photon emission in neutral current interactions with ...advisors: drs. juan m. nieves and luis...
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Introduction Theoretical Model Comparison with MiniBooNE Estimates Summary
Photon Emission in Neutral Current Interactionswith Nucleons and Nuclei
En Wang
IFIC, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
Jan 14, 2015
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Overview
1 IntroductionA brief resumeIntroduction of NCγ theoretical study
2 Theoretical ModelNCγ on the nucleonIncoherent NCγ on nucleiCoherent NCγ on nuclei
3 Comparison with MiniBooNE Estimates
4 Summary
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Introduction Theoretical Model Comparison with MiniBooNE Estimates Summary
IntroductionA brief resume
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Introduction Theoretical Model Comparison with MiniBooNE Estimates Summary
Who am I?
Name: En Wang
Date of birth: Dec. 1985
Marital status: Married
The place of birth: Henan,China
Figure : Shao-Lin temple, Henan
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Education
Ph.D — 03.2011 – 12.2014
IFIC, University of Valencia & CSIC, Valencia, SpainTitle: Electroweak processes in nucleons and nuclei at intermediateenergiesAdvisors: Drs. Juan M. Nieves and Luis Alvarez-Ruso
Master — 09.2007 – 07.2010
Department of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Henan, ChinaTitle: Study of meson properties in quark modelsAdvisor: Prof. De-Min Li
Bachelor — 09.2003 – 07.2007
Department of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Henan, ChinaTitle: Study of mass spectra of the charmoniumAdvisor: Prof. De-Min Li
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Research
♣ Neutrino-nucleon and neutrino-nucleus interaction;Photon emission in neutral current interactions atintermediate energies
♣ Effective hadron interactions with chiral symmetry:Resonances and unitary re-summations
♣ Photo-production of the Λ(1520) resonance
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Introduction of NCγ theoretical study
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e-like events in the MiniBooNE experimentE
vents
/MeV
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Data (stat err.)+/
µ from eν+/
from Keν0
from Keν
misid0
πγ N→ ∆
dirtotherConstr. Syst. Error
Neutrino
(GeV)QEνE
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Events
/MeV
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2 Antineutrino
3.01.5
neutrino-mode excess:162.0± 47.8 events
antineutrino-mode excess:78.4± 28.5 events
A. Aguilar-Arevalo et al., PRL110(2013),161801.
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Introduction Theoretical Model Comparison with MiniBooNE Estimates Summary
e-like events in the MiniBooNE experimentE
vents
/MeV
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Data (stat err.)+/
µ from eν+/
from Keν0
from Keν
misid0
πγ N→ ∆
dirtotherConstr. Syst. Error
Neutrino
(GeV)QEνE
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Events
/MeV
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2 Antineutrino
3.01.5
This anomaly of e-like events
Oscillation: not explained by 1, 2,3 families of sterile neutrino.J. Conrad, et al., AHEP2013(2013), 163897; C. Giunti, etal., PRD 88(2013), 073008.
Lorentz violation. T. Katori PRD74(2006), 105009.
Radiative decay of heavy neutrinos.S. Gninenko, PRL 103(2009),241802.
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e-like events in the MiniBooNE experimentE
vents
/MeV
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Data (stat err.)+/
µ from eν+/
from Keν0
from Keν
misid0
πγ N→ ∆
dirtotherConstr. Syst. Error
Neutrino
(GeV)QEνE
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Events
/MeV
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2 Antineutrino
3.01.5
It could have its origin in poorly under-stood background and unknown system-atics.
MiniBooNE detector cannotdistinguish the signature producedby electrons or photons.
NC π0 where the γγ decay is notidentified
∆→ Nγ decay - one of the largestbackground
(A. Aguilar-Arevalo et al., PRL110(2013), 161801)
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Theoretical Model
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NCγ on the nucleons and nuclei
NCγ reaction on nucleons
ν(k) + N(p)→ ν(k ′) + N(p′) + γ(qγ)
NCγ on nuclei consists of incoherent and coherent reactions,
ν(k) + A(p)→ ν(k ′) + X (p′) + γ(qγ)
ν(k) + AZ |gs(pA)→ ν(k ′) + AZ |gs(p′A) + γ(qγ)
At the relevant energies for MiniBooNE, the reaction is dominatedby the excitation of the ∆(1232) resonance but there are alsonon-resonant contributions that, close to threshold, are fullydetermined by the effect ive chiral Lagrangian of stronginteractions.
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Amplitude for NCγ on the nucleon
The reaction is,
ν(k) + N(p)→ ν(k ′) + N(p′) + γ(qγ)
The amplitude is given by,
Mr =GF e√
2lαJ αr
=GF e√
2uν(k ′)γα(1∓γ5)uν(k)×
(iε∗(r)µ u(p′)Γµαu(p)
),
the ∓ is for neutrino and antineutrino, respectively.
