234 CHLOROCOCCALES

C. /r!cuspida/um ~or.ge (1.9.36, P 21, pI I , f 14) are, according to Teiling (1957, pp 207-222), the respectivespecles of DucellzeTlaTelhng, a genus belonging to the Xanthophyceae.

Coelll!/rum chodati Hughes (1953, p 20-not seen in original), if not a Ducellicria, wi\1 have to berenamed smce the same name has becn used by Duce\1ier (I.e.) earlier.

XLVIII. Genus BURKlLLIA W. et G. S. West, 1907, p 228

Colonies made up of 8-16--32 or more cells which are loosely arranged. Cells

spherical to pyriform with the cell membrane thickened in the form of a solid slightlybent horn, which is usually lamellate at the apex. Chloropla3t parietal, sometimesstellate. .

Reproduction by 4-32 autospores which are liberated as autocolonies by the

rupture of the parent cell membrane.Only two species are recorded j;O far, both from Burma.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Colonies smal1 (75-88 ,.. diam.) and of 8-16-32 somewhat conical celb with Fointed horns. Cellmembraneverythick. Cells 13-18,..in diameter .B. cornu/a (p 2~)

2. Colonies large (up to 200,.. in diam.) with a number of densely aggregated pyrifOIm to globular cel~with truncate to rounded horns. Cel1membrane moderately thick. Cel1s8-18-,.. broad, 13-33,..long .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - B. dissolvens\p 235)

143: BurkiUia cornuta W. et G. S. West

W. and G. S. West, 1907, P 228, pI 12, fl9-21 ;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 199, f324

. . 144b C

FIGs. 143-144. 143, Burkillia Cornu/a W. ET G. S. Wur (REDRAWNFROMW. ET G. S. WEST, 1907); 144, B. dissolvens SKUJA (AFTER SKUJA, 1949); a and f,COLONlES,b-e and g, SINGLECELLS; d and.g, CONTAININGAUTOsPORES.

..

BURKlLLIA 235

". Colonies subglobose and made up of 8-16, rarely 32, cells. Cells spherical,subspherical or rarely ovoid, with thick cell membrane. Colonies 75-88 f.l in diameter.Cells 13-18 f.l long. Horns 7-17 f.l long. Details of chromatophore not known(Fig. 143).

Reproduction by 8-32 autospores from each cell. Autospores 2' 7-4 f.l - indiameter. .

HABITAT. In shallow pool overgrown with weeds, Mansang near Hsipaw,Burma-J;muary (W. and G. S._West, l.e.).

DISTRIBUTION.Upper Burma.Playfair (1918) considered this alga as synonymous to Spondylomorumquatt!Tnarium,

a member of the motile Volvocales. Since no motility has been demonstrated in this

alga and since the reproduction is by autospores no subsequent author has supportedPlayfair.

;t

144. Burkillia dissolvens Skuja

H. Skuja, 1949, pp 68-69, pIll, f 11-27

Colonies in dense aggregates and consisting of a large number of cells. Cellsovoid to' pyriform when young and pyriform to globose when mature. One end of~ell produced into a m14IlIl1ilIate process with its apex truncate to rounded: Cellmembrane thick, hyaline and homogeneous except. in the process where it is lamellate.Chromatophore stellate and with a central pyrenoid. Nucleus situated in the TegiOI\..of the process. Colony tq> to 200 It in diameter. Cells 8-18 It broad and 13-33 It -long (Fig. 144). _

Reproduction by 4-32 autospores formed within each cell, which is convertedinto a sporangium. Autospores liberated by the rupture of the cell membrane.Sporan"gia 14-41 It broad, 30-48 It long. Autospores 8-9 It broad, 12 It long.

"HABITAT. Free-floati!1g in a pond at Cantonment Gardens, Rangoon-Mav(Skuja, t.e.).

.DISTRIBUTION.Lower Burma.

DicIYas/rum Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 183, monospecilic :D. mirabile Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 183, f 14

PeclodiclYon Taft, 1945 a, p 25, monospecilic :P. cubicum Taft, 1945 a, p 25

;, PhyloT1l(Jru/aKofoid (1914) has been shown by Copeland (1937) as the compound polled grailYof an~4cacia and it is, therefore, automatically excluded from algae.;" Coe/as/rclla Chodat (1921), which some authors (see, Prescott, 1951) consider along with Coelas/rum,,\!hile others (seeKorshikov, 1953) under Chlorelloideae, has been shown by Thompson (1956) to be a stage~th"e life history of Schizochlam)'s A. Braun, a mem~er of the Tetrasporales. Hence, this genus is a]so.tXc1uded here from the Chlorococcales. Two speCl(S of Coe/as/rella, C. s/rio/ala Chodat (1921) andl.levu,osla/a Korshikov (1953) have been described so far.

14. Family SCENEDESMACEAE Oltmanus, 1904, P 183

Members of this family are free-living, colonial (flat, pyramidal or irregular)

and made up of 2-4-8-16-32 "or more cells; cells of variable shape (usually oblong,

ellipsoid, ovoid, angular, rhomboidal, trapezoidal or acicular); chloroplast usually one,sometimes more, and parietal, usually with a pyrenoid. Reproduction by the forma-tion of auto-colonies.

Five genera recorded from the Indian region.

KEY TO THE GENERA

I. Colonies usually in the form of fiat plates with the cells arranged in groups of four; cells angular ~oel)ipsoidal; chloroplast one or more Subfam. Cru&igenioitlell8

a. "Cellswithout marginal spines -I. Cells with broken remains of mother cell wall on the outer edge Hofmania (p 236)2. Cellswithout broken remains of mother cell wall on the outer edge. Cruiigenia(p 237) -

b. Cells with marginal spines Telras.trurn(p 242)

II. Colonies usually fiat, irregular or with cells arranged in two planes; cells oblong, ovoid, ellipsoid,fusiform to acicular, rarely reniform; cliloroplaSt usually single Subfam. Scenedemwitlell8

a. Colonies usually of 2-4-8 (rarely 16-32) cells arranged in 1-2 rows with the longitudinal axes ofcells parallel Scenetle6mus(p 245)

b. Colonies usually of 4 cells with 2-cellsin one plane and the remaining 2 vertical to the fbrmer;cells lunate and touching at the 1>oles only Telrallanlos (p 290) ~

Subfamily CRUCIGENIOIDEAE ..

XLIX. Genus HOfMANIA Chodat, 1900, Ii 9

Colony 4-celled with the cells cruciately arranged, frequently joined togetherin 16-celled colonies enclosed within a mucilaginous envelope. Cells oval, semi-circular or round with a single parietal to cup-shaped Chloroplast having a pyrenoid:Outer edge of cells with -the broken remains of the mother cell wall in the form ofslightly b~nt honis or cap~.

Reproduction by autocolonies from each cell.Only one species recorded from the Indian region.

145. Hofmama lauterbornei (Schmidle) ? Brunnthaler'

J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 175, f256; H. Printz, 1927, p 147, f 100D-E=SlaurogenialauurborneiSchmidle, 1896, p 192, J 1 .=Crucigenia lauterbornei (Schmidle) Schmidle, 19CO,p 234; N. Wille, 1909, P 66; G. M. Smith,

1920, p 148-49, pi 37, f 4; O.A. Korshikov, 1953, pp 356-58, f 335

Colonies 4-celled with a large square space at the centre. Cells in contact with

the adjacent ones at their apices by the broken remains of the old mother cell walts

236

CRUCIGENIA 237

which look like caps; very often joined in multiple colonies of 16 cells enclosed withina mucilaginous envelope. Cells semi-circular in front view. Chloroplast single, parietaland with a pyrenoid. Cells 4-9 fl broad, 6-15 fl long. Four-celled colony 15-25-fl indiameter. Multiple colony up to 150 fl in diameter (Fig. 145).

HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Dibrugarh and Sibsagar (Assam,) stray-May andJune, Bhadrak (Orissa), stray-December, Sambalpur (Orissa), common-August,Linghipur, Puri (Orissa), rather common-April and Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, stray-April; fishery bundh, Srikakulam (AndhraPradesh), rare-December (!)

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India, and Japan.There is some confusion regarding the authorship of the combination and the

exact spelling of the specific name of this alga. Brunnthaler (op.c.)gave the combinationas H. lauterbornei(Schmidle) 'Wille, which is probably an error. This has beenfollowed' by most _subsequent authors. The correct combination appears to beH. lauterbornei(Schmidle) Brunnthaler (seealso,Fott, 1959). Both Wille (1909) andPrintz (1927) spelled the specific name lauterborni,whereas Smith (1920), Tiffany andBritton (1952) and Korshikov (1953) spelled it as lauterbornei. Prescott (1951) andFott (l.c.) spelled it lauterbornii. Brunnthaler (1915) gave lauterborniagainst the descrip-

. tion arid lallterborneiagainst the fignre. It has not been possible for the author tocheck the spelling 'in Schmid Ie's original description.

Species oj Hofinania not. recordedfrom the Indi~n region

H. appendiculala Chodat, 1900, p 9:, H. rolundata Teiling, 1942, p 66; f 8

H. regularis Korshikov (1953, P 372, f 359) is synonymous to Coronaslrum ellipsoideum Fott (see underCoronaslrum). . .

L. Genus CRUCIGENIA Morren, 1830, p 404.

Colony usuz.lly of quadrately arranged cells with a quadrangular open space inthe centre and often bound together by an inconspicuous gelatinous mass; frequentlyjoinc:d together to form multiple colonies of "l6-g2-64 qr more -cells. .Cells flattened,

. spherical, ovoid, ellipsoiCl, triangular, trapezoidal or rhomboidal in front- view.Chloroplasts 1-4, parietal or disc-shaped and usually with a pyrenoid. Pyrenoidsometimes not evident.

Reproduction by autocolonies, all the four cells of a colony usually reproducingsimultaneously.

Seven species are recorded from the Indian region.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

~

Cells apiculate . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. ... ; . .. . .. ; C. apiculala(p 238)

. Cells not apiculateA. Colony with a large rectangular space at centre

Cells trapezoidal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C.Jeneslrala (p 238)

B. Colony with a small open space at centrea. Colony longer than broad

Cells ovoid to ellipsoid... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. reclangularis (11 238)

r

2:38 CHLOROCOCCALES

Cells rhomboidal with outer side concave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C. crucifera (pb. Colony as long as broad

Cells broadly ovoid to three-comered C. triangularis (pCells triangular with acute comers. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C. tetrapedia.(pCens spherical to quadrate. . . .. . . .. . ., . . . . .. . . . . . . . .C.quadrata(p

146. Crucigenia apic:u1ata (Lemm.) Schmidle

W. Schmidle, 1900, p 234; G. M. Smith, 1920, pp 146-47, pi 37, f I=Slaurogenia apiculata Lemmermann, 1898 b, p 151= Telraslrum apiculatum (Lemm.) Brunillhaler, 1915, p 177, f258; H. Skuja, 1949, p 67=Crucigenia reniforme Swirenko, 1926, p 85 ;»

Colonies 4-celled, quadrate, with a small rectangular space at the centre, orvery often in multiple colonies of 16 or more cells. Cells elongate ovoid or three-cornered with a short conical projection 'at the apex and frequ~t1y at the inner comer.Cells 2' 5-7 P. broad, 4-10 p. long. Colonies 6-12' 5 P.broad, 9-18 p. long (Fig. 146).

HABITAT. Pond, Windermere Park, Rangoon~April (Sl{uja, l.e.); ponds,Dibrugarh, Assam, stray-May, Cuttack, rather common-July and August, Coorg,Mysore and Ochira (Ket;.ala,), stray-February; swamp Kausalya Ganga, Puri (Orissa),rare-April (!). -

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India, and Burma.

Brunnthaler (op. c.) refers to Tetrastrum apiculalum as apiculalum (Lemm.) Schmidle, probably bymistake (also see Ahlstr. et Tiffany, 1934, p 506) "

147. Cruoigenia fenestrata (Schmidle) Schmidle. ,

W. Schmidle, 1900, p 234;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 174, f252; G. M. Smith, 1920, p 148, p137;f2; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 284, p165, f 5=Staurogeniafenestrata Schmidle, 1897 a, p 107, f 1

Colonies rectangular with a large central space,4-celled or very often in irregUlarly>arranged multiple colonies, Cells trapeziodal, 2-5 p. broad, .5-13 p. long. 4-celledcolonies 8--1.4p. in diameter (Fig. 147).

HABITAT. Ponds, Bolangir (Orissa), rather 'commoil-Decemoer, Linghipur-~Puri (Orissa), common-April; swamp, Kausaiya Ganga,. Puri (Orissa), rar~-'

..April ( !)~DisTRIBUTION. Europe, N. America" S. Africa, and, India.

148. Crucigenia rectangularis CA. Braun) Gay

F. Gay, 1891, p 100 p115, f 151; W. B. Turner, 18,j}2,p 162, p121, f 17;J. Brunnthaler, 1915,p171,f245=StaurogeniarectangularisA. Braun, 1855, p 70

ColoJ?ies usually 4-celled with a small rectangular space' at the centre, often.unIted together in multiple colonies. Cells elongate ovoid and in contact withadjacent ones at the poles and sides. Cells 3' 5-7 P.broad, 4-10 p.long. Four-celledcolony 7-14 p. broad, 8--20 p. long (Fig. 148).

HABITAT. N. E. India (Turner, I.e.); tanks, Ceylon (Crow, 1923); MuseuJXJ.'1 .7Pond, Madras, March-April and July-October (Philipose, 1940); ponds, Windermere~jc

240),240)240)241)

-.. -. ". .,- ... :' .

! :. .I .I .. .. ,. .. ,. :. ,. ,. .. .. .. ,' - ,.

