Photomultiplier TubesRecent Trend of PMTs
for HEP & Scintillation Application
9 Mar. 2015
Electron Tube Division
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.Electron Tube DivisionAkifumi Kamiya
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Recent Development of PMTs for HEP
Fast TimeResponse
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Low Temp.& Low R.I.
PMT NextGeneration, etc
Large Size
8-inch 10-inch 13-inch 20-inch
Large Format PMT Lineup
Largest PMTNestor(Greece)
ICECUBE(Antarctic)
DAYABAY(China)
KamiokandeSuper Kamiokande
12-inch PMT was developed for LBNE.LENA and WATCHMAN might use it.
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R3600 vs. R12860 (New 20-inch PMT)
Note: Specs for New 20 inch PMT are the estimated or the simulated values.
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Items R12860New 20 inch PMT
R3600Current 20 inch PMT
Diameter 508 mm 508 mm
Effective Area 460 mm min. 460 mm min.
Tube Length 610 mm 610 mm
Collection Efficiency 90% 80%Dynodes LF/10-stage VB/11-stage
GAIN 1.0E+07at 2000 V
1.0E+07at 2000 V
T.T.S. (FWHM) 2.7 ns 5.5 ns
P/V Ratio >2.5 1.7
Pressure Resistance Approx. 0.9 MPa 0.6 MPa
R3600 vs. New 20-inch PMT
Pressure resistance0.6 MPa
ConventionalR3600
New 20-inch PMTR12860
Pressure resistanceApprox. 0.9 MPa
Venetian Blind11-stage
Box and LinearFocused10-stage
weak pointThe bulb shapeis changed.
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R12860 High QE Trial
HQE Trial
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High Speed PMTs
MCP-PMT: MCP is built ina vacuum tubeT.T.S. 25 ps
PMT: Mass production type with acceleration Electrode
T.T.S. 170 ps
HPD: AD is built in a vacuum tubeT.T.S. 50 ps
Faster
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R9420R12845
1.0
0.5
-2.00.0
0.0 2.0
1.5-inch FAST PMT / R12845
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Fast Time Response with Acceleration Electrodefor TOF-PET and HEP experiments
Mass productionRelatively low price 190psec
550psec
Conventional Fast PMT
Comparison of Dynode StructureFocusing Electrode
AccelerationElectrode
New TypeR12845
Current TypeR9420
Dynodes
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Expansion
How to improve the timing
Conventional Type New Type
Dy 1
FocusingElectrode
AccelerationElectrode
10
120
140
160
180
200
220
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
Tran
sit T
ime
Spre
ad (F
WH
M:p
s)
Supply Voltage (V)
R12844 & R12845 Transit Time Spread
R12845(1-1/2")190 ps at 1500V
R12844(1-1/8")170 ps at 1500V
Voltage Dependence of T.T.S.R12845
R12844
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Fast PMTs lineup (from 1” to 2”)
R9800 R12844 R12845 R13089
Size 1” 1-1/8” 1-1/2” 2”
Acceleration electrode N Y Y Y
Photocathode Bialkali
Wavelength 300 ~ 650
Supply Voltage [V] 1300 1500 1500 1500
T.T.S. FWHM [ps] 270 170 190 270
Rise time [ns] 1.0 0.9 1.2 2.0
New!! New!!
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New!!
Hybrid Photo Detector (R10467U series)
R10467U-06 (Bialkali : 6mm in dia.)R10467U-40/-50 (GaAsP/GaAs : 3mm in dia.)
GaAsP
GaAs
Bialkali
R11322U-40/-50(GaAsP/GaAs : 5mm in dia.)Larger effective area
Outside Form
33 mmin diameter
32 mmin length
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Photocathode Type & Effective Area
Bialkali
Active area :φ6 mm Active area :φ3 mm or 5mm
GaAs/GaAsP
Plano Concave Flat
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Time Response and T.T.S. of HPDTime response for R10467URise Time : 400psFall Time : 400psT.T.S.(FWHM) : 50 ps (Bialkali)
: 90 ps (GaAsP)
Features• High Speed Response• Good Collection Efficiency• Good Uniformity• Very Low After-pulse• High Sensitivity with GaAsP
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0.1 1 10 100 1000Time [μs]
Cor
rela
tion
Fact
or
PMTHPD
After-pulse Characteristics for Dark Countsby Autocorrelation
Measured by SPC-150 TCSPC module (Becker & Hickl)
Voltage (HPD) : -8kV, 398V
Signal Count Rate: 10kHz
PMT: H7422-40
PMT Afterpulse
HPD After-pulse; not detectable
MCP-PMT (Conventional Type)FWHM 25ps
R3809U-50 R3809U-51 R3809U-52
Effective area [mm] φ11
Photocathode MA EMA BA
Sensitivity range 160 ~ 850 160 ~ 910 160 ~ 650
T.T.S FWHM[ps] 25
52.5 mmin length
45 mmin diameter
R3809 series outside form
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MCP-PMT (Square Type)
27.5 mmin side of length
13.1 mmin Height
R10754 series
Effective area 22 mm x 22 mm
photocathode Bialkali / Multialkali
Gain 1E+06
Rise time [ps] 180
T.T.S. FWHM [ps] 70
The number of anodes 16 (4 x 4), 4(1 x 4)Features• High Speed Response• Immunity to Magnetic Field• Small Dead Area
R10754 series
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Low Temp. & Low R.I.3-inch Metal Bulb PMTs for Dark Matter Experiments
Quartz Window with LT-Bialkali
< Prime Features >LT-Bialkali for Low Temp.
