photo-mosaic coral bleaching analysis at cheeca rocks · 2017-07-27 · identify...
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Brooke GintertUniversity of Miami/RSMAS-Coral Reef Imaging Lab
With: R. Carlton, G. Kolodziej, P. Jones, I. Enochs, A. Gleason, N. Gracias, P. Reid, and D. Manzello
Photo-mosaic Coral Bleaching Analysis at CheecaRocks
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Imaging Technology
Document Bleaching
Resistance &Resilience
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Nova.edu 1 m
Numerous methods for coral reef monitoring
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Nova.edu 1 m
Same Monitoring Goals
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DocumentMeasure Change
Link patterns/ processes
• Always sub-sampling
• A-priori decisions
• Only if the right metrics are collected
• Cumulative, poor if documentation or measurements of change are insufficient or inaccurate
Good Management
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• Document• Capture information on everything within the field
of view
• Link Patterns with Processes• You don’t need to know what to measure before
something changes
• Detect and Measure Change• Not only measure change but provide a visual
record
From: Fragile Earth Views of a Changing World
Bolivian Rainforest 1975
Bolivian Rainforest 2003
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10 m 1 m1000 m1,000 km
Filling the Gaps
1. Image solutions for monitoring and mapping coral communities
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(A)(B)
(C) (D)
1
Technology
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DV camera
SeaBED AUV Nikon D200 and Sony HDV
Dual Nikon D7000 Go Pro Hero2 Dive Housing
Canon Powershot D10
Input Data
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10
A Mosaic View of Coral Reefs
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A Mosaic View of Coral Reefs
http://web2.physics.miami.edu/~agleason/mosaic_results/australia2010/bells_reef_zoomify.htm
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Diver Comparisons
No significant differences between Diver and Mosaic measurements for:
• Percent Cover
• Coral Colony Sizes
• Distances
0
1
2
3
4
5
Diver1-Diver2 Mosaic Analyst 1-Diver1
3.324 2.998
0
1
2
3
4
5
Diver1 - Diver2 Mosaic Analyst 1-Mosaic Analyst 2
0
1
2
3
4
5
Diver1-Diver2 Mosaic1-Mosaic2
Mea
n di
ffer
ence
(cm
)+/-
Std
err
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Minute Mosaics• 19-44m2, 10-90 corals• 60 – 90 images @ 1/sec• 138 mosaics in 3
days/5km
~3 m
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• 8 gopro cameras, two days• 336,000 frames, ~40,000 m2, 6mm/pixel
~150 m
~300
m
Large Areas
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2008 2010
2008 2010
1m1m
Mosaic Benefit: Change DetectionDidn’t have to know that a cold-water event was going to occur in order to measure the change
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Mosaic Benefit: Change Detection
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5 CM
2010 2012
10 CM
Re-Growth
• Recovery• Time-scales of recovery
can be decades –centuries
• Colony-recovery can be a health indicator
Mosaic Benefit: Change Detection
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Jan 2014 Jul 2014 Jan 2015 Jul 2015
Jan 2014 Jul 2015
Coral Restoration at Matthews
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Jan 2014 Jul 2014 Jan 2015 Jul 2015
Error bars +/- standard error of the mean
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Document Measure Change
Link patterns/ processes
• Entire benthic communities
• Don’t have to predict what is going to happen
• Better information = better prediction
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*Cheeca Rocks, Florida Keys*6 sites established* Inshore patch reef*Coral cover
*NOAA’s National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP)
*Mosaic sampling 2012-present
*Additional sampling September 2014 and March 2015 to document the effect of mass bleaching on coral community
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New Approach to Monitoring
July 2012 July 2013 August 2014
Sept 2014 March 2015 October 2015
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A Mosaic View of Coral Reefs
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Fate TrackingNonePalePartially BleachedBleachedComplete Mortality
*Digitized and track changes in all corals within the field of view*>5,000 colonies*Why use this level of detail?
*OA study site – Provides a detailed record of health for carbonate budget analysis
*Higher power to detect change than random transects*Also allows you to take past history into account of coral dynamics
*Rapid field technique for entire community assessment
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*Using detailed community information from a bleaching event we can ask interesting questions:
*Are some species more resistant to bleaching?
*Is bleaching susceptibility a precursor to mortality?
*Are there any factors that predispose a coral to mortality during a bleaching event?
www.noaa.gov
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2013 2014 2015
No StressWatchWarningAlert
Average annual maximumAnnual max + 1 C
Florida Keys Record
2014 Bleaching Event
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Total %Bleached = 72.8%Transect 4= 69.8% Transect 5= 84.7% Transect 6= 68.4%
Transect 1- 82.5% Transect 2= 50.3% Transect 3= 84.2%
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0
20
40
60
80
100
% Bleached Range: 49%-83%All Sites: 71%11 out of 22 species >90% bleached
Pseudodiploria clivosa – 100%Orbicella annularis – 99%Siderastrea siderea- 37%Stephanocoenia intersepta- 35%
Bleaching Susceptibility
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Coral bleached 2014 was it still there in 2015?15 species 100% survivorship21 >96% survivorship
99% Survival
Bleaching Recovery
0
20
40
60
80
100
% Bleached
% Recovery
September 2014 March 2015
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Total Tissue loss = -3.7%Transect 4= -3.5% Transect 5= -1.3% Transect 6= -1.6%
Transect 1=-3.4% Transect 2=-7.8% Transect 3= -3.0%
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If a coral bleached in 2014 did it loose tissue?
12.5% overall v.s ~5% 2003-2011 (Lirman et al, 2014)
66.6% Pseudodiploria clivosa(4 of 6)43.6% Orbicella faveolata (240 of 550)28.5% Porites astreoides (155 out of 544)6.6% of Orbicella annularis (80 out of 1218)1.4% Montastrea cavernosa (1 out of 86)
Partial Mortality following bleaching
September 2014 March 2015
0
20
40
60
80
100
% Bleached
% Partial Mortality
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0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
No Mortality Partial Mortality
13.1
48.0
Predisposed to Mortality in 2015?
Fate-Tracking:Bleaching Resilience
*Not isolated events
*Help explain some of the variability in mortality
*Important as we move closer to periods when yearly bleaching is estimated to occur
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March 2015
Pie charts show relative abundance of symbionts from clades
A B C D
September 2014
Pie charts show relative abundance of symbionts from clades
A B C D
*Mosaics provide a demographic context for other work
*Paul Jones- Symbiont communities of O. faveolata during and following the 2014 mass bleaching
*Shift to Clade D coincided with reduced bleaching of O. faveolata in Summer 2015
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2013 2014 2015
No StressWatchWarningAlert
Average annual maximumAnnual max + 1 C
2014 and 2015 Bleaching Event
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Bleaching 2014 vs. 2015
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Identify resilient/resistant
or susceptible corals with MINIMAL
field time
*We can use new technologies to rapidly capture health information on 1,000’s of corals in a single dive and analyze them in the lab
* Eliminate Shifting Baselines
*We can also now SHOW and TELL the affects of various disturbances in a side-by-side view.
*September 2014 bleaching event- Coral communities can be resilient to moderate/severe bleaching
*Total coral mortality was rare (<1%)
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Identify resilient/resistant
or susceptible corals with MINIMAL
field time
*Not isolated events. Previous mortality increases likelihood of mortality during thermal events
*Shift in algal symbiont communities maybe a very important resilience mechanism
*Natural Experiment-Two years of bleaching and recovery information
*Answer questions on resistance and resilience under multi-year bleaching conditions
THANK YOU