phrases clauses (1)
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Phrases & ClausesPhrases & Clauses
What are they?
How are they different?
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The main difference:The main difference:
Phrases Phrases
DONOTDO
NOT
have BOTH a subject& a verb
Cl ausesCl auses DO HAVEDO HAVE
BOT
H a subject & averb
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PHRASES:PHRASES:
4 Types
No Subject & Verb
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1: Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional Phrase =PrepositionPreposition + NounNoun
f rom the house = fromfrom ((prep)prep) + (noun(noun)) the housethe house He ran quicklyHe ran quickly from thefrom the
house.house.
behind a rock = behindbehind ((prep)prep) ++ (noun(noun)) a rocka rock I saw my teacherI saw my teacher
behind a rockbehind a rock..
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during themovie
aboutabout hishismessy roommessy room
aroundaround the trackthe track and nearnearthe fieldthe field
1: Prepositional Phrase
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2: Participial Phrase2: Participial Phrase
A participle is a verb used as anotherused as anotherpart of speech.part of speech.
1Participles are easy to recognize:they end inthey end in inging oror ed.ed.
For exampl e: runningrunning water, bakedbakedapples, lovingloving husband, loadedloaded gun,
etc
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lookinglooking closely,
stayingstaying up all
night
studyingstudying theHistory book
2: Participial Phrase2: Participial Phrase
M ore exampl es:
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3: Infinitive Phrase3: Infinitive Phrase
ToTo + verbverb = Infinitive phrase If you have ever studied a f oreign
l anguage, you might remember that
verbs are always studied w/ the
in f initivein f initive f irst:
toto lovelove (the inf initive f orm)
I loveyou love
he/she/it
loves
we loveyou
love
they
love
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3: Infinitive Phrase3: Infinitive Phrase cont·dcont·d
Infinitive phrasesInfinitive phrases begin with theinfinitive form of the verb
Examples:
toto runrun a mile
toto startstart over
toto dodo homework all night
toto winwin the contest
toto wakewake up early
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4: Noun Phrases4: Noun Phrases Adjective Adjective + NounNoun = Noun Phrase
The talltall buildingbuilding
A smoky, crowdedsmoky, crowded roomroom
Screaming, halfScreaming, half--nakednaked toddlerstoddlers
Nests of yellow and red stripedNests of yellow and red striped
snakessnakes
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NOW FOR A SMALLWARNING
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One word can make phrasesa little tricky:
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The tricky to
The word to is found in
BOTH
prepositionalprepositionaland
infinitiveinfinitivephrases
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CAUTIONCAUTION----Dont mix these up!Dont mix these up!
toto the football stadiumfootball stadium ( prepo siti onal)
toto the teacherteacher ( prepo siti onal )
toto runrun a mile
toto finishfinish my homework
Prepositional Phrases:
Infinitive Phrases:
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Clauses:Clauses: 3 types 3 types
Have BOTH Subject & Verb
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INDEPENDENT CLAUSE(aka: SENTENCESENTENCE OR MAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE)
Clause #1:
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Independent ClauseIndependent Clause
Independent clauses have ahave asubjectsubject && verbverb and can standcan stand
alonealone.
E xampl es:
The doctordoctor finishedfinished the
examination. Stud entsStud ents leaveleave campus after class.
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DEPENDENT CLAUSE(aka: THE µµCLIFFHANGERCLIFFHANGERµµ)
Clause #2:
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Dependent ClauseDependent Clause
Dependent clauses havesubjectssubjects & verbsverbs, butbut
they cannot stand alonethey cannot stand alone
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Dependent ClauseDependent Clause
Dependent clauses usually beginwith subordinating conjunctionssuch as although, because,
when, since, if, unless« E xampl es: E xampl es:
B ecause II leftleft early
I f we
we fin
dfin
dmy notebook
S ubordinating conjunction
subjectsubject verbverb««
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Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses
Dependent clauses require a completeDependent clauses require a completethought to make them complete«thought to make them complete«
Written alone,
dependent clauses createcreatesuspensesuspense for whats to
comelike a
cliffhangercliffhanger:
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Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses
Example of a dependent clause:
B ecause a
rattlesnakerattlesnake has madehas madea home under our
bed
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Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses
Dependent clauses often begin or end
sentences:
Because a rattlesnakerattlesnake has madehas made a
home under our bed (dependentdependentclauseclause)
+ W e W e purchasedpurchased a mongoose to sleep
with us. (sentence/main clausesentence/main clause)
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Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses
Because a rattlesnakerattlesnake
has madehas made a home under
our bed, we purchased a mongoose to sleep with
us.