High QE, LOW RI (100mBq)R11065 for Liq.Ar (-186℃)R11410 for Liq.Xe (-110℃)
Kovar Metal
3-inch Metal Bulb PMT(R11065 / R11410)
2 Phase Liq.Xe detector
Kovar Metal and Quartz window are used to reduce RI as much as possible.
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Low Temp and Low R.I. PMT
3-inch Metal Bulb PMT(R11065 / R11410)
Quartz Window with LT-Bialkali
Kovar Metal
10 pA x 1E6 = 10 uA(Ik) (Gain) (Ip)
Max Operating Temperature : -110/-186 deg.C
Cathode Current Linearity
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Difference of QE Curves
R11065 for Liq.Ar(-186℃, 420nm with WLS)
R11410 for Liq.Xe(-110℃, 175nm)
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Development History3-inch Metal Bulb PMT Suffix List Date: Oct.2014
R11410 R11410-10 R11410-20 R11410MOD
R11065 R11065-10 R11065-20 R11065MOD
Al ring Standard Standard High Purity High Purity
Metal Bulb Kovar Kovar Cobalt free Kovar
Insulator Ceramic Quartz Quartz Quartz
Stem Glass Ceramic Ceramic Glass
RI/PMT (note) 75mBq 16mBq 14.4mBq 73.4mBq
Shipping Period 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013 2014-(note) : RI/PMT is estimated with HPK test data for reference. It migh t be different from test data measured by a customer.
Main Parts
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4 Inch being developed
Metal Package PMT Series
With Metal Channel Dynode
1” square PMT 2” square PMT
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Metal Package PMT with MCD
R9880(TO-8)
R7600(1” square)
Features• Compact• Fast Time Response • Position Sensitive• Immunity to magnetic field
<Cross-section>
Array of LinearFocused Dynode
1mm
1mm
Metal Channel DynodesMicro processing technology
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Comparison of 1” square PMT seriesR8900 R7600 R11265
Total Tube Length [mm] 34 27 23Effective Area [ mm x mm ] 23.5 18 23Collection Efficiency [%] 75 80 90Rise Time [ns] 1.8 1.4 1.3Transit Time Spread [ns] 0.8 0.35 0.27Available Photocathode BA,SBA BA,SBA,UBA,MA SBA,UBA,EG,MA
New!!
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Variation of Anode Types
4 channelsM4 (2x2)
16 channelsM16 (4x4)
64 channelsM64 (8x8)
Cross-PlateC12 (6+6)
X
Y
※Cross Plate : Use the center of gravity method.
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Bialkali QE improvement
Peak QEUBA : 43%SBA : 35%EGB : 38%STD : 26%
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Energy Resolution of SBA, UBA
2” square PMTs (Flat Panel PMT)2 inch Square
3 x 3 array
Channels Pixel Size Gain Photocathode
H8500 64 (8x8) 6 x 6 mm 1.5 E+06 BA
H10966 64 (8x8) 6 x 6 mm 3.3 E+05 BA, SBAH9500 256 (16x16) 3 x 3 mm 1.5 E+06 BA
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These PMTs have effective area ratio of 89 % !!
12-stage
12-stage8-stage
New Flat Panel PMT / H12700PHD improvementAll ch show single p.e. peak
CE improvement60% -> 87%
H8500 H12700
Same Outer Shape
New!!