".;"'."'&""hh"'j45 a

CRUCIOENIA239

,~ak9.146 b

151 b'(.~..t ts.:'.

--r.f'" '-'t;J,ii~~,.(.:,;:::.:,.

152 ....

. FIGs. 145-152. 145, Hofmania iauterbornei (SCHMIDLE)? BRUNNTH (MUCILAGINOUSENVELOPE"NOTSHOWN- IN 145 b); 146, Crucigenia apiculata (LEMM.) SCHMIDLE; 147,C.fenestrata (SCHMIDLE) SCHMIDLE; 148, C. rectangu/aris (A. BRAUN) GAY; 149, C. cruCiferaO:VOLLE) COLLINS; ISO, C. triangularis (CHODAT) SCHMIDLE; 151, C. tetrapedia (KIRCHN.)W. ET G. S. WEST; 152, C. quadrata MORREN.

(150, FROM CHODAT; 152, FROM G. M. SMITH, 1920; 145 a, x 725, THE REST,x 1500).

../;~~~~.

::.:.:.'

~W15i~

Qo~~

'Park, Rangoon-April (Skuja, 1949); ponds and tanks, Barrackpore, Calcutta and

',§erampore (W. Bengal), rare to rather common, March-May and July-November,~Sainbalpur, Cuttack, and Linghipur (Orissa), rare to rather common, February,';(\.pril, July and August, Bhopal, stray-July, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh),~traY-December, Azhicode and Ayiramthengu (Kerala), rare to common-February.1); in the guts of anopheles larvae, Damodar Valley, Bihar (Kachroo, 1959).

240 CHLOROCOCCALES

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, W. Africa, India, Ceylon, Burma,Japan, and Siberia.

149. Crucigenia crucifera (Wolle) Collins

F. S. Collins, 1909, p 170; G. M. Smith, 1920,pp 145-46, p136, f 6; G. W. Prescott, 1951,p 284.pI65,f4= Staurogenia crucifera Wolle, -1877, P 140, f 6=S. cruciatum Wolle, 1887, p 171, p1157, f9-11=Crucigenia cruciata (Wolle) Schmid1e, 1900; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 174, f253

Colonies 4-celled, rhomboidal with slightly concave sides and a small rectangularspace at the centre, or often joined together in multiple colonies of 16 or more cells.Cells elongate with the outer side concave and the inner side straight or slightly convex.Cells 3'5-5'3 f' broad, 5-7- (10) f' long. Four-celled colonies-9-11-(22) f' broad,14--16--(24) f'long (Fig. 149).

HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Barrackpore (W. Bengal), rare-February, Balasore(Orissa), rare-November, Sambalpur (Orissa), common-July, rare-December,Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), stray-December and Ochira (Kerala), stray-February; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri (Orissa), rare-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.N. America, Europe, India, and China.

150. Crucigenia triangularis (Chodat) Schmidle

W. Schmid1e, 1900,-p 234 non P1ayfair~1917, p 832=Staurogenia triangularis Chodat, 1900-, p 7, f 14-19 .=Crucigenia triangularis Chodat, 1902, p 206, f 148;J. Brunntha1er, 1915, pp 172-73, f246

Colonies usually 4-celled with a small open space at the centre, but sometimeSjoined in 16 or more-celled multiple colonies. Cells ovoid to triangular with rounded

corners. Chloroplast p~rietal and with a single pyrenoid. Cells 5-5' 5 f' in' diameter.Four-celled colonies 10-13'2 f' in diameter (Fig. -150). .

HABITAT. Rock pool, Ceylon-September- (Crow, 1923); swamp, Kausalya.Ganga, Puri (Orissa), rar Lpril (!). -

-DISTRIBUTION. .?- N. America, S. and W. Africa, In~!a, Cey10n and-'.Siberia. . r _,.;...

G. M. Smith (1§2. G: W. Prescott (1951) and Korshikov (1953) consideredthis species synonymous to Crucigenia quadrala Morren. Brunnthaler (l.c.), though.recognizing its proximity to C. quadrala, retained it as a separate species. Crow (l.c.)recorded both the species but stated that C. triangularisshould probably be included inC. quadrata. West and- Fritsch (1927) also stated that C. triangularis is probablysynonymous to C. quadrata. However, Fritsc4.-aI~dRich (1930) still retained the species..In the present accouI].t, the two species are treated as distinct. - .. ...

151. Crucigenia tetrapedia (Kirchner) W. et G. S. West

W. and G. S. West, 1902 a, p 62,pll, f 11-12;J. Brunnthaler, 1915,p 174,f251; G. M. Smith.1920, pp 147-48, pi 37, f 2=Staurogenia tetrapedia Kirchner, 1880,'p 144, p12, f 1=Lemmermannia tetrapedia (Kirchn.) Lemmermann, 1904, p 157

..,{, CRUCIOENIA 241

Colonies 4-celled or joined in 16 or more-celled multiple colonies. Four-celledcolonies quadrate with a minute rectangular space at the centre. Cells flattened

.. and triangular with rounded ends. Outer sides of cells always concave. Cells'4'5~9'5 f' in diameter. Four-celled colonies 8-15 f' in diameter (Fig. 151).

HABITAT. Museum Pond, Madras, rare to common-March and July-October-. (Philipose, 1940); in the guts of anopheles larvae, Damodar Valley, Bihar (Kachroo,

1959); ponds and tanks, Barrackpore (W. Bengal), rare~January, March, July, Novem-ber, and D~cc:mber, Cuttack, stray-May, rare--:.July and August, Nuapara, Cuttack,stray-February, Hyderabad, stray-January, Ponnampet, Coorg, rather common-February, Azhicode (Kerala), rare-October and Ochira (Kerala), stray-February (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, S. and W. Africa (incl. var. aPiculataFritsch and Rich), India, China, and Japan. .

Brunnthaler (1915) as well as Smith (1920) treated Lemmermannia emarginata(Schroeder) Chodat (1900)=Tetrapedia emarginata Schroeder) as synonymous to thisspecies. Fritsch and Rich (1930, p 28, f 4 E-G) and Rich (1932, p 163) treatedL. emarginata as a new variety of 9rucigenia tetrapedia with the name .apiculata Fritschand Rich.

152. Crucigenia quadrata Morren

M.q,F.A. Morren, 1830, p 415, p115, f 1-5;J. Brunntha1er, 1915, p 172, f 248=Pediastrum quadratum (Morren) Meneghini, 1840 p 212=Staurogenia quadrata (Morr~n) Kuetzing, 1849, p 194

Colonies usualiy 4-celled, sometimes more-celled, more or less quadrate with asmall rectangular space at the centre. Cells nearly spherical with rounded corners

. !and 3-4 f' in diameter (Fig. 152).

< HABrrAT. Northern India (Turner, 1892); small pool near roadside, Kekirawa,Ceylon-September _(Crow, 1923); River Cooum, Madras (Iyengar and Venkataraman,

)951). ~

" DISTRIBUTION. Europe, N. America. rndia, -Ceylon, China, and- Japan.. Under this species, G. M. Smith (1920) included Crucigenia triangularis -Chodat

and Tetrastrum multisetum var. punctatm Schmid Ie (= Tetras,trll!'lpunctatum (SclJrnidle)Ahlstrom et Tiffany). In the pres~nt account, these two' ~a are excluded fr9mCrucigenia quadrata. -

Species oj Crucigenia not recordedfrom the Indian region

C. antarcticaWille, 1924, p 433 ~C. australis (P1ayf.) P1ayfair, 1917, p 831

=Pediastrum tetras var. australe Playfair, 1912, p 516, pi 56, f 2C. divergens G. M. Smith, 1926, p 85, pl14, f 22-29C. emarginata (W. et G. S. West) Schmid1e, 1900

=Staurogenia emarginata W. et G; S. West, 1895, p 81, piS, f 25-26C. excaoata Conrad, 1949, p 86, pi 2, f 4C. irregularis Wille, 1895; 1898, P 302

= Willea irregularis (Wille) Schmid1e, 1900 b, c= Cohniella irregularis Lemmermann

=Crucigeniarectangularisvar. irregularis (Wille) Brunntha1er, 1915, p 171

242 CHLOROCOCCALES

C. lunaris (Lemm.) Wi1Ie, 1909, p 66=Crueigeniella lunaris Lemmermann, 1900

C. minima (Fitschen) Brunnthaler, 1915, P 174=Staurogenia minima Fitschen

C. negleeta Fott et Ettl, 1959, P 231, f 4C. piriformis Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, P 183, f 15C.pulehra W. et G. S. West, 1902 a, p 63, pll, f 1.3-15C. pulloideum (Teiling) Brook, 1957

= Tetrastrum pulloideum Teiling, 1942, p 66, pi I, f2C. reniformis Griffiths, 1916, P 431, p134, f 14C. truneata G. M. Smith, 1920, p 146, pI 36, f 7-9

. Printz (1927) consi~ered Smith's C. truneata. as a Te!rastrum u~der the m~me. T. t!"'lneata (~mith)Prmtz. Ahlstrom and Tiffany (ex Tiffany, 1934) treated It as a vanety ofCruClgenta apuulata,-vlz. var,truncata (G. M. Smith) Ahlstrom et Tiffany. Crucigenia hastifera Arnoldi had been considered by Ahlstromand Tiffany (1934) as partly Tetrastrum staurogeniaeformc and partly T. heteraeanthum. However,Korshikov (1953) treated it as a distinct species of Tetrastrum lsee under Tetrastrum).

R. and F. Chodat (1925) recognized Willea irregularis (Wille) Schmidle and treated Cruciieni/Jirregularis Wille and C. antarctica Wille as its synonyms.

LI. Genus TETRASTRUM Chodat, 1895 a, p 114

Colonies always 4-cell~d with the cells-arranged cruclately in a flat plate with orwithout a small open space at the centre; at times -embedded in ~ thin gelatinous

envelope. Cells broadly triangular with rounded angles,. ovoid or semicircular;usually with one or more setae, short spines or papillae from the outer free surface.Chloroplast single, laminate, with or without a pyrenoid, and div:iding intofour prior to autocolony formation. Reproduction by the formation of autocoloni~from each cell, all the four cells of a colony _usually reproducing simuitaneously.Free-floating.

Tetrastrum is distinguished from Crutigmia by the presence of spines (except in

one species) on ~e margins of cells and the colony being always 4-celled.Four species are recorded from the Indian region.

KEY TO THE -SPECIES

I

I

~

I

_ .1.

..

With short spines.or papillae - \a. Cells nearly triangular. with rounded angles, not closely arranged and with small knob-like

papillae.. . . . . . ~. .'. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ., . . . . . . :-. . . . .. T. punctaturn(p 242)b. Cells more or less triangular, closely and cruciately arranged; spines short and delicate. . . .., . .,..,

T. staurogeniaefQrfflC (p ,243)

-2, With long spines or distinct setaea. Cells spherical to ovoid with straight setae. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. T. multisetum(p 243)b. Cells with the outer face, slightly concave, and with one long and one short straight or

curved spine , , T. heteracanthum(p 244)

153. Tetrastrwn punctatum. (Schmidle) Ahlstrom et Tiffany

E. H. Ahlstrom and L. H. Tiffany, 1934, p 504; G.'W. Prescott, 1951, p 286; O. A: korshi~ov.-1953, p 367, £ 350

=Staurogeniamultisetav'ar. punctataSchmidle, 1900 c, P 157, pi 65. f 13-14...T,traltrum multisetum (Schmidle) Chodat var. punctatum (Schmidle) Brunnthaler, 1915,p 177, £261

Cells more or less triangular with the outer side covered by a number (5-6 or ,~..more)' of short capitate papillae which are not all in the same plane. Cell membrane;'~

TETRASTRUM 243

distinctly punctate. Chloroplast parietal arid with a single pyrenoid. Cells 8-12 flin diameter. Colony up to 24 fl in diameter. Papillae 3-3' 5 fl long (Fig. 153).

HABITAT. Planktonic in fishery bundh, Chandrakona Road, Midnapore(W. Bengal), stray-December; pond, Cuttack, rather common-August (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America and India.G. M. Smith (1920), considered this alga the same as Crucigeniaquadrata'Morren.

According to him, the pyrenoid and button-like projections are not always found.However, since knob-like projections are not usually found in Crucigenia,Ahlstrom andTiffany'(l.c.) preferred to include it under Tetrastrum.

154. Tetrastrwn staurogemaeforme (Schroeder) Lemm.

E. Lemmermann, 1900 b, p 95;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 177, f259; G. M. Smith, 1920, p 149,pi 37, £ 5-6=Cohniella staurogeniaeforme Schroeder, 1897, p 373, pi 17, f 5=Staurogenia schroederi Schmidle, 1900 c, p 156=Crucigeniastaurogeniaeformis (Schroeder) Wille, 1909, p 66

~

Colonies flat, 4-celled, with the cells arranged closely in a cruciate manner withor without a !Jlinute space in the centre; often enclosed within a delicate mucilaginousenvelope. Cells nearly triangular with 4-6 short delicate spines, which lie in the sameplane, from the outer surface. Chloroplasts 1-4, parietal, with or without pyrenoids.Cells 3-6 fl in diameter. Colonies 7-15 fl in diameter. Spi~es 4-8 fl long (Fig. 154).

HABITAT. Planktonic in River Cooum, Madras (Iyengar and Venkataraman, -1951)' swaml2, Cuttack, stray-November (!).

DlsTRmuTION: Europe, .N. America, W. Africa, and India.According to Ahlstrom and Tiffany (1934),Playfair's T. elegans(p.p.) (seePlayfair,

1917, pi 57, f 6) in which there is a single long spinC?from the outer edge of each cell,should be included.in T. staurogeniaeforme,'the. remaining part being included inT. heteracanthum. They furthex: stated that there is a gradual reduction in the numberof spines (see,their figs. 6-21) from a typical T. staurogeniaeformeto T. glabtum (Roll)Ahlstrom et Tiffany, wh1c4 is smooth walled, through T. elegans. However, Smith~1950) and Korshikov (1953) retained the species T. elegans. In thi_s account also, -T. elegansis tteated as a d!stinct species.

