Photomultiplier TubesRecent Trend of PMTs

for HEP & Scintillation Application

9 Mar. 2015

Electron Tube Division

Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.Electron Tube DivisionAkifumi Kamiya

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Recent Development of PMTs for HEP

Fast TimeResponse

2

Low Temp.& Low R.I.

PMT NextGeneration, etc

Large Size

8-inch 10-inch 13-inch 20-inch

Large Format PMT Lineup

Largest PMTNestor(Greece)

ICECUBE(Antarctic)

DAYABAY(China)

KamiokandeSuper Kamiokande

12-inch PMT was developed for LBNE.LENA and WATCHMAN might use it.

3

R3600 vs. R12860 (New 20-inch PMT)

Note: Specs for New 20 inch PMT are the estimated or the simulated values.

4

Items R12860New 20 inch PMT

R3600Current 20 inch PMT

Diameter 508 mm 508 mm

Effective Area 460 mm min. 460 mm min.

Tube Length 610 mm 610 mm

Collection Efficiency 90% 80%Dynodes LF/10-stage VB/11-stage

GAIN 1.0E+07at 2000 V

1.0E+07at 2000 V

T.T.S. (FWHM) 2.7 ns 5.5 ns

P/V Ratio >2.5 1.7

Pressure Resistance Approx. 0.9 MPa 0.6 MPa

R3600 vs. New 20-inch PMT

Pressure resistance0.6 MPa

ConventionalR3600

New 20-inch PMTR12860

Pressure resistanceApprox. 0.9 MPa

Venetian Blind11-stage

Box and LinearFocused10-stage

weak pointThe bulb shapeis changed.

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R12860 High QE Trial

HQE Trial

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High Speed PMTs

MCP-PMT: MCP is built ina vacuum tubeT.T.S. 25 ps

PMT: Mass production type with acceleration Electrode

T.T.S. 170 ps

HPD: AD is built in a vacuum tubeT.T.S. 50 ps

Faster

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R9420R12845

1.0

0.5

-2.00.0

0.0 2.0

1.5-inch FAST PMT / R12845

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Fast Time Response with Acceleration Electrodefor TOF-PET and HEP experiments

Mass productionRelatively low price 190psec

550psec

Conventional Fast PMT

Comparison of Dynode StructureFocusing Electrode

AccelerationElectrode

New TypeR12845

Current TypeR9420

Dynodes

9

Expansion

How to improve the timing

Conventional Type New Type

Dy 1

FocusingElectrode

AccelerationElectrode

10

120

140

160

180

200

220

1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

Tran

sit T

ime

Spre

ad (F

WH

M:p

s)

Supply Voltage (V)

R12844 & R12845 Transit Time Spread

R12845(1-1/2")190 ps at 1500V

R12844(1-1/8")170 ps at 1500V

Voltage Dependence of T.T.S.R12845

R12844

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Fast PMTs lineup (from 1” to 2”)

R9800 R12844 R12845 R13089

Size 1” 1-1/8” 1-1/2” 2”

Acceleration electrode N Y Y Y

Photocathode Bialkali

Wavelength 300 ~ 650

Supply Voltage [V] 1300 1500 1500 1500

T.T.S. FWHM [ps] 270 170 190 270

Rise time [ns] 1.0 0.9 1.2 2.0

New!! New!!

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New!!

Hybrid Photo Detector (R10467U series)

R10467U-06 (Bialkali : 6mm in dia.)R10467U-40/-50 (GaAsP/GaAs : 3mm in dia.)

GaAsP

GaAs

Bialkali

R11322U-40/-50(GaAsP/GaAs : 5mm in dia.)Larger effective area

Outside Form

33 mmin diameter

32 mmin length

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Photocathode Type & Effective Area

Bialkali

Active area :φ6 mm Active area :φ3 mm or 5mm

GaAs/GaAsP

Plano Concave Flat

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Time Response and T.T.S. of HPDTime response for R10467URise Time : 400psFall Time : 400psT.T.S.(FWHM) : 50 ps (Bialkali)

: 90 ps (GaAsP)

Features• High Speed Response• Good Collection Efficiency• Good Uniformity• Very Low After-pulse• High Sensitivity with GaAsP

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0.1 1 10 100 1000Time [μs]

Cor

rela

tion

Fact

or

PMTHPD

After-pulse Characteristics for Dark Countsby Autocorrelation

Measured by SPC-150 TCSPC module (Becker & Hickl)