ε∗(r)µ is the photon polarization vector.
Γµα is the hadronic matrix element.
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Model for the hadronic matrix elements
Z
N
γ
NN N
NN
Z γ
γ
Z γ
N N
π0
Z
N
γ
∆ N N ∆ N
Z γ
γ
Z
N
γ
N∗N N N
Z γ
N∗
First row: direct and crossednucleon pole terms
Second row: direct andcrossed ∆(1232) pole terms
Third row: direct andcrossed heavier resonance[N(1440), N(1520) andN(1535)] pole terms
Forth row: t-channel πexchange term
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Nucleon pole terms
ΓµαN = JµEM(qγ)(/p + /q + M)JαNC (q)DN(p + q)
+JαNC (−q)(/p′ − /q + M)JµEM(−qγ)DN(p′ − q)
where J = γ0J†γ0, and DN is the nucleon propagator, given by,
DN(p) =1
/p −M.
The weak NC and electromagnetic (EM) currents are given by,
JαNC (q) = γαF 1(q2) +i
2MσαβqβF 2(q2)− γαγ5FA(q2),
JµEM(qγ) = γµF 1(0) +i
2MσµνqγνF 2(0),
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Nucleon pole terms
The weak NC and EM currents:
JαNC (q) = γαF 1(q2) +i
2MσαβqβF 2(q2)− γαγ5FA(q2),
JµEM(qγ) = γµF 1(0) +i
2MσµνqγνF 2(0),
The NC vector form factors:
F(p)1,2 = (1− 4 sin2 θW )F
(p)1,2 − F
(n)1,2 − F
(s)1,2
F(n)1,2 = (1− 4 sin2 θW )F
(n)1,2 − F
(p)1,2 − F
(s)1,2
F(p)1,2 — (p, n) EM form factors
F(s)1,2 — strange EM form factors, to be neglected!!!
F(N)1 =
GNE + τGN
M
1 + τ, F
(N)2 =
GNM − GN
E
1 + τ, N = p, n
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Nucleon pole terms
The weak neutral current:
JαNC (q) = γαF 1(q2) +i
2MσαβqβF 2(q2)− γαγ5FA(q2),
The NC axial form factors (dipole parametrization):
F(p,n)A = ±FA − F
(s)A , (+→ p, − → n)
FA(q2) = gA
(1− q2
M2A
)−2
gA = 1.267, mA = 1.016 GeV.
F(s)A — strange axial form factors, to be neglected!!!
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∆(1232) pole terms
Γµα = JδµEM(p′, qγ)Λδσ(p + q)JσαNC (p, q)D∆(p + q),
+JδαNC (p′,−q)Λδσ(p′ − q)JσµEM(p,−qγ)D∆(p′ − q),
where the propagator D∆ is,
D∆(p) =1
p2 −M2∆ + iM∆Γ∆(p2)
,
Λµν is the spin 3/2 projection operator, which is given by in themomentum space,
Λµν(p∆) = −(/p∆+M∆)
[gµν − 1
3γµγν − 2
3
pµ∆pν∆M2
∆
+1
3
pµ∆γν − pν∆γ
µ
M∆
].
Γ∆ is the resonance width.
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∆(1232) pole terms
The weak NC and EM currents are given by,
JβµNC (p, q) =
[CV
3
M(gβµ/q − qβγµ) +
CV4
M2(gβµq · p∆ − qβpµ∆)
+CV
5
M2(gβµq · p − qβpµ)
]γ5 +
CA3
M(gβµ/q − qβγµ)
+CA
4
M2(gβµq · p∆ − qβpµ∆) +
CA5
M2gβµ +
CA6
M2qβqµ,
JβµEM(p,−qγ) = −[CV
3
M(gβµ /qγ − q′βγ γ
µ) +CV
4
M2(gβµqγ · p∆c − qβγ p
µ∆c)
+CV
5
M2(gβµqγ · p − qβγ p
µ)
]γ5,
p∆ = p + q = p′ + qγ and p∆c = p′ − q = p − qγ .
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N −∆(1232) form factors
NC vector form factors and EM transition form factors:
CVi — NC vector form factors
CVi — EM transition form factors
The NC vector form factors are related to the EM ones
CVi (q2) = (1− 2 sin2 θW )CV
i (q2) (1)
The EM form factors can be related to the helicity amplitudesA1/2, A3/2 and S1/2.
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The relation between EM form factors and helicityamplitudes
N −∆ EM form factor CVi can be obtained from the helicity
amplitudes, A1/2, A3/2 and S1/2, which extracted from pionphoto- and electro-production.