~

..Tetrastrwn lDultisetulD (Schmidle) Chodat

inJ. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 177, f260=StaurogeniamultisetaSchmidle, 1900 c, p 157, p16, £ 12

" Colonie~ of 4 quadrately arranged cells. Cells spherical to ovoid. Outerpmrgin of cell with 5-6 long stout setae standing in different directions. Chloroplast,single, parietal and with a pyrenoid. Cells 3-4 fl in diameter in young coloI].ies and',5-6 fl in older ones (Fig. 155).

HABITAT. Tank, Ceylpn-October (Crow, 1923).DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, and Ceylon.According to Ahlstrom and Tiffany (1934), this alga is only a very variable

icractiniumpusillum Fres. and not a Tetrastrum. It is included here only tentatively.

244 CHLOROCOCCALES

154 a

.

154 b

,.

FII,s. 153--156. 153, Telraslru7!l punclalum" (SCHMIDLE)AHLSTR. E1'TIFF.; 154, T. slaurogeniaeforme (SCHROED.) LEMM.; 155, T. multisetum(SCHMIDLE)CHODAT; 15Q, T. hettracanlhum (NORDST.) CHODAT.

(154.a, FROM SCHROEDER,. 1897 (AS Cohniella slaurogeniaeforme);154 b, FROMG, M. SMITH, 1920; 155, FROMS.CHMIDLE'(ASSiaurogenia multiselaSCHMIDLE); REST, X 1500).,

156. Te~itru~hete~canthum (Nordstedt) ChodatR. Chodat, 1895a, p llf;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, P 177. f262; G. M. Smith, 1926. p 187, pi 15,f 16-20' '

=SlaurogeniaheteracanlhaNordstedt,1882,p 5f, f A-B ,-= Tetrastrumelegansval'.dentalumPlayfair,1917,p 833,pi 57, f 7 .

Colonies 4-celled and flat with the cells quadrately arranged. Cells nea~ly

heart-shaped (triangular with the outer face slightly concave, rarely convex) with along and short seta from the outer surface. Setae straight or curved. Chlorop1astparietal' an,d usually with a pyrenoid. Cells 3' 5-11' 5 p.in diameter. Long seta8-24 p. long. Short seta 1-9 p. !ong (Fig.: 156).

HABITAT. Ponds and lanks, Barrackpore (W. Bengal), stray-December,.

Dum Dum (W. Bengal), stray-October,-Cuttack, stray-March and August; swamp,Kausalya Ganga, Puri (Or,issa), rare-April; reservoir, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh),stray-April (!). t' .~,

SCENEDESMUS 245

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, Africa, India, Java, China, Japan, andAustralia.

The European alga has occasionally stout curved setae (see Brunnthaler,I.e.;West and Fritsch, 1927), but the American alga (Smith, I.e.) has more delicate setaewhich are more or less straight. The alga observed by the author had straight, some-what delicate setae.

Species of Tetrastrum not recordedfrom the, Indian region

T. alpinum (Schmidle) ~midle...1900 c, p 157, p165, f 24-25=Crucigenia quadrala'var. oclogona Schmidle, 1895 a

T. elegans Playfair, 1917, p 832, pi 57, f 6 onlyT. glabrum (Roll) Ahlstrom et Tiffany, 1934, p 504, f22-24

= T. slaurogeniaeforme val'. glabrum Roll, 1928, p 165, f 8= Crucigenia 'riangularis Playfair, 1917, p 832, pi 57, f 4, non (Chodat) Schmidle, 1900,

p 234T. hastiftrum (Arnoldi) Korshikov,t953, p 367, f 348

=Crucigeniahaslifera Arnoldi, 1924, Zeitschr. Russ. Bol. Ges., 7(1922)T. triacanthum Korshikov, 1953, p 365, f 345

According to Ahlstromjtnd Tiffany (I.e.) Tetrastrum tetracanthum ( G. S. West) Brunnthaler, 1915,.p 178, f263 (= CTUliigeniatelracantha G. S. West,1907, p 137)is probably a form of Ptdiastrum simplex Meyen.-Its variety khasianum Biswas (1934, p 19, p13, f3) is also considered by them as doubtful on account of the.. small an!! indistinct figure" given by Biswas. T. rocklandiensis Griffiths (1927, pp 610-11, f 5) is also

',considered' by these authors as incompletely described. T. hettracanthum Schiller (1924, p 73, Text-f 2).is treated by them as a variety of T. heteracanthum (Norrlst.) Chodat, viz. val'. longispinum (Schiller) AM..

. strom et Tiffany..

.,

.

'I'','

FOI'-Tetras/rum anomalum G. M. Smith (1926) iind T. truncata (G. M. Smith) Printz (1927), see under&enedtsmus anomalus and Cruci,l!enialruncata, respectively. .._- .

'.. TetrachlorellaKorshikov, 1953,cp 361, wi:h the three follo;ing species is aiso not recorded from

; '.the Indian region. ': T.alternans(G. M. Smith) Korshikov, 1953, pp 361-62, f 341

= Crucigenia alternons G."M. Smith, 1926, p 185, pI 14, f 14-18T. coronala (Korsh.) Korsh., 1953, pp 362-63, f 342

";;Tetrachlorella idternons f. coronata "Korsh.T. ornataKorshiko.v,1953,~ 303, f343 '.

-.. ,';i,. . .!

Subfamily 'BCENEDESMOID~AE_

LIt Genus SCENEDESMUS Meyen, 1829, p 77t

_ Colony a flat (rar!:ly curved) plate of usually 2'"-'1-8 (rarely 16-32) cells which. 'arealways in multiplf"~ of two. Cells acicular, ellipsoid, ovoid or cylindrical, arranged'in one or two r~.vs and in lateral contact. Cell wall smooth or granulate, with orWIthout la~{..al ridges, lateraf teeth or spines. Chloroplast single and parietal andoften filling the cell, and with a single pyrenoid.

Reproduction by auto-colonies from all or any of the cells,_the number of cellsIn. the d~ughter colony not necessarily conforming to the number in the mother'colony.

Thkrty-one species are recorded from the Indian region.. .; KEY-TO THE SPECIES!.

Cells dtc10sed within a mucilaginous envelope

l

246CHLOROCOCCALES

A. Spines from poles of terminal and internal ce\ls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., S. oahuensis(p 247)B. Spinesfrompolesof terminal ce\lsonly.. . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . ., . . . .. S. muu;allensis(p 247).

II. Ce\ls not enclosed within a mucilaginous envclope .A. Ce\l wall smooth, without lateral ridges, granulations, teeth or spmes

I. Ce\ls acicular to broadly fusiformi. Ce\ls without polar nodules or thickenings

a. Colony a flat plate,x. A\l ce\ls in a colony erect and spindle-shaped. ',' . . . . . .. S. obliquus(p

xx. Inner ce\ls of colony erect, outer ce\ls lunate. . . . . . . ., S. dimorphus(pb. Colony a curved or twisted plate

x. Ce\ls acicular and ';Ierymuch curvecl- . . . . . . .'. . . ., S. acumina/us(pxx. Ce\ls alternate with the terminal ce\ls not in the same plane

. as the interior cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~. . . . . . . .. S. bernardii (pii. Ce\ls with polar nodules or thickenings

Ce\l wall convex towards the outer side of colony and concave towards centre. . . . .. ... S. incrassa/ulus(p 252)

248)2.19)

211) .251)

2. Cells oblong to ovoid with rounded endsi... Colony not curved .

a. Ce\lsin a linear or subalternatingseries.. .. . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . S. bijuga/us (p 252)b. Ce\lsin a double linear series.. . ., ., . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . ., S.platydiscus(p 256).

ii. Colony a curved plate with the cellsusually in a double linear or subalternating series -, S. arcua/us(p 256)"'

\,

3. Cells inflated in the middle and with button-shaped endsCells curved' and arranged in a subalternating series with the termifiOllcells not

. in the same plane as the intemal cells ~ S. indicus (p 258)'

4. Cells prismatic..., ~ S.prismaticus(p 259)B. Cell wall ridged or granulate or with terminal spines

1. Ce\ls with lateral longitudinal ridgesCell wall not 'covered by spines or granulations except at,poles

"i. Polesof !;ellswithout teeth or spines.. . . . : . . . . . . . . .. ., ., . . .. S. acutiformis(p 260)_,' ir. Poles of c;ellswith teeth or spines# -,,'

a. All cells with short teeth at poles S. brasiliensis(p 2~1),b. Terminal cellswith spineiat poles, median ce\ls with or without such spines ''''

. x. .Cells oblong and in lateral contact along their full length . . . . . :. .. . . . . ..., ', ,S. arma/us (p 261):

xx. Ce\ls naviculoid and in lateral contact along the median third only. . . . . . . . . ", '.', . ~. S. c"rmalus (p 266)"

2. Cells withouflaterallongitudinal ridges. but with granulations', teeth or spinesi Spines or granulati~ns completely covering tlte cell wall ... Ce\l wa\l covered by small spines and without long horns"from poles... S. hys/rix (p 266)

, ii.. Cell wa\l only. partially covered by short spines '-, Two rows of spines from pole to pole on median cells and onerow on terminal cells;

Ipoleswith teeth~ : : ,S. serratus (p 268)iii. With short teeth or spinesfrompolesof cc\lsonly #

a. With 3 robust'spines from poles of all cells:.. . . . . . . . . . . ., S. spinula/us(p 268)b. With one or more short teeth or sharp spin~ from the poles

x. Ce\lsoblongto eJlipsoid.. , .. .. ., ... s. den/icula/us(p 26!1)'t. '

xx. Cells more orless fusiform with broadly rostrate and retG:e ends............S.p";",!ensis (p 271)

xxx. Ce\ls more or less naviculoid . S. smithii(p 272),iv. With longspinesfrom polesor !Iledia~parts of ce\l~ . '

a. Spinesfrompolesofterminalaswe\las ofmediance\ls '

- x. Ce\ls ovoid to oblong .- -tCells in loose lateral contact; terminal ce\ls with long and short-

spines from poles; internal ce\ls with only short spines. . . . .. '.. . . . , . .. ;S. cauda/o-aculeola/u,s(p 272)

tCells usWi\ly in contact along their fulllerigth and with long' orshort spines from terminal and internal cells S..longus (p .273),

xx. Cells naviculoid' '",;,~ cells of same length and in lateral contact ~Iong only a "

"":$h\rd of theirlength ';... S.opoliensis (p.. #8

Colonies 2-16 celled and enclosed within a striated mucilaginous envelope.,Cells with two 4lateral finely granulate costae. Terminal cells with a long straight

\or recurved spine with basal granulations from ~ach pole. Inner cells with a spine,:from alternate pole~. Cell membran~ finely porous (Fig. 157). .

HABITAT. Tanks near T~ncomalie, 'Ceylon, September and October (Crow,1923); · ...

,"

I

SCENEDESMUS 247

b.-' :Terminal ce\ls longer than internal cells and in firm lateral

contact except at ends S. protuberans (p 276)Spines at poles as well as median part of ce\ls

x. Cells in loose lateral contact; internal cells fusiform, terminal cells nearlyrectangular. . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S. ros/ra/o-spinosus (p 278)

xx. Cells in firm lateral contact and all ce\ls of same shape : ,

, S. abundans(p 278)Spines at poles of terminal ce\ls only

x. With perforations between cellst Perforations narrow and linear, ends of ce\ls slightly inflated. . . . . . . . . . . .

S. tropicus (p 279)tPel'forations larger; ends of ce\ls markedly capitate .,............

S. perf ora/us (p 280)xx. Without perforations between ce\ls

tCe\ls ovoid-cylindrical : S. quadricauda(p 283):Ce\ls naviculoid

A\l cells more or less of same length and in loose lateralcontact :..: .S. opoliensis.Terminal ce\ls longer than median .ce\ls and cells in firm lateralcontact. . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'.S. pro/uberans

.

c.

.....,

Scenedesmus oahuensis (Lemm.) G. M. Smith'"

.G. M. Smith, 1916, p428, pI 25, f I; R. Chodat, 1926, p 206, f 108=S. quadricauda var. tahuensis Lemm., 1905, p 630, pI 8, f 4-5=S. quadricauda var. insignis W. and G. S. West in ~emmermann, 1900 diP 335

"

t'<

"'.

. ",

DISTRIBUTION:Oahu, MaJahuia, Sandwich Isles, and Ceylon.

None pf the authors referred to give the measurements of the alga. -.

Scenedesmus muzzanensis Huber-Pestalozzi~~,,"

G. Huber-Pestalozzi, 1929, p 420, f 5-6

."~ Colonies 4-celied and enclosed within a thin striated mucilaginous en.velope.tAdjacent celfs.in contact with each-other except at the poles. Poles of terminal cells!.witha long recurved sp~e. Poles of internal cells obtuse. All cells with a longitudinal

ldge which is not distinct in the median region. Cell membrane smooth, or, rarely,lunctate. Older cells yellowish with dark contents. Cells 5'5-7'8 fl broad and:,

~9-23 fllong (Fig. 158 a)., HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Durii Dum, rare-October, Kausalya:q-aY""'7November,Azhicode, rare-February; swamp, Kausalya Ganga,,pril( !). _

DlSTRIBUTlOl'f.Europe; India.The Indian alga "agrees. iri all respects with Huber-Pestalozzi's' species, except

at the dimenSions of cells showed a wider range, viz., 8-12 f' in breadth and 18' 8-32cinlength with spines 20' 7-22 .5 fllon~. ." ' .