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Cross-section of Dynode StructureCE was improved by new dynode structure
H8500 H12700
C.E. = 70 %* C.E. = 87 %*
0.5 mm
1.5 mm
Divider ratio = 1:1:1:…:1:0.51R=74 V @1000 V (K-Dy1: 74 V)
Divider ratio = 2:1:1:…:1:0.51R=80 V @1000 V (K-Dy1: 160 V)
12 s
tage
s
10 s
tage
s
*Simulation
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Single Photon PHD of H8500
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Single Photon PHD of H12700
Cathode
Amplification
Signal
3 LayersGlassSiliconGlass
Anode
The smallest, thinnest, and lightest PMT in the world!
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Dimensional Outline of mPMT
Operation of mPMT
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Customization of mPMTSingle Channel Type Multi Channel Type
photocathode
Silicon Wafers
MEMS technology[Micro Electro Mechanical System]
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Spectral response of mPMT
・Future- Extended red type (300 ~ 900nm) - UBA type (300 ~ 650nm)
・AvailableBialkali type (300 ~ 650 nm)Multialkali type (300 ~ 850 nm)
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Example Data of mPMT
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 200 400 600 800 1000ADC Channel (ch)
Rel
ativ
e C
ount
HV : -1050 VMeas. Time : 100 sAmbient Temp. : 25 deg. CWavelength of Incident Photons : 400 nm
Signal + Dark : 1620 cps
Dark : 20 cps
1
10
100
1000
10000
TIME [2 ns/div.]C
OU
NTS
Supply Voltage : 1050 V
Transit Time Spread (FWHM) : 1.3 ns
PHD with single p.e. P/V Ratio: 3.0Dark Counts: 20 cpsApplied Voltage: 1050V
TTS with single p.e. 1.3 ns at 1050V
Reference data
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mPMT assembly H12400 series
H12400 seriesEffective Area 3 x 1 mmPhotocathode Bialkali / MultialkaliSupply Voltage 900V
(12-stage)Gain 2E+06Rise Time 1.2 nsT.T.S. 1.3 nsDivider circuit
uPMT with case
Cables for signal, GND and HV
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Comparison of Module Size
H9305 H10720 H12402 H12403
Effective Area [mm] 3.7 x 13 φ8 3 x 1 3 x 1
W x D x H [mm] 19 x 51 x 53 25 x 50 x 18 15 x 34 x 38 38 x 30 x 12
Volume [cc] 51 23 19 14
Available BA, MA,Extended Red
BA, SBA, UBA,MA, Extended Red BA, MA BA, MA
New!! New!!
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Conventional Compact Modules m PMT modules
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SecurityInspection
HealthMonitor
EnvironmentMonitor
HygieneMonitor
Possible applications for mPMT
POCT(Point of Care Testing)
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Magnetic Characteristics & Pulse Linearity by Dynode Structure
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Type Magnetic Dependence Pulse Linearity NF Multi-
anode
Fine Mesh PMT Very good ~ 1T Very good Poor N
MCP-PMT Very good ~ 1T Very good (low Count rate) Fair Y
Metal Channel PMT Fair ~ 10 mT Good Good Y
Linear-Focus PMT No good ~0.1 mT Good Good N
Fine Mesh
Linear-focused
MCP-PMT Metal Channel
Unique Magnetic Field dependence of Gainfor Fine Mesh PMT & MCP-PMT
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Fine Mesh PMT ( up to 1T)
MCP-PMT
Pulse Linearity by tapered Divider
To improve Pulse Linearity ⇒ Increase HV ⇒ Gain too high ⇒ Taper Divider reduces Gain, then increase HV (Higher Inter-stage Voltage by 3/2 power space-charge law
* Gain also increased * Gain decreases
20-inch PMT receives IEEE Milestone recognition
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October 15, 2014 – Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. has been recognized by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, corporate headquarters: New York, NY), the world’s largest professional organization for the advancement of technology in the areas of electronics, information technology and telecommunications, for technical achievement in the development of the 20-inch photomultiplier tube (PMT), which has been used for the observation of phenomena such as supernovas and neutrinos. The 20-inch PMT was originally developed by Hamamatsu at the request of Masatoshi Koshiba(Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo), who jointly won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on the detection of cosmic neutrinos. Initially, hundreds of the 20-inch PMTs were manufactured and installed in the Kamioka Proton Decay Experiment. Subsequently, over ten thousand 20-inch PMTs were installed in the Super-Kamioka Neutrino Detection Experiment.
For its contribution to the observation of neutrinos, the 20-inch PMT has been certified as an IEEE Milestone, which IEEE describes as an award that recognizes “technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity found in unique products, services, seminal papers and patents” in one of the technical areas represented by IEEE.
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Recognition to IEEE Milestone
Entrance of ETD
Mounted on a rock from Kamioka(Facing the direction of Kamioka)
IEEEOrnament