Voltage (HPD) : -8kV, 398V

Signal Count Rate: 10kHz

PMT: H7422-40

PMT Afterpulse

HPD After-pulse; not detectable

MCP-PMT (Conventional Type)FWHM 25ps

R3809U-50 R3809U-51 R3809U-52

Effective area [mm] φ11

Photocathode MA EMA BA

Sensitivity range 160 ~ 850 160 ~ 910 160 ~ 650

T.T.S FWHM[ps] 25

52.5 mmin length

45 mmin diameter

R3809 series outside form

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MCP-PMT (Square Type)

27.5 mmin side of length

13.1 mmin Height

R10754 series

Effective area 22 mm x 22 mm

photocathode Bialkali / Multialkali

Gain 1E+06

Rise time [ps] 180

T.T.S. FWHM [ps] 70

The number of anodes 16 (4 x 4), 4(1 x 4)Features• High Speed Response• Immunity to Magnetic Field• Small Dead Area

R10754 series

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Low Temp. & Low R.I.3-inch Metal Bulb PMTs for Dark Matter Experiments

Quartz Window with LT-Bialkali

< Prime Features >LT-Bialkali for Low Temp.

High QE, LOW RI (100mBq)R11065 for Liq.Ar (-186℃)R11410 for Liq.Xe (-110℃)

Kovar Metal

3-inch Metal Bulb PMT(R11065 / R11410)

2 Phase Liq.Xe detector

Kovar Metal and Quartz window are used to reduce RI as much as possible.

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Low Temp and Low R.I. PMT

3-inch Metal Bulb PMT(R11065 / R11410)

Quartz Window with LT-Bialkali

Kovar Metal

10 pA x 1E6 = 10 uA(Ik) (Gain) (Ip)

Max Operating Temperature : -110/-186 deg.C

Cathode Current Linearity

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Difference of QE Curves

R11065 for Liq.Ar(-186℃, 420nm with WLS)

R11410 for Liq.Xe(-110℃, 175nm)

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Development History3-inch Metal Bulb PMT Suffix List Date: Oct.2014

R11410 R11410-10 R11410-20 R11410MOD

R11065 R11065-10 R11065-20 R11065MOD

Al ring Standard Standard High Purity High Purity

Metal Bulb Kovar Kovar Cobalt free Kovar

Insulator Ceramic Quartz Quartz Quartz

Stem Glass Ceramic Ceramic Glass

RI/PMT (note) 75mBq 16mBq 14.4mBq 73.4mBq

Shipping Period 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013 2014-(note) : RI/PMT is estimated with HPK test data for reference. It migh t be different from test data measured by a customer.

Main Parts

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4 Inch being developed

Metal Package PMT Series

With Metal Channel Dynode

1” square PMT 2” square PMT

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Metal Package PMT with MCD

R9880(TO-8)

R7600(1” square)

Features• Compact• Fast Time Response • Position Sensitive• Immunity to magnetic field

<Cross-section>

Array of LinearFocused Dynode

1mm

1mm

Metal Channel DynodesMicro processing technology

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Comparison of 1” square PMT seriesR8900 R7600 R11265

Total Tube Length [mm] 34 27 23Effective Area [ mm x mm ] 23.5 18 23Collection Efficiency [%] 75 80 90Rise Time [ns] 1.8 1.4 1.3Transit Time Spread [ns] 0.8 0.35 0.27Available Photocathode BA,SBA BA,SBA,UBA,MA SBA,UBA,EG,MA

New!!

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Variation of Anode Types

4 channelsM4 (2x2)

16 channelsM16 (4x4)

64 channelsM64 (8x8)

Cross-PlateC12 (6+6)

X

Y

※Cross Plate : Use the center of gravity method.

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Bialkali QE improvement

Peak QEUBA : 43%SBA : 35%EGB : 38%STD : 26%

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Energy Resolution of SBA, UBA

2” square PMTs (Flat Panel PMT)2 inch Square

3 x 3 array

Channels Pixel Size Gain Photocathode

H8500 64 (8x8) 6 x 6 mm 1.5 E+06 BA

H10966 64 (8x8) 6 x 6 mm 3.3 E+05 BA, SBAH9500 256 (16x16) 3 x 3 mm 1.5 E+06 BA

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These PMTs have effective area ratio of 89 % !!

12-stage

12-stage8-stage

New Flat Panel PMT / H12700PHD improvementAll ch show single p.e. peak

CE improvement60% -> 87%

H8500 H12700

Same Outer Shape

New!!