. .

Ganga, .rare- ~ .

'"

-.,..:::,......~<..

250 CHLOROCOCCALES

8;~

~.:-\

8{.

~';~

~/

~~

8.,::::J

..@ "

1\; ';; ~ '/'159 b

I-I

'...

_4,

159 c

..~ -':;~" FIGs. 159-162. 159, Scerudesmusobliquus(TURP.)KUETZ.;160 a-c,

S~orphus (TURP.) KUETZ,; d, F. tortusG. M. SMITH;161, S. a&uminatus(LAGERH.) CHODAT; 162, S. bernar{/ii G. M. SMITH.

(161 a, FROM SKUJA, 1949 (AS S. falcatus CHODAT); 161 b, FROMTURNER, 1892 (ASSelenastrum acuminatum LAGERH.); REST, x 1500)..

.-,

'Ii"..

Ja!luary, Azhic~de, stray-February; River Sone, Dehri, rare-May; swamp,'...Kausalya Ganga, rare-April (!). .

,~ '];)ISTRIBUTJO~.~ Widespread, including Europe, .N. ~erica, S. Africa,Mada-~.; "gascar, India, Burma, Java, China, and Jap~n. .' -

I

A<;cording to Chodat ,(l.c.), the alga is four-cell(:d with cells 2 '1-3'4 f'obroad and

Q'9-l0 fA lo~. 'I

SCENEDESMUS 251

forma tortus G. M. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1926, p 188, p116, f 5-8

Differs from the type in the central cells of the colony being at an a~gle to theaxes of the terminal cells instead of being parallel to them. Cells 2' 5-6' 5 P broad,20-34'3 p long (Fig. 160 d).

HABITAT. Pond, Cuttack, stray-August; Moat, Cuttack, stray-April (!).DISTRIBUTION.N. America, India.

161. Sc::enedesmus ac::uminatus (Lagerheim) Chodat

R. Chodat, 1902, p 211, f88; 1926, pp 144-45; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 163, f 209; G. M. Smith,1916, pp 437-38, pi 25, f 3-5; 1920, p 152, pi 38, f 1-4 .=Selenastrum acuminatum Lagerheim, 1883, p 71, p13, f 27-30; W. B. Turner, 1892, p 162, p120, .f 30; non G. S. West, 1912 a, p 88=Scenedesmus obliquus var. acuminatus Playfair, 1912, p 518, pi 56, f 8

=S.falcatus Chodat, 1894, p 625; 1926, p 146, f 36-~7; H. Skuja, 1949, p 66, pill, f 1- -

Colonies curved and of four to eight (usually four) fusiform cells w~th sharppointed ends. All the cells in a colony lunate, or the interior cells forming a flat plate'and the other cells lunate and at an angle to the plane of the interior cells; rarely, all

Si, cells in the same plane. _ Cell wall smooth and without teeth or spines. Cells 2-7 p.. broad, 12-48 p between apices (Fig. 161).

HABITAT. N. E. India (Turner,l.c.); tanks and lakes, Ceylon (Crow.. 1923,Holsinger, 1955); pond, Mandalay, Burma.(Skuja, l.c.); pool, Companygunj, Khasiii,-

'.' Assam (Biswas, 1934); swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, rare-April; ponds, Cuttack,. s~y-August" Nuapara, Cuttack, rare-February and Ochira (Kerala), stray,

February (!). _

DISTRIBUTION.Widespread, including Europe, N. America, Africa, India, Burma,Ceylon, Singapore, Ja~a, ~iberia, Japan, and Australia.

162. Sc::enedesmusbernaJdii G: M. Smith-G. M. Sinith, 1916, pp436-37, pi 25, f 6, pi 32, f 196-208; 1920, p 152, pi 38, f 5-9=S. obliquus forma magnus Bernard, 1908, p 182, f 420-21=S.ja'uanensisChodat,1926,pI57~f47 - _ _-=8. acuininatus val'. bernardii (~mith) Dedussenko in O. .A. Korshikov, 1953, p 380, q68

. -

Colonies of four to eight cells. Internal cells fusiform, lunate or sigmoid with acute", .apicesand arranged alternately with their apices in contact with the apicd or median

portions of adjacent cells. Terminal cells fusiform or luna~e, usually attached to the,.i'apices of the inner cell and frequently at an angle to the plane of the colony. Cell

wall smooth and witl).out spines or teeth. Cells 3-6'3 p broad, 8:-35 p long (Fig. ,162)., HABITAT. Rock pool, Ceylon-September (Crow, 1923); in shallow pools in

the drying up River Daya, Linghipur, Puri, stray-November; Moat, Cuttack,.rare-January (!). .

DISTRmUTION.N. America, Europe, Ceylon, India, Java, and' China.The alga from Linghipur (3-4'5 p broad, 13;2-17 p long) agreed fairly well

:With the American alga (3-6 p broad, 8-17p long-see Smith, l.c.) whereas ~e alga

..-

...1':Jj'~:-'

r--

252 CHLOROCOCCALES

from Cuttack (3-5 f-Lbroad, 24-35 f-Llong) agreed well with the Javanese alga (4 f-L

broad, 30--35 f-Llong, see Bernard, i.e.).The alga described by Biswas (1928-29; p 413, plIO, f 15; 1949, pt 1, pI 3, f35)

from Malaya as S. obliquus and 4 f-Lbroad and 48 f-Llong appears to be only a larger form

of S. bernardii.

163. Scenedesmusincrassatulus. Bohlhl

K.Bohlin,1897a,pp24-25, pi 1,£45-51;. W.and G.S. West, 1907, p229, pi 12,£26; J.Brullnthaler, 1915, p 163, £210; G. M. Smith, 1916, p 440, p125, £ 9-10; G. I. Playfair, 1923.p 222; R.Chodat, 1926,PP 158-59, £49 .

Single celled or in colonies of 2-4 cells. Cells in a linear or subalternating series,fusiform, curved with the outer side convex and the inrier side more or less straightor slightly concave. Ends of cells stumpy and with apical nodules. Cells 5-10 I-'broad, 12-28 I-' long (Fig. 163).

HABITAT". In springs_on the river -bank, Bhamo, Burma-February (W. and

G. S. West, i.e.). . -, --- -DISTRIBUTION.Br~il, Paraguay, Norway, S. Africa, Burma, Japan, Siberia,

Norway, Hungary and Australia.

, 'Tho m"""'''"''''' of tho ",u. giv'" by Bohlin (/.,.) ond moot ot1= aothon_are 5-8 f-LX 17-28 f-L,but Printz (1915 a) gave them as 5-10 I-' X 12-19 ,u-and Playfair(I.,.) .. 54 p X \2-20 p. Ho"ob4gy' (\9600)reeo<d09· much ..alle' ono..viz..3-:..3.4f-L X 9-11.21-"

l-

I164. Scenedesmus bijugatus (Turpm) Kuetzing

.

F. T. Kuetzing, 1833, p 607; W. and G. S. West, 1902, p 196; 1907, p229; c. Bernard, 19G8,p 183, £423;.1. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 167,£233; N. Carter, 1926, p 277; G. S. VenkataramaD;1957, p 909 -=AchnanthesbijugaTurpin, 1828, P 310, p1l3, £4 - .-j=A. quadrijugaTurpin, 1820, £ 6; 1828, P 310, p113, £ 5 ..=ScenedesmusobtU.fUsMeyen, 1829, p 775; W. B. Turner, 1892, p 161; P. Bruhland K. BiswaJ,

. 1922, pI 3, f 15 a - .=S. quadricaudavar. ecornis'Ral£s,1848, p 190;J.Schaarsch~idt, 1886, p 249 .=S. variabilisde Wildem. var. ecornisde Wildeman, 1893, f 54

. =S. bjuga (Turpin) Lagerheim, 1893, p 158; G. M. Smith, 1920, p. 152, p137, f 18-20=S.ecornis (Ralfs) Chodat, 1926, p 170; S. C. Dixit, 1937,.p 18; H. Skuja, 1949, P 66, pliO,f 53 ' -

Colonies flat or slightly curved, of 2-4-8 cells arranged in a single linear series.Celli obloog-dlip"',d to ovoid with tho ",d, b,oadly rovndod. Cdh 3'5--7 P broad. ·7-23 I-'long (Fig. 164 c, e, f). ..".. IjA>"AT. Adh<rinf<to aquatic =80m. Af"gbaoi>tao(Scl>aa,,clunid4 I.,.);'

, eonttal'lndia (Turn"'. I."); in ,ueam. ViotorlaPa<k.Colombo(W. aod G. S. W...\902; ,priDS' and """""'. uppc< Bunoa (W. and G. S. W",t. 1907); fil"b<d>,Bengal (Broh1 and Bbw.., /.,.); d,tch no'" "dgo of ri'" fiold. Sad'y" ~ . .(Cart"', ,".);. ,ain pool.Borivali.Bombay(Dixit./.,.); ",oal ond pond. low<' B""".i

I (Skuja. /.,.); p"",", _ (V<nkata=. I.,.); pond>'and tank>. D'brog,,~ ,..

r (Ao=!), ,,,,,y_May.. euttacl<, m,~Ju\Y' and Augu>4 Bhopal. ,,,,,yJuI1l'

SCENEDESMUS 253

Hyderabad, stray-January; cement cisterns with decaying Ottelia, Cuttack, rathercommon-July (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Ubiquitous.It is not clear why Lagerheim (i.e.) preferred the specific name bijuga, which has

been later adopted by G. M. Smith (1916) and all ot~er American authors.Fig. 15 b given by Bruhl and Biswas (1922) is more like that of S. areuatus or

S. Platydiseusthan that of a S. bijugatus. Th~ same applies to their figure (1926, pI1 f 13) of the specimen from Loktak Lake and described as S. bijugatusval'. alternans(Reinsch) Hansgirg.

::;

?" ~;r..

~ ,;,' ~

forma irregUlaris Willc

N. Wille, 1903, p 94, f 4=Scenedesmusbijuga var, irregularis(Wille) G. M. Smith, 1916, p 448, pi 28, f 59-62; incl: S.bijugavar. alternansforma irregularisG. M. Smith, 192.6,p 189, pi 16, f 24-27

. Differsfrom S. 'bijugatusin .!hecells ~eing arranged in an irregular sub-alternatingor som~timesin an almost double seri;s' Inner cells often in lateral.and basa'-contact.iColony\4-- or 8.celled, the latter bemg more common. Cells <)'5-6 f-Lbroad, 6'5-]S f-Llong (Fig. 164i, m).

. HABITAT.Museum Pond, Madras (~ S. bijugaval'. alternans-Philipose, ..J.940,pI 2, f 38); swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri; Orissa, stray-April( I).

DISTRIBUTION.N. and S. America, India.

var. bicellularis (Chodat) comb. novo ~

-Scenedesmusbicellularis Chodat, 1926, p 173, f65-67; T. Hortobagyi, 1957, p 15, f 237-40

Colo~es usually two-celled, rarely fou~-celled with the cells arranged in groups;of two. Solitary 'dlipsoid-cyfurdrjcal cells also not uncommon. -Autospores fOI1J1ed..,bythe single bipartition of the cell contents. Colonies pfteI). seen en~l~.sed wi~theI'~ptured parent cell membrane.. A small ap"ical spIne may be seen oc.s:asionally from)he end of a cell of the colony. Cells 2 '6-Sc'3 f-Lbroad, 6-11 f-Llong (Fig. 164 d,n, 0).

HABITAT. Nursery pond, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), abundant-:--April, 1956

it(leg. Shri. S. M. Banerjea); swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, stray-April, 1951(!)., DISTRIBUTION.Europe, India, and ? Burma. . . _... . In the Raipur collection which was very rich in the alga, not even a single four-~ed colony with regular linear arrangement of cells could be seen, which probably

,0'Js that Chodat'wjlS right in treating it as separate from S. bijugaius (or S. eeomishe names it). However, apart from the grouping of the cells in two eyen in four-ed colonies and the slightly s,maller dimensions, this alga d~es' not appear'to cliffet

. terially from S. bijugatus. So, the author prefers- to cOnSidcr this' as a variety of-:. bijugalus instead of according it specific'status as Chodat has done.

Handa's (1927,p 263, pI 5, f 12) S. bijugatus.(Turp.) Kuetz. could also probably.referred to this variety. '

"::b..'~ ~

.";-.::...

248 CHLOROCOCCALES

"

.'-,'-

.

, FIGs. 157-158. 157,'Scenedesmus oahuensis(LEMM.)G. M. SMITH;158 a, S. muzzanensis .HUBER-PESTALOZZI;158 b-c".? S', muzzanensis'HUBER-PEST. . .,

(157,. FROM LEMMERMANN,1905 (AS Scenedesmus quadricaudaVAR. oahuensis LEMM.); 158 a. x 1500; 158 b-c, x 1000)., ...:..

, A few 8-celled co!onies which app~~red !o beloQg.. to ~e same spe.ci~{Fig.15..8b, c) were also observed in the above localities. In these,. the colonies were flator curved with the median cells usually larger than the ~uter cells. In favourable....colonies without cell contents, the ridges were seen to extend from pole to p<?leand "

the cell membrane was punct4te, and but for the absence of spines from internal cdls

the alga resembled a S. oahuensisvery much.' The cells were 6' 2-8 .8 '" broad ~d17'6-26'4p long, with spines 14-22 '" long. .,-(. -

159. SceDedesmus ~bHquus J(Turpin) Kuetzing "

'1'. -t. Kuet~~ 1833, p 609;J. Brunnthaler, 1915,p 163: f208; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 428-34-.p125, f7, pi 29, f 63-68; 1920, p 151,pi 37, f 12-14-;=AcfmanlhesobliquaTurpin, 1820,f 9; 1828,p.312,pI 13/f 9 '

'. .. "'~. t~:"""'''"

\"~

"

-

'"

.

