phonology
DESCRIPTION
Phonemes Allophones Rules of Pronunciation QuizTRANSCRIPT
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PHONOLOGY
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• What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?
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• Phonetics relates to the sounds of language, while phonology studies how those sounds are put together to create meaning.
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PHONOLOGY
• phōnḗ - voice, sound
• Lógos - word, speech, subject of discussion
branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.
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Goals of Phonology
1. To provide the complete phonemic inventory of a language.
2.To discover and formulate all the phonological processes and rules
of the language.
3. To ensure that the results of (1-2) are compatible with the results
of (1) for the same language as well as explaining, determining, and
having limited predictive powers about the phonetic description of
the language obtained in line with (1).
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PHONEMES
• A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a word.
• Knowing about phonemes is important for spelling.
• A phonemes may be made up of one or more letters which make one sound.
Notice how the three phonemes sound the
same.
Two new shoes
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Examples
Here are examples of the phonemes /r/ and /l/
• rip
• lip
The phonemes /r/ and /l/ serve to distinguish the word rip from the word lip.
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OTHER EXAMPLES:
• hat -- 3 (/h/a/t/)
• knock -- 3 (/n/o/k/)
• bring -- 4 (/b/r/i/ng/)
• through -- 3 (/th/r/U/)
• strict -- 6 (/s/t/r/i/k/t/)
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Examples:
Rich
--------3 phonemes
Pitch
--------3 phonemes
Shaking
--------3 phonemes
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• "He stuck in his thumb, and pulled out a plum"?
How many phonemes are there?
28 phonemes
(/h/e/)(/s/t/u/k/)(/i/n/)(/h/i/s)(/th/u/m/b/)
(/a/n/d)(/p/oo/ld/)(/ow/t/)(/a/)(/p/l/u/m/)
FIND OUT:
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Two kinds of spellings get teachers messed up:
• Digraphs- is a multiletter spelling (usually 2 letters) for a single phoneme. Digraphs can be consonants (ck, ll, tch, ng) or vowels (ee, ew, igh, ow). Either way, the combination stands for one mouth move.
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• Cluster consonants- (dr, pl, st, spl, nk) are combination of single consonants pronounced in a rapid sequence. Each consonant retains its distinctive mouth move, but sometimes the individual phonemes are blurred a bit to make a smooth sequence.
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ALLOPHONES
• is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme.
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• Examples (English) [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/.
• [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phone
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RULES OF PRONUNCIATION
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INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
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Phonetic AlphabetThe English Consonants
/p/pit
/b/bit
/t/tin
/d/din
/k/cut
/ɡ/gut
/tʃ/cheap
/dʒ/jeep
/f/fat
/v/vat/θ/thin-unvoiced/ð/then-voiced/s/sap/z/zap/ʃ/she/ʒ/measure/x/loch/w/we
/m/map/l/left/n/nap/r/run/ŋ/bang/j/yes/h/ham
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The English Vowels
/æ/ cat/a/ father/ə/ afraid/e/face/ɒ/ lot/ɔ/ thought/i /fleece
/I/kit
/ɛ/ egg/ʊ/ full/U/ fool/ʌ/ country/o/goat
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/ɛ/ egg
/ʊ/ full
/U/ fool
/ʌ/ country
/o/goat
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Transcription:
Ex.
Attend – [ə t ɛ n d ]
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Word Stress
• is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.
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Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.
-Nelson Mandela
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Quiz
• Test I.
1. It is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.
2. It is the smallest unit of sound in a word.3. It is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds
used to pronounce a single phoneme.
4. It is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.
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• Test II
• Count the Phonemes
1.Food
2. Chair
3. Table
4. Computer
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• Test III
Transcribe the following.
1.Hammer
2.Father
3.Sick
4.Toss
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• Test IV
• Indentify the word stress of the following.
1.Debris
2.Object (verb)
3.Present (noun)