A1/2 =
√2πα
kR
⟨S∗z =
1
2
∣∣∣ε(+)µ JµEM
∣∣∣ Sz = −1
2
⟩1√
2M√
2MR
,
A3/2 =
√2πα
kR
⟨S∗z =
3
2
∣∣∣ε(+)µ JµEM
∣∣∣ Sz =1
2
⟩1√
2M√
2MR
,
S1/2 = −√
2πα
kR
⟨S∗z =
1
2
∣∣∣∣∣ |~k |√Q2ε(0)µ JµEM
∣∣∣∣∣ Sz =1
2
⟩1√
2M√
2MR
,
We adopt the parametrization of the helicity amplitude obtained inthe MAID analysis.(D. Drechsel, et al., EPJA 34(2007),69 andhttp://www.kph.uni-mainz.de/MAID)
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N −∆(1232) form factors
we assume a standard dipole form for the axial NC form factors
CA5 (Q2) = −CA
5 (0)
(1 +
Q2
M2A
)−2
,
CA6 (Q2) =
M2
m2π + Q2
CA5 (Q2),
CA4 (Q2) = − CA
5 (Q2)
4,
CA3 (Q2) = 0,
the cross section of NCγ strongly depends on CA5 (q2).
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Off diagonal Goldberger-Treiman relations
The off diagonal GT relation amounts to
CA5 (0) = −
√2
3
f ∗
mπfπ (2)
The axial coupling CA5 (0) is now expressed in terms of f ∗/mπ
extracted from the ∆→ πN decay width.
CA5 (0) = 1.0± 0.11 and mA = 0.93 GeV, fitted to theν-induced π production (νµp → µ−pπ+) ANL and BNLbubble chamber data.E. Hernandez, et al., PRD 81(2010), 085046.
the uncertainties of our model mainly comes from theCA
5 (0) = 1.0± 0.11.
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t-channel π exchange term
The hadronic matrix element π pole term is given by,
Γµα = −iCp,ngA
4π2f 2π
(1
2− 2sin2θW
)εσδµαqγσqδ(/p′−/p)γ5Dπ(p′ − p),
where,
Cp,n = ±1
Dπ(p) =1
p2 −m2π
← π propagator
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N∗ pole term [N(1440), N(1520) N(1535)]
Z
N
γ
N∗N N N
Z γ
N∗
(a) (b)
The hadronic matrix elements of N(1440), N(1535) aresimilar to that of nucleon pole.the hadronic matrix elements of N(1520) is similar to that of∆(1232) pole terms.N − N∗ vector form factors can be obtained from helicityamplitudes.We have assumed a standard dipole form for the axial formfactors.The axial couplings are obtained by the off diagonalGoldberger-Treiman relations.
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NCγ cross section on the nucleon for neutrino
0
4
8
12
16
σ(1
0-4
2 c
m2)
Eν (GeV)
p-νAllNR∆
NucleonN(1520)
n-ν
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
p-νN(1440)N(1535)π
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
n-ν
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The cross section of NCγ on nucleon for antineutrino
0
2
4
6
8
σ(1
0-4
2 c
m2)
Eν (GeV)
p-–νAll
NR∆
NucleonN(1520)
n-–ν
0
0.01
0.02
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
p-–νN(1440)
N(1535)π
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
n-–ν
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Incoherent NCγ on nuclei
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NCγ on nuclei
It consists of the incoherent and coherent reactions.
ν(k) + A(p)→ ν(k ′) + X (p′) + γ(qγ)
For the incoherent reaction, the final nucleus is either broken orleft in some excited state.
ν(k) + AZ |gs(pA)→ ν(k ′) + AZ |gs(p′A) + γ(qγ)
For the coherent reaction, the final nucleus is left in its groundstate.
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Nuclear effects
Fermi motion
We adopt the relativistic local Fermi gas approximation. Thetarget nucleon moves in a local Fermi sea of momentum kFdefined as a function of the local density of protons and neutrons,independently.
Pauli blocking
Final nucleons are not allowed to take occupied states.
In-medium modification of ∆ properties
The ∆ resonance acquires a selfenergy because of several effectssuch as Pauli blocking of the final nucleon and absorptionprocesses: ∆N → NN, ∆N → NNπ or ∆NN → NNN.