~ <!J

I,i

SCENEDESMUS 249

=Scenedesmusaculus Meyen, 1829,p 775; W. B. Turner, 1892, pp 161-62; P. Bruhl andK. Biswas, 1922, p 9, pi 3, f 16=S. oculus (Meyen) Chodat, 1926, p 126, f 18-19=S. oculus var. obliquus Rabenhorst, 1868, p 64 .=S. obliquusforma parous Bernard, 1908, p 181, f407-16, 414-16; 1909, p 76, f 160-61

'.II? Colonies usually of ~, sometjmes 2 or 8, erect cells arranged in a linear or sub.linear series. Cells fusiform with acute or slightly rounded ends and usually withstraight sides. Outer side of terminal cell concave or slightly convex. Cell waUl smoothand without terminal teeth or spines. Cells (2-) '2'7-6'6(-9) '" broad, (5-) 6-23(-2?) ",--long(Fig. 159). . .

HABITAT, N. E. India (Turner, I.e.); paddy fields, Heneratgodha, Ceylon(W. and G. S. West, 1902); tank near Kekirawa, Ceylon (Crow, 1923); ditches of stillwater, Sadiya (Assam), and in water exudations from cut ends of jute in Burdwan(Bengal), -August-September (Carter, 1926); filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas,i.e.); pond, Bombay (Gonzahres and Joshi, 1946); in cultures of soil from Allahabad(Mitra, 1951, p 359); ponds and t;mks, Barrackpore, stray-FeblJlary andDecember, Serampore~ stray-july"Cuttack, rare-August, Nuapara (Cuttack),stray-February and Madras, stray-April; cement cisterns, Cuttack, rare-May (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Ubiquitous.

In the absence of a fi~re, it is. not possible to place the S. obiiquus re«orded byBiswas (1934) from Assam, shice he refers to spines 4-8 '" long from the cells. TheS. acutus (Meyen) Chodat recorded from Burma by Skuja (1949, plIO, f 46:-50) withthe cells, .}..5-l1 '" broad and 18-20 '" long, could, in the author's opinion, be mostprobably ~'forni of S. arcuatusvar. capitatus G.:..M. Smith. --

~;f"

~. '.

~

II'

160. Scenedesmus dimorphus (Turpin) Kuetzing

F. T. Kuetzing, 1833, p 608; A. H. HassaIl, 1845, p,393, pI 92, f 13; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp431-36, pi 32, f 185-89, pi 33, f 190-95; 1920, pp 151-52, pi 37, f 15-17; R. Chodat, 1926,p 128, f 20=Achnanthes dimarpha Turpin, 1820, f2; 1828, p 313=Scenedesmus oculus var. dimorphus Rabenhorst, 1868, p 64, f 34 i=S. obliquusvar. iJimorphusHansgirg, 1886, p 116 .

=S. obliquus(Turpin) Kuetz. in P. Bruhl et K. Biswas, 1922, pp 9-10, pi 3, f, 17; M. R. Hl.nda;1!)27,p263, pi 6, f 10 a-b -'=S. ocuminatus(Lager!1.) Chodatin C. Bernard, 1908,p 183,f422; P. BI1lhl et K. Biswas, 1926p 266, pi I, II; K. Biswas, 1949, Pt I, p 71, pi 3, f 3,!-ii-c

dolo~ies ~8 celled with the cells arrange.d in a linear or subaltern~ting series(eight-celled colonies always in sub alternating series). Differ from S. obliquns in theouter cells of the colony being more or less lunate and the apices of the cells beingattenuated: Cells 2-8", broad, 14-35", long (Fig. 160 a...:c).

HABITAT. Filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas, 1922); Loktak Lake,Manipur (Bruhl anq Biswas, 1926); Royal Lakes, RangoJ>n.. (Handa, i.e.);Mu;eumPond, Madras (Philipose, 1940); Riv~r Cooum, Madras (Iyengar and.

Venkataraman, 1951); ponds and tanks, Barrackpore, rare-January-May, July and... \.October, Bhopal, common-July, Balasore and Phulbani, stray-December,. Cuttack, ....rare to comm.on-Januaty, March, July and August, Jabalpur, rare-April, Hyderabad, ,

stray-January) Madras, stray-M~rch, Tanjore, stray-December, Mercara,. stray-'. .

.,-.,.~

254 CHLOROCOCCAtES

var. ftexuosus Lemmennann

E. Lemmermann, 1898, P 191, pi 5, f I;J. Snow, 1903, p 375, pi I, f4;J. Brunnthaler, 1915p 167,f235; G. M. Smith, 1926,EP 189-90,pI17,fl-4 '=Scenedesmusbijuga var.jkxuosus (Lemm.) Collins, 1909, p 168

Co[onies 8-16-32 celled with the cells arranged in an irregular spiral. Cells3'5-8 fJobroad, 8-17'5 fJolong. (Fig. 164 k, I)..

HABITAT.Among decaying Otteliaalismoidesin a cement cistern at Cuttack,very common-July (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, and I~dia.In the author's material, only eight-celled colonies were observed. In the

American material, Smith (l.c.) found 16-celkd colonies predominating, though 8-and 32-celledcolonieswere also present.

var. graevemtzii (Bernard) comb. novo

=Steiniella graevenitzii Bernard, 1908, pp U!9-90"pl14, f 463-66=Scenedesmus bijuga var. altemans (Reinsch) Borge in G. M. Smith, 1920, pi 38, f 10 only=S. ovalternus Chodat, 1926, p 164, f 51=S. ovalternus var. graevenitzii (Bernard) Chodat, 1926, p 165=.:;. Ilraevenitzii (Bernard) Margalef, 1956

Colonies four to eight felled. Cells fusiform, ellipsoid, oblong-ellipsoid to ovoid-withobtuse poles and"arranged in an alternating series with adjacent cells in contac~ onlyalong a short portion of their length. Colonies frequently aggregated in syncoenob~by the broken remains of parent cell walls as in Dimorphococcus. Celk4'5-7'9 # broad'and 10-16'7 # long (Fig. 164 a, b). '.

HABITAT. Planktonic~'in Research Station Tank, ;Barrackpore (W. Bengal),stray-February, ~950; tank, Hooghly (W. Bengal), stray-November, 1950; RivciCauvery, Tanjore (Madras), stray-December, 1954 (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, Java, India, N.. America. ' ,.Because of the aggregation' of colonies in syneoenobia Chodat (1926)' treated -:this alga as a new variety of his S. ovalternus,which is probably synonymous to Achnantlruquairaljerna TUl'pm (1820, f 8; 1828, p' 310, pi 13, f 7) and to A:' octalterna~urpm(1820,112; 1828, P 312, pi t3, f8). In the author's opinion, the ~ggregation of the

colonl2l~!~gI¥obia~eed not .necessarily be a constant. featiu:e ~n-this alga, but ~ybe oqI.J!ftehi~Qrary phase at the tune of autocolony formation. WIthOUt the connectingth1e~~'iemains of the parent cell wall Bernard's alga can be hardl y distin gws' hed.from Chodat's S. ovalternus. The alga observed by the author was not associated,in,syncoenobia. The cells were also slightly larger (5'3-7'9 fJoX 13'2-16'7 fJo)comparcilto Bernard's alga, (6-7 # X 11-13 fJo). Otherwise the two algae agreed very well. '..~ -

,7 ... var. alternans (Reinsch) Hansgirg >-'. -A.Hansgirg, 1886, p 114=:s'cened,smusalternansReinsch, 1866,p 135, pi 20, fD-5; 1867, p81 " ,=S. bijugavar. alternans(Reinsch) Borge, 1907,p57; G. M.Smith, 1916, p447, pi 25,fl4-l?'-.:>S. Platydiscus (G. M. Smith) Chodat var. alternans (Reinsch) Chodat, 1926, p 176, f 69 ,7£

..r

.

. .

163

am

SCENEDESMUS

1)

164 a

255

00J0 me

~. I.

~~..

:. :0..: ...... .-.':. ... "o-k . .::: ..:°0'-

.~ _ .. 1

g

d c

oi'

FIGs. 16~165. .163, Scenelksmus incr:assatulusBOHLIN; 164 c, e, r,-S. bijugatus (TURP.). KUETZ., a-b, VAR. graevenitzii (BERNARD)COMB. NOV.; d, n, and 0, VAR. bicellularis

(CHODAT) COMB.NOV.; g, VAR; altemans (REINSCH) HANSG.; h andj, f parllUs (G. M. SMITH)COMB. NOV.; i and m, f. irregularis WILLE; k-I, VAR. jkxuosus LEMM.; 165, S. plaJydiscus(G. M. SMITH) CHODAT. ' ,.

(163,FROM BOHLIN; g, FROMREINSCH (ASScenelksmus alternans); REST, x 1500).

. Colonies flat, usually eight-celled, but sometimes four-celled, with the cells arrang~"\, , ,~,in a distinctly alternating series. Adjacent cells adnate to each other along a short. ~.'portion of their'length only. Cells ellipsoid to ovoid-eUipsoidwith rounded ends'- Cells....;about twice as long as broad. Length of cells 13-16 # (Fig. 164 g). ...,. HABITAT.Planktonic in a pond at Cuttack, Orissa, stray-Augrfst(!,. .

h

-':'r

n

-'

256 CHLOROCOCCALES

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, Africa, India, China, Siberia,and Japan.

forma parvus (G. M. Smith) comb. novo

= Scenedesmusbijugavar. alternans f. parvus G. M. Smith, 1916, P 448, p130, I' 106-108

Colonies four-celled with the cells arranged in a regular subalternating series..Cells much smaller than in val'. alternans and oblong-ovoid. Cell wall smooth (orrarely, finely punctate). Cells 2'8-4 P broad, 4'8-9 p long (Fig. 164 h, j).

HABITAT. Museum Pond, Madras, stray-January (as S. bijugavar. alternans-see Philipose, 1940, pI 2, f 39); pond, Dum Dum (W. Bengal), stray-October (!).

DISTRIBUTION.N. America, India. -The alga observed by the autlwr was frequently .smaller than that observed by

G. M. Smith and had cells 2'8-4 p broad and 4'8-8 p long compared to those ofSmith's alga which were 3' 5-4 P X 8-9 p. Some of the individuals occurringin the Dum Dum collection had also finely punctate cell walls. However, both theAIDerican and the. Iiidian forms appeC}red to 'be the same.

165. Scenedesmusplatydiscus (G. M. ~mith) Chodat

R.Chodat, 1926,p.17'5,f68; H.Skuja, 1948,p 137 -' -=Scenedesmus arcuatus var. platydisca G. M. Smith, 1916, p 451, p1'30, I' 101-105; G.. W. Prescott,1951; p 275, p162, f 10-12; O.A. Korshikov, 1953, p'382, I' 374 b; inc1: Scenedesmus erornis var.disciformisChodat, 1902,1' 87; 1926,p 172,1' 64;H.Skuja, 1948, p 137; 1949,p110,f 52

Colonies flat, eight-celled, with oblong-elliptic cells arranged in a double series.Interstices be,tween cells minute or absent altogether. Cells 4:5-7'5 p broad,8-17 p long (Fig. 165).

HABITAT. Canal and pond, Burma (Skuja, 1949); fish~ry bundh, ChandrakonaRoad, Midnapore, (W. Bengal), stray-December; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri(Orissa), rare-April; ponds and tanks, Cuttack, stray-=July and. May, Bangalore,stray-February and Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February-(!)." .

DISTRIBUTIO~.N. America, Europe, 'C. Africa,' India, Burma; China, J~nd.

Japan. ,,- -According to G. M. Smith (l.c.), the flatness of the colony of this alga is a constant

character and the 'cell arrangement shows a greater resemblance to S. arcuatus than.

to S. bijuga..How~er, since the colonies in S. arcuatusand its variety capitatusare bothdistinctly.curve.itin contrast to the fl~t disc-shaped colonies of the present alga, thereappears to be every- justification for treating it as a separate species as Chodat has.done. .

166. Scenedesmus arcuatus (Lemmermann) Lemmermann

E. Lemmermann, 1899, p 112, p11, I' 2-4; J. Brunntha1er, 1915, p 167, I' 232; G. M. Smith,1916, pp449-51, p126, 1'19-20, p129, 1'94-98, p130, 1'99-100; R. Chodat, 1926, p 168, I'56-57;O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 382, I' 374 a=Scenedesmus bijugalus var arcualus Lemm., 1898 b, p 159=S. bijugalus forma arcuala (Lemm.) W. et. G. S. West, 1906, p 105, plIO, f 12-14

~

SCENEDESMus 257

Colonies usually eight-celled, rarely four- or 16 celled, curved and with smallintercellular spaces. Cells in eight-celled colonies in two series, oblong-ovoid, sometimesslightly angular at the base due to mutual pressure. Cell wall smooth, withoutteeth or

,\\ .spines. Cells 3'5-9'5 p broad, 8'5-18 p long (Fig. 166).. . HA~ITAT. Rock pool, Ceylon-September (Crow, 1923); swamp, Kausalya

" Ganga, Puri, rare-April; ponds and tanks, Dibrugarh (Assam), stray-May, Cuttack,stray-February, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December, Bangalore,

. stray-=February and Azhicode (Kerala),' stray-February (!).DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S America, S., W. and Central Africa, India,

Ceylon, Java, Japan, Siberia, and Australia.

. val'. capitatus G. M. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1918, p'637, p111, 1'4-5; 1920, p 153, p138, I' 15-16; R. Chodat, 1926, p 168,f58 ' .