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Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses
We purchased a mongoose
to sleep with us because a
rattlesnakerattlesnake has madehas made ahome under our bed.
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Ex amples of Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses
A lthough
II
spentsp
ent three hoursstudying,
B ecause the childrenchildren had hiddenhad hiddenthe key,
( N ote how each o f these requires something t o f oll ow it.)
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Ex amples of Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses
I
f stud entsstud ents sign up sign up early,
U nless the weather weather prevents travel,
W hen everyoneeveryone finished dinner,
( N ote how each o f these requires something t o f oll ow it.)
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Ex amples of Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses
A fter the sched ulesched ule is published,
B efore a hurricanehurricane hits an area,
( N ote how each o f these requires something t o f oll ow it.)
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RELATIVE CLAUSE(WHO, WHICH, THATWHO, WHICH, THAT )
Clause #3:
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Relative ClausesRelative Clauses
Relative clauses areeasy to recognize.
They begin with WHOWHO,WHICHWHICH, or THATTHAT.
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Relative ClausesRelative Clauses
They are not questions,
but part of sentences.
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Relative ClausesRelative Clauses
E xampl es: E xampl es:
Martin, who usually finishes first who usually finishes first, wasunable to beat my record.
Pasta, which used to be included in which used to be included in
most dietsmost diets, has been replaced byhigh-protein foods.
Toys that the dog che wed up must bethrown away.
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NOW FOR ANOTHER SMALL WARNING
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2 words can make clauses alittle tricky:
Before
After
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CAUTION--Dont mix these up!
beforebeforeand
after after canappear in either
prepositional phrases or
dependent clausesdependent clauses.
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CAUTION--Dont mix these up!
Prepositional phrases:Prepositional phrases:
after after the stormthe storm
beforebefore the alarmthe alarm
after after lunchlunch
beforebefore my napmy nap after after work work
beforebefore the holidaythe holiday
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CAUTION--Dont mix these up!
DependentDependent clauses:clauses:
after after thethe stormstorm endedended
beforebefore thethe alarmalarm rangrang
after after wewe leftleft workwork
beforebeforethethe doctordoctor arrivedarrived
after after II receivedreceived your callyour call
beforebefore thethe judge judge makesmakes his rulinghis ruling
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Phrase & Clause Review
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Phrase & Clause Review
Q: What is the maindifference between
phrases & clauses?
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Phrase & Clause Review
Answer:
Phrases do not have both asubject and a verb
Clauses have both a subject
and a verb.
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Phrase Review
Prepositional:Prepositional:
above the clouds
near my house
along the shore
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Phrase Review
ParticipialParticipial::
leaving work early
sleeping until noon
celebrating the holidays
filled with liquid
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Phrase Review
Infinitive:Infinitive:
toto walkwalk the dog
toto playplay the piano
toto watchwatch our favorite T V show
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Phrase Review
Noun Phrases:Noun Phrases:
a blue glassglass
fifty wild iguanasiguanas
aa comfortablecomfortable bedbed
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Clause Review
Independent/Main Clause:Independent/Main Clause:(Sentence)
Broccoli is my fav orite food.
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ClauseReview ClauseReview
Dependent ClauseDependent Clause:
B ecause broccoli broccoli isismy favorite food
Clause Review
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ClauseReview ClauseReview
Relative Clause:Relative Clause:
whichwhich is my favorite foodis my favorite food