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Cross-section of Dynode StructureCE was improved by new dynode structure

H8500 H12700

C.E. = 70 %* C.E. = 87 %*

0.5 mm

1.5 mm

Divider ratio = 1:1:1:…:1:0.51R=74 V @1000 V (K-Dy1: 74 V)

Divider ratio = 2:1:1:…:1:0.51R=80 V @1000 V (K-Dy1: 160 V)

12 s

tage

s

10 s

tage

s

*Simulation

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Single Photon PHD of H8500

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Single Photon PHD of H12700

Cathode

Amplification

Signal

3 LayersGlassSiliconGlass

Anode

The smallest, thinnest, and lightest PMT in the world!

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Dimensional Outline of mPMT

Operation of mPMT

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Customization of mPMTSingle Channel Type Multi Channel Type

photocathode

Silicon Wafers

MEMS technology[Micro Electro Mechanical System]

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Spectral response of mPMT

・Future- Extended red type (300 ~ 900nm) - UBA type (300 ~ 650nm)

・AvailableBialkali type (300 ~ 650 nm)Multialkali type (300 ~ 850 nm)

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Example Data of mPMT

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 200 400 600 800 1000ADC Channel (ch)

Rel

ativ

e C

ount

HV : -1050 VMeas. Time : 100 sAmbient Temp. : 25 deg. CWavelength of Incident Photons : 400 nm

Signal + Dark : 1620 cps

Dark : 20 cps

1

10

100

1000

10000

TIME [2 ns/div.]C

OU

NTS

Supply Voltage : 1050 V

Transit Time Spread (FWHM) : 1.3 ns

PHD with single p.e. P/V Ratio: 3.0Dark Counts: 20 cpsApplied Voltage: 1050V

TTS with single p.e. 1.3 ns at 1050V

Reference data

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mPMT assembly H12400 series

H12400 seriesEffective Area 3 x 1 mmPhotocathode Bialkali / MultialkaliSupply Voltage 900V

(12-stage)Gain 2E+06Rise Time 1.2 nsT.T.S. 1.3 nsDivider circuit

uPMT with case

Cables for signal, GND and HV

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Comparison of Module Size

H9305 H10720 H12402 H12403

Effective Area [mm] 3.7 x 13 φ8 3 x 1 3 x 1

W x D x H [mm] 19 x 51 x 53 25 x 50 x 18 15 x 34 x 38 38 x 30 x 12

Volume [cc] 51 23 19 14

Available BA, MA,Extended Red

BA, SBA, UBA,MA, Extended Red BA, MA BA, MA

New!! New!!

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Conventional Compact Modules m PMT modules

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SecurityInspection

HealthMonitor

EnvironmentMonitor

HygieneMonitor

Possible applications for mPMT

POCT(Point of Care Testing)

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Magnetic Characteristics & Pulse Linearity by Dynode Structure

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Type Magnetic Dependence Pulse Linearity NF Multi-

anode

Fine Mesh PMT Very good ~ 1T Very good Poor N

MCP-PMT Very good ~ 1T Very good (low Count rate) Fair Y

Metal Channel PMT Fair ~ 10 mT Good Good Y

Linear-Focus PMT No good ~0.1 mT Good Good N

Fine Mesh

Linear-focused

MCP-PMT Metal Channel

Unique Magnetic Field dependence of Gainfor Fine Mesh PMT & MCP-PMT

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Fine Mesh PMT ( up to 1T)

MCP-PMT

Pulse Linearity by tapered Divider

To improve Pulse Linearity ⇒ Increase HV ⇒ Gain too high ⇒ Taper Divider reduces Gain, then increase HV (Higher Inter-stage Voltage by 3/2 power space-charge law

* Gain also increased * Gain decreases

20-inch PMT receives IEEE Milestone recognition

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October 15, 2014 – Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. has been recognized by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, corporate headquarters: New York, NY), the world’s largest professional organization for the advancement of technology in the areas of electronics, information technology and telecommunications, for technical achievement in the development of the 20-inch photomultiplier tube (PMT), which has been used for the observation of phenomena such as supernovas and neutrinos. The 20-inch PMT was originally developed by Hamamatsu at the request of Masatoshi Koshiba(Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo), who jointly won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on the detection of cosmic neutrinos. Initially, hundreds of the 20-inch PMTs were manufactured and installed in the Kamioka Proton Decay Experiment. Subsequently, over ten thousand 20-inch PMTs were installed in the Super-Kamioka Neutrino Detection Experiment.

For its contribution to the observation of neutrinos, the 20-inch PMT has been certified as an IEEE Milestone, which IEEE describes as an award that recognizes “technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity found in unique products, services, seminal papers and patents” in one of the technical areas represented by IEEE.

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Recognition to IEEE Milestone

Entrance of ETD

Mounted on a rock from Kamioka(Facing the direction of Kamioka)

IEEEOrnament