Colonies curved, fouf-eight cellea (usually eight-celled). Cells in eight-celled'colonies' arranged in a double series. Cells in four-celled colonies in a linear or~ublinear series. Cells slightly curved with one side convex and the other straight or.slightly concave., Ends of cells stumpy and with nodular thick~nings. Cells 5-11' 3P broad, 10'6-28 p long (Fig. 166 d-l).

HABITAT. As g~en patches pnmoist exposed sandy beds or on sandr beds of"shallow water-in rivers Daya. (Orissa) and Dehri (Bihar) duriHg November 19~2;

stray in pond, Azhicode (Kerala)-February (!).DISTRIBUTION.N. America, Sweden, India and? Burma.

The cells of the Indian alga are 5 .3-11 .3 P broad and 10' 6-28 P long, comp~redto the American alga which has cells 5'11 P broad and 11-23 plong; and thereby Itcomes within the range of size of ScenedesmusincrassatulusBohl~ (18.97 a, p 24; W. and'G. S. West, 1907, p 229), viz. 5-8-10 p broad and 12-17-28 p long. . Apart from size,some of ' the younger 4-celled colonies of the Indian alga (Fig.' 166 k, 1) also showed

. a great resemblance to S. incrassatulusboth in cell snape and in the arrangement of .

;, ce~s with their convex sides facing outwards. One or two 8-celled colonies whichOccurred in- the collection also showed a linear to sublinear arrangement found inS. acutus(Meyen) Chodat as described by Sktija (1949, p 66, pI 1O~f'1-6-50) fromBurma. All the three algae under consideration have apical' nodular thickenings(as in S. incrassatulus and S. arcuatus val'. caPitatus) or apical evanescent spine-likestructures (as in S. acutus). It is also interesting to note that the materials of W. andG. S. West, Skuja and the author (except that from Azhicode) occurred in -more or<lessic:lenti~l situations, viz. springs or river banks, running soiled trench water andriver beds respectively. Further, in the author's collections from the two rivers, allthe stages refer~ed' to above occurred along with the typiCal colonies of val'. caPitatusito the complete exclusion of all other algae except one solitary colony of Scenedesmus

~bernardii. Fritsch and Rich (1930, P 30, f 4 H) stated that S. arcuatus may not often,Show the regular arrangement in two rows, but may be even in an irregular linear"series, and Bohlin (1897 a) referred' to Dacrylococcus-stagesin S. incrassatulus. It

J.

.:

258 CHLOROCOCCALES

a

~. ...y.

OCB---

FIG. 166, $cenedesmusarcua/uS(LEMM.) LEMM: a-c, TYPE; d-e, and ? f-I,VAR. capita/us G. M. SMITH. (166 c, x 1000; REST, x 1500).

~

is, therefore, quite possible that all the three algae under consideration are inter-related, if not the same. ..

The alga from Azhicode 'was four-celled with an irregular sublinear arrangementof cells (Fig. 166 f, i) as shown in Prescott's figure (Prescott; 1931, pI 16, f 19).

167. Sc:enedesmus indic:us sp. novo

Coloniae 4-cellulares. Cellulae lunata~, apicibus pileatis, Il}edio tumescente, dispositae in serieJ!l'alternantem, apicibus externis cellularum internarum attingentibus medium proximioris cellulae te~.nalis, apicibus internis liberis manenlibus. Cellulae interiores etiam signulae alias attingenies in regJonemedia. Cellulae 3.~5.3 ,.Iatae, 12'3-13'2,. longae.

SCENEDESIllUS 259

'. HABITAT. Vagat in piankione in paludibus ad Dibrugarh (in Assamia) mense maio 1955, et ad: Azhicode (in Kerala) mense februario 1949; legit K. H. Alikunhi. Species servata in formaldehido(Coll. No. 12 et 13) in C.I.F.R. Sub-station ad Cuttack.

Colony 4-celled. Cells curved with capped ends and swollen middle and arrangedin a sub-alternating series with the outer ends of internal cells in contact with the middleof the nearest terminal cell, the inner ends remaining free. Internal cells also incontact with' each other at the median region. Cells 3.5-5.3 fJ broad, 12,3-13,2 fJlong.

!fA.BITAT. Tanks, Dibrugarh (Assam), stray-May, Azhicode (Kerala), stray-J'ebruary.

DISTRmUTloN. India (Assam and Kerala).The caps on the end of the internal cell in contact with a terminal cell IIlaYnot

~be clear, but the constriction is .evident.. Though the arrangement of the cells in the present alga recails that of a

,'ScenedesmusbernardiiG. M. Smith, the characteristic capped ends of the cells and the!,'inflated middle bring it very near S. producto-capitatusSchmula (1910, p 85, f 1-5), but:the cells in the latter species are erect and arranged in a linear series, whereas in thelaIga under consid~ration the cells are all markedly curved with the median portions9f terminal 'cells in contact wfth the outer pole of the adjacent internal cell.

fhe alternate arrangement of cells is also found in S. producto-capitatusvar. alternans~wirenko, 1926 (see Korshikov, 1953, p.380, f 372c), the cells of ~hich measuro- 3.5 fJin breadth and 8 fJ in length. However, the cells of this vari!;ty are also not curved

pr the terminal cells alone may ~e slightly curved. So, the present alga is considered.~ a new species.

S. indicus bears the same relation to S. producto-capitatusas S. bernardii does to!S. acumitiatus.

~.

Sc:enedesmus prismatic:us Bruhl & Biswas

P. Bruhland K. Biswas,1922,p 10,pi 3, f 21; K. Biswas,1928-29,p 415,pI. 9, f 11

Colonies 4-celled with the cells arranged in a single linear series. Cells prismatic_~th pyramidal end faces, hexagonal in cross section with the terminal an,! lateral

aces meeting at sharp angles. In side view, the longitudinal ridges in front and at:e back appear as dark lines. Cells 4-6 fJ "proad, 10-16 fJ long (Fig. 168).

, . HABrrAT.~ In Faridpur filter bed, Bengal (Bruhl & Biswas, l. c.)DISTRIBUTION.India and Malaya.This species is somewhat like S. acutiformis Schroeder, but differs from it in the

,~sence of longitudinal ribs, in the prismatic shape of its cells and its smalleriUlensions.

'" According to Mitra (1951), who observed the alga in cultures of soil frombad, it could also be 8-celled and the terminal cells mostly shorter and slightly

IllVex. In contrast to Biswas's record of the alga from a dirty pond in Malaya, Mitra~erved it only in cultures supplied with cheese and had become foul, thereby'Qicating its preference for ha.bi~t ric4 in organic ma.tter,

-tr'

169 b169 a.u

170 a 170 b -170 c

. FIGs.167-170. 1&7,ScenedesmusindicusSP;-NOV.;168,S. prismalicusBRUHL& BISWAS;169, S. oculiformis SCHROEDER;170, S.hrasiliensis BOHUN.'

(1611,FROMBRUHL & BISWAS,1922; 170 C,FROM BlsWAs,1934; REST, x 1500).. . to

169. Scenedesmus acutiformis Schroeder

B. Schroeder,1897b,P 145,pi 2, £4; G. M. Smith, 1916:pp 456-5J, pi 26, £28-29, pl. 29,£ 84-89; 1920,p 154,pI 39, f4-6; R. Chodat, 1926,P 198,£9!>-96;O. A. Koshikov,1953.p 385,"£387 - ' ,~Scenedesmushyslrix var..ocutiformis (Schroeder) -chodat, 1902, P 215; C. Bernard, 1908, p 184-.

£438-47; 1909, P 78, £ 168-?0; ~c1. S. acutiformis var. lricos/atus Chodat, 1926, p,199, £97- .-

Colonies 2-4-8 celled (usually 4'=-celled).-Cells cyl~drical-fusiform and arranged

in a single linear series. Cell wall smooth. Median cells with a lateral longitudinal.ridge extending from pole to pole on each side. Terminal cells with two to four ridges.Poles of cells acute and wjthout teeth or spines, but sometimes with a minute papilla.Cells 3.8-8 P. broad, 12-22,4 P. long (Fig. 169). '

HABITAT. Tank near Trincomalie, September (Crow, 1923); cess pool,

Hyderabad, rather common-'-January~ tank, Raipur {Madhya Pradesh), stiay-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.'Europe, N. and .S: America, Mrica, India, Ceylon, Singapore,

'Johore, Java, Japan, Siberia and Australia. ' ",. The breadth of 15 p. for the cells given by Schroeder in his original description

is obviously an error (seeChodat, 1926, p 198)...

. __ - --:--;JSCENEDESMUS 261

170. Scenedesmus brasiliensis Bohlin

K. Bohlin, 1897a, p 22, pi. 1, £ 36-37; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 165, £ 222; G. M. Smith, 1916,pp 458-60, pi 26, £ 30-31; R. Chodat, 1926, pp 199-200, £ 98; P. Bruhl and K. Biswas, 1926,p 267, pll, £ 12 a-Cj G. W. Prescott, 1951, p. 277, pi 63, £ 5-6=Scenedesmus h)'slrix var. brasiliensis (Bohlin) Chodat, 1902, p 215=S. oculiformis var. sPinuliferum W. et G. S. West, 1901a, p 182, pi 4, f 46-49=S. oculiformis var. brasiliensis (Bohlin) W. and G. S. West, 1905, p 270, pi I, f 8-9; 1907, P 229

....

Colonies usually 4-celled, sometimes 2-or 8-celled. Cells cylindrical or oblong-ellipsoid with attenuate apices and with a longitudinal" ridge extending from pole topole OIi"each side of the cell. Ends of cells with 1-4 (usually 2-3) teeth. Cells2-8. 5 p. broad, 11-28 p. long (Fig. 170).

HABITAT. Colombo Lake-July and August (Lemmermann, 1907); swamp.. and stream, Upper Burma (W. and G. S. West, 1905, 1907); Loktak Lake, Manipur-(Br~hl and Biswas, l.c.); p~ol at Companygunj, Khasia, Assam-April (Biswas, 1934);pond, Bombay (Gonzalves and Joshi, 1946); ponds, Mandalay- January and November,aquarium, Rangoon~April and Royal Lake, Rangoon (Skuja, 1949); ponds andtanks, Cuttack, stray-February, May' ,and August, Nara~ingpur, Cuttack stray-December, Sambalpur and Sonepur (Orissa), stray-December; Visakliapatnam

. (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December, Hyderabad, rare-January; and Coorg (Mysore),rare-.February; Rlve~Dehri, Bihar, stray-May (!~.

, DISTRIBUTION.Widespread, incl. Europe, N. and S. America, Afric~, .India,Ceylon, Burma, _Siam, Java, China and Japan.

.1

171. Scenedesmusarmatus (Chodat) G. M. SIJ!ith -

G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 460-61, pi 28, £ 53, pi 29, £ 90-93, pi 30, £ 109-10; 1920, p 154, pi 39,£ 7-10 ,

=S. hystrix var. armatus Chodat, 1902, p 215; 1913, P 24; 1926, p 201; C. Bernard, 1909. p 78,f 171-75 .=8. quadricaud£ var. acutiformis Schmidle, 1900c, pili=S. quadricauda var. anna/us (Chodat) Dedussenko in O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 391, £ 393 d-e;as S. quadricauda in K. Biswas, 1934, p 21, pi 1, £ lOa

?

Colonies usually four-celled, rarely two- or eight-celled. Cells oblong-ellipsoid withacute spices and arranged .in'a linear series. Tel'II!inal cells witli a single long spinefrom' each' pole. All cell~ with a median lateral longitudinal rib which is sometimes

, indistinct or distinct only at either end of the cell. . Cells3-8 p. broad, 7-16 p. long."Forir~celled colony 7-16 p. Droad, 12-25 p.long (Fig. 17.1).

HABITAT. .Rock pool, Ceylon, September (Crow, 1923); pool at Companygunj,Khasia, Assam (Biswas, l.c.); pond, Mandalay, Burma (Skuja, 1949); cement cisterns,Cuttack, rare-August; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, stray-April; Dyke's tank, .Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December (!). . _

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, S., N. and W. Africa, India, Burma, CeylonSingapore, Samoa, China, Siberia, and Japan.

The S. quadricaudarecorded by Biswas (1934) from Assam is obviously a S. armatus~ since his figure shows longitudinal ribs on the interior cells, and in the description it is

stated that longitudinal ribs are occasionally present on the inner cells. According toNygaard (1932), in S. armatus, which is a very variable species, it is not uncommon to

,.

260CHLOROCOCCALES

I168a 168 b 168 c

r

262 CHLOROCOCCALES

come across specimens in which some of the cells have ribs while other cells of thesame colony may not show the same, or, in extreme cases, the ribs may not be clear inany cell.

The two-celled colonies figured by Biswas (1934, f 10 b) has to be referred to. eitherS. qlladricaudavar. bicaudatusHansgirg (1890) or S. armatusvar. bicaudatus (Guglielmetti.)Chodat (1926), depending on the absence or presence respectively of longitudinal ribson the cells.

Smith (1916) treated S. acutiformis var. bicaudatus Guglielmetti (1910) as syno-nymous to S. armatus. Here it is treated as a separate variety of S. annatus, viz. var.bicaudatus(Guglielmetti) Chodat.

var. bicaudatus (Guglielmetti) Chodat,

R, Chodat, 1926, p 2M, f 106; F. E. Fritsch and R. Rich, 1930, p 30; T. Hortobagyi, 1960c,pp 185-86, pI 32, f 360 -=Scenedesmus {J(;utiformisvar. bicaudatus Guglielmetti,191O, p 31=S. hystrix var. bicaudatus (Guglielmetii) Printz, 1914-, p 82

Colonies two to four celled~- Differs from the type in having a long spine from one.Df the poles of the terminal cell only, the spines of the two terminal -cells alternatingwith each other. Longitudinal nos usually seen only in th~ internal cells. Cells2'5-4'6 p, broad, 8'3-12 p, long. Four-celled colonies 8'3-12 p, broad; 10-18'5p,long. Spines 3.5-8'8 p,long (Fig. 17l d-f, m).

