................12-912.10 POPULATION CHANGES..........................................................................................12-912.11 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES.....................................................................12-1012.12 TRAFFIC..................................................................................................................12-1012.13 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................12-11

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 12.1: Major Industries in the Vicinity of the Project...................................................................12-2

LIST OF TABLESTable 12.1: Potential Significant Cumulative Environmental and Social Impacts................................12-3

Table 12.2: Dewatering Rates.............................................................................................................12-3CHAPTER 13: MANAGEMENT PLANS

13 MANAGEMENT PLANS...................................................................................................13-113.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................13-1 13.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ACTION PLAN (ESAP)....................................13-113.3 RESETTLEMENT PLAN........................................................................................13-313.4 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES DEVELOPMENT PLAN................................................13-313.5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN..........................................13-4

LIST OF TABLESTable 13.1: ESAP Sub-Plans........................................................................................................13-2


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CHAPTER 14: JUSTIFICATION OF PHULBARI COAL PROJECT

14 JUSTIFICATION OF PHULBARI COAL PROJECT ................................................................14-114.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................14-114.2 WILL MEET IMPORTANT NATIONAL NEEDS..............................................................14-114.3 WILL HELP SATISFY DEMAND FOR COAL.................................................................14-314.4 WILL DECREASE DEPENDENCE ON GAS.................................................................14-414.5 WILL HAVE ACCEPTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS &

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT..................................................................................14-6

14.6 SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................14-7LIST OF FIGURESFigure 14.1: Installed Electricity Generation Capacity (by Fuel Type) 2003........................................14-4

Figure 14.2: Location of Gas Fields (red flames) in Bangladesh in Relation to Phulbari Coal Project.14-5

LIST OF TABLESTable 14.1: Gas Consumption Growth, Bangladesh............................................................................14-4CHAPTER 15: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES

15 RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES................................................................................................15-115.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................15-115.2 GENERAL RISKS, UNCERTAINTIES AND OPPORTUNITIES.....................................15-115.3 PROJECT RELATED RESIDUAL RISKS......................................................................15-515.4 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................15-8

LIST OF TABLES

Table 15.1: Project Institutional and Political Issues............................................................................ 15-1

Table 15.2: Project Technical Issues...................................................................................................15-3

Table 15.3: Project Environmental and Social Issues..........................................................................15-4

Table 15.4: Significance Assessment Matrix.......................................................................................15-5

Table 15.5: Residual Risks - Environmental........................................................................................15-6

Table 15.6: Residual Risks Social....................................................................................................15-8CHAPTER 16: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

16 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................... ..................16-116.1 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................16-1 16.2 RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................16-2

LIST OF TABLES

Table 16.1: Summary of Environmental and Social Impact Management and Mitigation Commitments16-3CHAPTER 17: REFERENCES

CHAPTER 18: GLOSSARY

phulbari coal mine layout

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