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Incoherent reaction
The differential cross section for the incoherent reaction is,
dσA = 2
∫d3~r
∫d3~p
(2π)3nN(~p, ~r)
[1− nN(~p′, ~r)
]dσN ,
Relativistic Local Fermi Gas: kF (~r) =[3π2ρ(~r)
]1/3
Fermi motion: n(~r , ~p) = Θ(kF (~r)− |~p|)Pauli blocking: 1− n(~r , ~p)
where kF (~r) is the Fermi momentum, given by,
kF (~r) =[3π2ρ(~r)
]1/3,
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In-medium modification of the ∆(1232) resonance
For propagator D∆ is,
D∆(p) =1
p2 −M∆2 + iM∆Γ∆(p2)
,
Replace
Γ∆/2→ ΓPauli∆ /2− ImΣ∆(ρ)
ΓPauli∆ — free width of ∆→ Nπ modified by Pauli blocking
ImΣ∆(ρ), including many body process:∆N → NN, ∆N → NN and ∆NN → NNN
E. Oset and L. Salcedo, NPA 468(1987), 631.
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Incoherent reaction
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
σ (
10
-42cm
2)
Eν (GeV)
ν-12
C
(a)
0.89-1.11All-FreeAll-Fullno N*-Freeno N*-Full
0
20
40
60
80
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
–ν-
12C
(b)
0.89-1.11All-FreeAll-Fullno N*-Freeno N*-Full
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Coherent NCγ on nuclei
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Coherent reaction
The amplitude is given by,
Mr =GF√
2lαJ
αcoh(r),
the hadronic current Jαcoh(r) is given by,
Jαcoh(r) = ieε∗(r)µ
∫d3~r e i(~q−~qγ)·~r (ρpΓµαp + ρnΓµαn )
nuclear correction: Γ∆/2→ ΓPauli∆ /2− ImΣ∆(ρ)
coherent sum of all nucleons:
ΓµαN =1
2
∑i
Tr[uΓµαi ,Nu
](3)
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Coherent reaction
0
3
6
9
12
15
σ (
10
-42cm
2)
Eν (GeV)
ν-12
C
(a)
0.89-1.11Allno N*∆
N+∆(Zhang)
0
3
6
9
12
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
–ν-
12C
(b)
0.89-1.11Allno N*∆
N+∆(Zhang)
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Comparison with MiniBooNE Estimates
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CCQE reconstructed (anti)neutrino energy
Assuming that the visible energy (Ee) is generated by an electronfrom νe + n→ p + e− in a bound proton/neutron at rest, thereconstructed (anti)neutrino energy is given by,
EQEν =
2(MN − EB)Ee −[E 2B − 2MNEB + m2
e + ∆M2]
2 [(MN − EB)− Ee(1− cosθe)],
For a photon which is mis-identified as an electron in theMiniBooNE detector, we have to replace Ee and θe by Eγ and θγ .The binding energy EB = 34 MeV.(A. Aguilar-Arevalo et al., PRD 84(2011), 072005)
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The events
NCγ events at the MiniBooNE detector is given by,
dN
dEγd cos θγ= ε(Eγ)
∑l=νµ,νµ
N(l)POT ×
∑t=p, 12C
Nt
∫dEνφl(Eν)
dσl t(Eν)
dEγd cos θγ.
dσl t(Eν)/(dEγd cos θγ): cross section for NCγ on proton,incoherent and coherent reaction on Carbon
N(l)POT : the total number of protons on target (POT)
NνPOT = 6.46× 1020 and N ν
POT = 11.27× 1020
Nt : the number of protons/carbon nuclei in the target (806tons CH2)
ε(Eγ): energy dependent detection efficiency
φl(Eν): neutrino/antineutrino fluxes
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Beam flux and detection efficiency at MiniBooNE
0
5
10
15
20
25
φ×1
0-1
2/c
m2/P
OT
/50
Me
V
Eν (GeV)
ν-modeνµ –νµ
νe –νe
0
4
8
12
16
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
–ν-mode
νµ –νµ
νe –νe
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
e
E (GeV)
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Comparison to the MB estimate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Events
/∆Q
E
EQEν (GeV)
ν-mode
0.89-1.111.0no N*MB
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Events
/∆Q
E
EQEν (GeV)
–ν-mode
0.89-1.111.0no N*MB
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Eγ distribution of the photon events
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Events
/(0.1
GeV
)
Eγ (GeV)
ν-mode
0.89-1.111.0no N*MBZhang
0
4
8
12
16
20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Events
/(0.1
GeV
)
Eγ (GeV)
–ν-mode
0.89-1.111.0no N*MBZhang
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cosθγ distribution of the photon events
0
6
12
18
24
30
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Events
/(0.2
)
cosθγ
ν-mode
0.89-1.111.0no N*MB
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Events
/(0.2
)
cosθγ
–ν-mode
0.89-1.111.0no N*MB
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Summary
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Summary
We have studied NCγ on nucleons and nuclei in theintermediate energy region (Eν ∼ 1 Gev).
Our model consists of nucleon pole, ∆ pole, heavierresonances pole and t-channel pion-exchange.
Large reduction (∼ 30%) on the cross section due to nucleareffects — Fermi motion, Pauli blocking and in-mediummodification of ∆ resonance.
Theoretical error dominated by N −∆ axial transitionproperties.
Our prediction is consistent with MiniBooNE estimate.
NCγ: insufficient to explain the excess of e-like events atMiniBooNE.
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Thank you!