HABITAT. Pond, Cuttack, rare-August; Bhopal, rare-oJuly, Raipur (Madh.yaPradesh), rare-April, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), .common~Decemberand Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February; reservoir, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh),stray-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, S. .Mrica, India, ? Malaya, Siberia, and Japan.In the author's material, the longitudinal ribs on the cell wall were sometimes

indistinct, but in empty cells they were quite clear. Occasionally all cells show,cddelicate ribs which were not distinct in the median region.

Biswas (1928-29, p 414, f 18 d-f) has described a Scenedesmus(2-4-8 celled)from Malaya, with- one sharply recurved spine. from each terminal cell and with acentral longitudinal rib in all cells under the name S. quadricaudavar. costatavarnov.Even though the colony of this alga is described and figured in fig. 18 d as having onlyone spine.from a terminal cell, surprisingly in fig. 18 f, which is intended to be anotherview of a terminal cell, two spines are shown, one from each pole. If the alga underconsideration has really only one spine from a terminal cell, it will be more appropriate

· .to consider it as S. armatus var. bicaudatusor S.'armatusvar. boglariensisHorto1]. formabicaudatus (see below) than as a new variety of S. quadricauda. If, however, there ar~two spines from a terminal cell, it can be considered only as S. annatus type. Sharplyrecurved spines are not uncommon in S. annatus and its varieties.

HortoMgyi (1900 c, 1960) gave the combination of this variety as var. bicaudatus(Guglielmetti-Printz) Chodat, evidently following the name given by Chodat (1926,l.c.) in his explanation of its figure. However, Chodat gave it only as var. bicaudatusvar. novo in his description. T1\e cqrrect combination s1\oqld 1;)eva,r. bicqu4~t!II'.c

'.

:;;.{

SCENEDESMUS 263

(Guglielmetti) Chodat since it was Guglielmetti who recorded the variety for the firsttime.

)fJ( )M[Lc

---- f

~

t."-,. ,:,@:. .:: :~;..,... ......:..:

m'

FIG.171. a-c, Scenedesmus armatus '(CHODAT) G. M. SMITH; d-fand m, VAR.jicaudatus (GqoLlELMETTI) CHODAT; g andj, VAR. boglaritnsisHORTOD. f. blaudatus HORTOD.; h, VAR. setosus VAR. NOV.; i, VAR. avrnme-tricus VAR.; NOV.; k, VAR.major G. M. SMITH; I, VAR.disparVAR. NOV.

(c, FROMBISWAS,.1934 (..;.sS. quadricauda); (REST, x 1500).

264CHLOROCOCCALES

var. boglariensis Hortobagyi

T. Hortob~gyi, 1943, p 108, f 141; 1950, p 254; 1959b, P 512, f 30; 1960 c, p 186, pI 32-33f361-66 '

Differs from the type in all the cells possessing well developed longitudinal ribs

extending from pole to pole. Ribs smooth or with slightly undulate margin. Terminalcells with a fairly long spine from each pole, usually from the outer edge of the pole;one of the spines somewhat straight and the other slightly curved. Internal cellswithout spines or with small spines from the pole. Colonies 2-4 celled, flat or some-times slightly curved, and with the cells arranged in a linear series. Cells 2' 4-4' 2 pbroad, 8-14 P. long. Spines of terminal ceils 4' 5-12 P. long.

This variety is not recorded from the Indian region.

forma bicaudatus Hortobagyi

T. Hortob6gyi, 1949, p 2, ~4-6; 1959 b, p 512, f31; 1960 c, pp 186-87, pi 33, f 369-70

Colonies four to- eight celled. Cells with prominent longitudinal ribs which aresmo0th or rugged. Terminal cells with a long spine from the outer edge 2f one of their

poles, the spines of the two terminal cells alternating with each other. The other pole?f the terminal cells and the poles of internal cells. without spines or with one (rarelymore) short spine from their poles. Cells 4' 4:-5' 6 p.'broa~, 12-19' 5 p. long. Longspines 12'3-16'5p.long. Short spines when. present 1'8-2'5 P. long (Fig. 171 g,j).

HABITAT. Pond, Cuttack, rather common-August-(!).DISTRIBUTION.Hungary and India.' .The differences- between S. armatus var. bieaudatus (Guglielmetti) Chodat and

S. armatus var. boglariensisforma bieauiiatusare minimal. The latter has well developed

longitudinal ribs from all cells and the cells and the ternUnal spines are of largerdimensions compared to the former in which ribs are usually present only in theinternal celli;. and' the cells are smaller, with correspondingly shorter spines from theterminal cells. . -'

Hortobagyi (i.e.)observed fouJ:,-and eight-celled colonies, the latter being rare. Inthe author's material also four-celled colonies were more frequent and unlike Hortobagyi'smaterial in which alternating poles of terminal cells an~ all the poles Qf internal cellscould have small spines (seehis f 37Q-1960c~,-only the aiternating poles Qfinternalcells had the small spines. In a single eight:celled colony observed by the authorthere were short spines only from the alternating poles of the innermost cells.

var. setosus var. novo

Coloniae four-cellulares, a typo differentes cellulis inter~is ornatis spina longa (aeque longa acea'ecellularum terminalium). Cellulae 3-3' 5 ".latae, 7-8 ".longae. Spinae 7 -8 ". longae.

HABITAT. Vagat in planktone in palude etiam ad Kausalya Ganga (Orissa) mense aprili 1951et in palude ad Satyabhamapur, Cuttack, mense junio 1960. Species servata in formaldehido (Coll.No.8 et 14) in C.I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack.

Colonies usually four-celled and differing from the type' in the presence of a long

spine from the alternating poles of internal cells, the spines being as long as the spineS

,

SCENEDESMUS 265

found on the poles of terminal cells. Cells 3-3' 5 P. broad, 7-8 p. long with spines7-8 p. long (Fig. 171 h).

HABITAT. Pond, Satyabhamapur, Cuttack, stray-June; swamp, KausalyaGanga, Puri, stray-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.India (Orissa).ThiS alga shows a certain amount of resemblance to Seenedesm!tJoahuensis(Lemm.)

G. M. Smith, but differs in the absence of a mucilaginous envelope, in the cell wallbeing smooth and in its much smaller dimensions.

.~'C;1

var. asymmetricus var. novo*

Coloniae cight-cellulares, ornatae spina sat longa obliqua ex uno polo cellulae terminal is et una spinabrevi :I: erecta ex ahero polo, spin is longis et brevibus cellularum terminalium inter se alternantibus.Dimidum cellularum internarum una spina brevi ex uno polo, aherum dimidium spina simili ornatum expolo opposito, spinis brevibus cellularum terminalium et internarum cuiusque dimidii coloniae positis inuna serie. Cellulae omnes distinctaejugis longiudinalibus ex polo ad polum. Cellulae 3,5-4.4 ".Iatae,11-12 . 3 ". longae. Spinae breves 3-3. 5 "., longae vero 5' 8-6. 2 ".. .

HABITAT. Vagat in planktone in stagno, Azhicode, Kerala, mense februario 1949 (legit K. H.Alikunhi). 'Species servata in formaldehido (Coil. N6..l4) in C.I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack, Orissa.

Colonies eight-celled with a fairly long obliqu'e spine from one"pole of the terminal. cell and a short more or less erect spine from the other pole, the long and short ~ines

,~ of the two terminal cells alternating with each other. One half of the internal cellswith a short spine from one pole and the other half with a similar spine from theopposite pole, the short spines of the terminal and internal cells of each. half of the colonystanding in ~ row. Cells '3'5-4'4 p. broad, 11-12'3 p. long. Short spines 3-3'5 p.long. Long spines 5'8-6'2 p. long (Fig. 171 i).

HABITAT. Pond, Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February (!). .DISTRIBUTION.India. (Kerala). -

"""" var. dispar var. novo

Coloniae four-ceiiulares, cellulis dispositis in seriem sub-altern am ;cellulae oblongo-ellipsoideae api-- cibus late rotundatis et una costa longitudinali delicatula decurrente ex polo ad polum. -Unaquaeque

cellula terminalis ornata spina sat longa obliqua ex uno polo et altera spina breviors erecta vel paulumcurvata ex polo opposito, et tertia spina brevissima extrinsecus directa prope eundem polum, spinis longiset brevibus unius cellulae terminalis alternantibus cum iis alterius cellulae terminalis. Cellulae internae.ornatae spina brevi recurva ex polis alternis; cellulae;i '3-6' 2". latae, 12,3-14". longae. Spinae polares3'5-7 ".longae, laterales 1.3-1.5 ".Iongae.. HABTIAT. Vagat in planktone in palude ad Kausalya Ganga, Puri, Orissa, mense aprili 1951.Species servata in formaldehido (Coil. No.8) in C.I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack, Orissa.

Colonies four-celled with the cells arranged in a subalternating series; cells oblong-ellipsoid with broadly rounded ends and with a delicate longitudinal rib extending,&om pole to pole. Each terminal cell with a fairly long outwardly oblique spine from

'. one pole, a shorter erect or slightly curved spine from the opposite pol~~.and a third

. * Hortobagyi and Nemeth (Acta bot. Acad. Sei. Hung. 9 (3-4), p 311, 1963) have described a sinillar:;..a1gaunder the name S. disparvar. costatus.However, it differs from the present alga in having granul,!!,,Costae,occasional additional spines and in its larger dimensions, viz. cells 5-7.5X 14-19 ,.. with spincS

jI-7,.. long. So tbc: Indian variety is.retainc:d. .,

r2~Irvery short outwardly directed spine near the same pole, the long and short spines oflone terminal cell alternating with those of the other terminal cell. Internal cellswith .-

la short recurved spine from alternating poles. Cells 5'3-6'2 fl broad, 12.3-14 fllong;polar spines 3.5-7 fllongj lateral spines 1'3-1'5 fllong (Fig. 1711).

HABITAT. Stray in the plankton of a swamp at Kausalya Ganga, Puri, duringApril, 1951 (!).

DISTRIBUTION.India (Orissa).

CHLOROCOCCALES

val'. major G. M. Smith

G. 1',,1.Smith. 1920. p 155, pi 39, f II

Differs from the type in its larger dimensions. - Cells 8' 8-9 .7 p..broad, 24' 6-26'4 fllong. Spines 15-17'6" long (Fig. 171 k).

HABITAT. Pond, Cuttack, stray-August (!).DISTRIBUTION.N. America, Africa (S. and E. Africa; Griqualand West), and

India.

172. Scenedesmuscarinatus (Lemm.) Chodat

R. Chodat, 1913, pp 23, 69; G. M. Smith, 1916, p 462, pi 26, f25T.Hortobagyi, 1960 c, p 188=S. opoliensis var. carinatus Lemmermann, 1899, p 113, pi I, f-7; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 166,f 229;. O. A. Korshikovy 1953, p 393, f 3g6 d

Colonies usually four- or eight-celled. Cells arranged in a linear series with onlya third of their length in the median region in lateral contact. Cells fusiform tQnavi-

,. culoid with beaked ends. Inner cells with 2-3 teeth from their poles. Terminal cellsI with a lc;mg recurved spine from each pole in addition to denticulations. All cellsI with a distinct longitudinal ridge on each side, the ridge extending from pole to pole

or distinct only at either end of the cell. Cells 2'8-5'2-9 fl broad, 8'7~15-28'3 fllong.Spines of terminal cells 14-17'6 'fllong (Fig. 172 a-c).

HABrrAT. Tank, Ceylon {Crow, 1923); pond, Cuttack, stray-:-July; swamp,-Kausalya Ganga, .Puri, rare-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, S. and W. Africa, India, Ceylon, Java!China, and Japan. . .

Though denticulations usually occur on the poles of both terminal and intemalcells, sometimes they may be absent.

Scenedesmus hystrix L!lgerheim '.

G. Lagerheim, 1882, p 62, pf2, r 18; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 462-63, pi 26, f 35; H. Skuja, 1949,.P 66,plll, f 6; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 384, f 384 . _.

~~~:~ix var. ecMnulatusChodat, 1902,p 215; nOnS.ltrstrixLagerh.emend. Ch~d~t,1902,_ _f,,-;;_ _

Coloni~ two-four-eight celled. Cells oblong-cylindrical with obtuse ends ~ndarranged' in a single linear series. Cell membrane covered with minute spines. Cells3-6 fl broad, 12-20 fllong (Fig. 173).

173.

SCENEDESI\IUS

t'.'.~

--J

..

.11-

mrroI .

I 173 a

~67

173 b

FIGs. 172-173 a-b. 172, ScenedeStnllSCarillatlls (LEMM.) CliODAT; 173 a-b,S. Irystrix LAGERliEIM.

(173 a, FROM LAGERIIEIM; (REST, x 1500).

HABITAT. At Kamayut, lower Burma-April (Skuja, l.c.J;pond, Dibrugarh(Assam), stray-May (!).' .

DISTRIBUTION.Eu'rope, N. and'S. America, Puerto-Rico, W. Africa, Faeroes,India, Burma, Mongolia, and Siberia.

Brunnthaler (1915) stated that the cells of this alga are mostly with longitudinalridges and numerous small spines. This is probably .after Chodat's (1902) emendeddescription, since Lagerheim does not refer to longitudinal ridges in his original des-cription. Smith (l.c.) is not in favour of combining algae with lateral ridges and thosewith minute spines all over the cell membrane or with teeth from the poles only, allin one and the same species.

The Burmese alga (SiteSkuja, l.c.) differs from the typical alga in havjng smallspines from the poles of cells only, and the poles being somewhat rou:ded. The

....

r-

~68 CIlLOROGOCCALES

alga observed by'the author in the Assam collection had small spines at the poles onlyas in Skuja's material but the poles were more obtuse than rounded.

174. ScenedeslIlus serratus (Corda) Bohlin

K. Bohlin, 1902, p 44, pi I, f 2; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p !65, £217; G. M. Smith, 1916, p 465, pi 28,£55-57; R. Chodat, 1926, pp 192-93, f88; a.A. Korshlkov, 1953, p 384=Arlhrodesmus serralus Corda, 1839, p 244, pi 6, £ 35

Colonies four-celled. Cells oblong-ovoid with truncate or tapering ends, in contact -,with adjacent cells for the greater part of their length. Terminal cells with a singleuninterrupted row of small spines extending from pole to pole. Internal cells with twosuch rows. Apices of all cells with 3-4 denticulations. Cells 3-7 fl broad, 10-20 fllong.

The typical form (known from Europe, Azores, N. America, S. and W. Africaand Siberia) has not been recorded from the Indian region.

forma interrupta (Skuja) nom novo

=Seenedesmus serratus (Corda) Bohlin forma in H. Skuja, 1949, p 67, pill, £ 8

Colony four-celled. Cell membrane of all cells with a single median longitudinalrow of small spines which is interrupted in the middle (rarely, the row of spines absentaltogether). Small spines also present on both sides of this row at the poles of cells.Cell memQ!ane otherwise smooth. Cells 5-7 fl broad, 22-26 fllong (Fig. 174).

HABITAT. .In Kamayut, Burma-April_ (Skujli, l.c.~ _DISTRWUTION.Burma.

175. ScenedeslIlus spinulatus Biswas

K. Biswas, 1934, p 20, pi 3, f 4

Colonies fQur-celled. Cells arranged in a single linear series, oblong-cylindricalwith obtuse poles, and with three spines from each pole. .spines of inner cells more'or less erect. Spines of terminal cells divergent, the lateral spines being more or lessat right angles to the Jongitudinal axis of th~ cell. Cell membrane of terminC!.1cellscovered by short fine hairs.- -Cells 6-8 fl' broad, 20 fllong. Colony 20,." broad, 28;,1.1long. Spines 2-5 fllong (Fig. 175). ._

HABITAT. In a pool at Companygunj, Khasia, Assam, April, 1932 (Biswas, l.c.).DISTRWUTION.India (Assam).

176. Scenedeslllus denticulatus Lagerheim

G. Lagerheim, 1882, p 61, p12, £ 13-17;J. B~unnthaler, 1915, p 163, f 212; G. M. Smith, 1916,pp 452-54, pi 26, £ 23; H. Skuja, 1949, p 66, plIO, £51=S. hyslrix var. dentieulalus (Lagerh.) Chodat, 1902

~ Colonies usually four-celled with the cells arranged in a cruciate to subalternatemanner. Cells oyoid-oblong to ellipsoid with 1-4 (usually 2) teeth from each pole.

173 c

,-

174

176 r,

a:w16h

SC~N~[)~SMUS 269

175 b

~~

~ . caD76.c

00176 .

00 ~'16177

-.to-

178 b

FIGs. 173 c-178. 173 c, Semedeslllush.Y~trixLAGERU.; 174, S. serratus (CORDA)BOHLIN PORMA interrupta (SKUJA) NOM. NOV.; 175, S. spinulatus llISWAS; 176 a-c,S. "denticulatus LAGERH.; 176 d-e, VAR. linearis RANSG.; 176 £-h, VAR. australi~PLAYPAIR; 176 i,-VAR. 1,II/afusW. & G. S. WEST; 177, S. parisiensis CUOD. F. mi,lUsP. NOV.; 178 a, S. smithii TElLING; 178 b, VAR. linearis VAR. NOV. .....-

(173 c, 174, PROM SKUJA, 1949 (174 AS S. serratus (CORDA) BOULIN FORM:'),; " ..::/:..-175 a-b, FROMBISWAS, 1934; 176 d, FROMWEST; 171 e, FROM G. M. SMITH, 1920; . ~$;I'1 .178 a, PROMTElLING; 1942; (REST,X1500). ""..~~.~ """ .

''''... ~ ',..""

270 CHLOROCOCCALES

Teeth sometimes absent from one end of the inner cells. Cell membrane somewhatthick. Cells 4-11 p, broad, 6-17 p, long (Fig. 176).

HABITAT. Pond, Cantonment Gardens, Rangoon-May (Skuja, i.e.); pondsand tanks, Dibrugarh, stray-May, Dum Dum, rare-October, Barrackpore, stray_February, Cuttack, rare to common-July and August; Kausalya Ganga, Pun,rare-November, Bhopal, stray-July, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), rare-April,Madras, stray-April and May and Azhicode (Kerala), rare-February; River Dehri,Bihar, stray-May (!). .

DISTRIBUTION.Ubiquitous.This is a very common alga met with in Indian inland freshwaters.

val'. Jinearis Hansgirg

A. Hansgirg, 1886, p 268;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 163, £ 213; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 454-55;O. A. Korshikov, 1953, pp 382-83, £378 b; T. Hortobagyi, 1960 c, p 179, p125, £ 293

Differs from the type in the arrangep:lent of the_ cells of the colony in a singlelinear series. Colonies usually 4-8 celled. Cells oblong with rounded ends having2-3 teeth; 2' 2-5 (-6) p, broad, 7' 5-15 (-21) p, long (Fig. 176 d, e).

HABITAT. Stream, paddy field, muddy pool and artificial tank, Ceylon(W. and G. S. West, 1902); paddy fields, Momauk, shallow pools overgrown; withweeds, Mansang near Hsipa~, and in the side channel of a running stream, Kawkareik,.Burma (W. .and G. S. West, 1~07).

DISTRIBUTION.Widespread.Apart from the oblong cells with rounded ends arranged in a single linear

series, the cells of this variety are not usually as plump as those of the type.Both Brunnthaler (1915) and Korshikov (1953) treated Bernard's (1908, p 185,

f 448) var. diengianusas synonymous to this variety, but Chodat (1926) and HortobAgyi(-1960 c) treated Bernard's variety as distinct.. . .

val'. lunatus W. et G. S. West

W. and G.'S. West, 1.895,p 82, p15, f 11-12;J Brunnthaler, 1915,p 163,f214; G. M.~Smith,1916, P 455, pi 26, f 24 . -=Scenedesmuslunatus (W. et G. S. West), Chodat, 1926,pp 184-85, f 77; G. Huber-Pestalozzi,1930, p 469, pi 7, f 9

Colony two to four celled, rarely eight-celled. Cells arranged in a linear (rarely,sub-alternating) series. Terminal cells somewhat lunate with the concave sides facingoutwards. Median cells erect. Poles of cells with three small teeth or warts. Cells

.2' 7-4--1.'5 P, bro~d; 8-11 p, long. (Fig. 176 i).HABITAT. Dyke's tan.k; Visakhapatnam (Andhfa Pradesh) stray-December;

ponds, Coorg (Mysore) and Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February; pond, Raipur(Madhya Pradesh), stray-April (!).

D~UTION. Madagascar, S. and W. Africa, N. America, India, andJapan.

SCENEDESMVS 271

:.f

j.:.,

val'. austraJis Playfair

G. I. Playfair, 1917, p 835, pi 57, f 15; R. Chodat, 1926, p 186, f 80; O. A. Korshikov, 1953,p 383, f 378 c-d=S. annandaleiBruhl et Biswas, 1926, p 266, pi 2, f 14 a-b

Colonies two to four celled. Cells arranged in a single linear series, oblongcylindrical with more or less rounded' ends and with one (very rarely two) shortteeth from the poles of all cells. Cells 4,-7 p, broad, 13'5-21 p, long. Teeth 1-1'8p, long (Fig. 176 f-h).

HABITAT.- Loktak Lake, Manipur (Bruhl and Biswas, i.e.); Museum Pond,Madras, stray-March and November (as S. denticulatus var. linearis Hansg.-seePhilipose, 1940, p 164, pi 2, f27, 29, 31).

DISTRIBUTION.Australia, India, and Europe.This alga is distinguished from Scenedesmuslongusval's. brevispinaG. M. Smith and

minutus G. M. Smith (1916) which it resembles closely by the spines being broad at thebase as in S. denticulatus and by its larger dimensions. Unlike the Australian and

Russian aIE~e, the Madras alga had, very rarely, a second tooth from the pole of a cell.ScenedesmusannandaletBruhland Biswa~(4,-5p, broad, 1~-18 p, long) agrees fully

with the variety described by PlaYfair (6 f-Cbroad, 16 p, long), Korshikov (6-7 p, X16-21 p,) and the author (4' 5-6' 9 p, broad, 13' 5-15' 5 P, long) and there does not appearto be any reason for treating it as a distinct.species.

177. Scenedesmus parisiensis Chodat

R. Chodat, 1926, p 200, f 100=Scenedesmllsdenticulatusp.p. in Deflandre, 1924, p16, f4, 5, 13, 14

.

.J

_ Colonies two to four celled with the cells aITanged in a linear series. Outer face of

terminal cells slightly concave or nearly straight, inner face slightly convex. Adjacentcells closely adnate to each other except towards the poles. Ends of cells broadlyrostrate and retuse with 2-3 short teeth. Outer face of terminal cells often sub-serrulate. Cells 4 ,U broad, 13-14 p, long..

. This species is not recorded from the .indian region.'<

forma minus f. nov.

A typo differt cellulis multo minoribus; 3-3.75p.latis, 8-9.7 p.longis.

HABITAT. Vagal in planktone in Dyke's Tank ad Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, mense dccem-bri, 1954(legitK. H. Alikunhi). Speciesservata in formaldehido (Coli. No. 15) in C.I. F. R. Substationad Cuttack, Orissa.

Differs from the type in the cells being much smaller, viz. 3-3' 75 p, broad,8-9' 7 p, long (Fig. 177).

HABITAT. Dyke's tank, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December (!). ,Though a number of colonies of this alga were observed, none of them were

four-celled, but only two-celled. The serrulations on the outer face of the cells werealso very small.

274 CHLOROCOCCALES

Colonies flat, of two-four-eight cells arranged in a single linear series, or, rarely,in a sublinear series. Cells ovoid to oblong cylindrical with rounded or sometimessubacute poles. Poles of all cells with 1-2 spines. Cells 2' 3-8 P, broad, 8-19 p, long.Spines I' 5-15 P, long (Fig. 180 a).

HABITAT. Pond, Azhicode (Kerala),. stray-FebruaryDISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, S. and W.

and Australia.The number, position and relative length of spines, particularly of the internal

cells, is extremely variable in this species. '

Smith (1916) stated that though Meyen in his original 'description (1829) didnot refer to the presence of spines from the poles of internal cells, his subsequent com..

parison (1835),of S. quadricauda(Turp.) Breb. and S. longus,viz. "Die Beinamequadricaudatus wurde ubrings nicht passend sein, denn wir haben schon mehrmalsden Scenedesmusl01'gUSmit ausgebildeten 16 harneren gesehen indem niimlich jedeZelle 2 Harner zeigt" sufficiently warrants the revival of the name S. longus. How-ever, Chodat (1926) did not accept this view on the ground that Meyen (1829)intended. by the term only an eight-celled colony. Chodat gave the n~me setiferustreating S. naegeliiBrcb.,1856,p.p. and S.caudatusval'.horridusWolle (1887,P 172)as}tssynonyms. Chodat also did not recognize the different varieties of S._longus.

Here, the name longus is retained. If this is not acceptable, probably the nameS. setosus (Kirchner) comb. novo may be ~ore appropriate.

(!).Africa, Faeroes, India,

val'. nae,gelli (Brebisson) G. ~. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1920, P 156, p140, f 1-2;J. W. G. Lund, 1942, p 61, f3 A-E=Scenedesmus cauda/us Naegeli, 1849, P 91, p15, f 2 c-d=s. naegelii de Brebisson, 1856, p 156=S. quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. var. naegelii (Breb.) Rabenhorst, 1868p 65; J. Brunntha1er,1915, p 166, f226; P. Bruhl and K. Biswas, 1922, P 11, p13, f 20

Colonies two-four-eight celled. Cells more or less oblong to cylindrical to

subpyriform with rounded ends, and arranged in a'linear or sublinear series. Terminalcells with a long re-c.~rved spine from one pole and a long or short, straight or slightlycurved spine from the other pole. Internal cells with ~short or long, erect or recurved,spine usually from one pole only, but sometimes witb. rudiments of spines from theother pole also. Cells 5'3-11 P, broad, 10'6-33 P, long. (Figs 180 b-c, g,I).

HABITAT. Filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas, l.c.); ponds and tanks, pum

Dum (W. Bengal), stray-October, Balasore (Orissa), common-December, Cuttack,stray-May and August, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), stray_April,'Srikakulam (AndhraPradesh), stray-December and Visakhapatnam, rather common-December (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, W. Africa, and India.Occasionally, some of the individuals in the author's collection from Balasore

had their cell membrane punctate, the punctae b~ing arranged in longitudinal roWS.Following G. M. Smith, the punctate nature of the cell membrane is not considereQhere as sufficiently important to treat it as a separate form or variety.

According to G. M. Smith (1920, I.e.), this variety is always eight-celled. How.ever, Brunnthaler (1915) figured a 4-celled colony after Chodat. Lund (I.e.) also

"

'. .

SCENEDESMUS 275

stated that 4--celled colonies were observed by him, but apparently there is no recordof 2-celled colonies. Bruhl an~ Biswas (l.c.) and the author observed only two orfour-celled colonies in the Indian material and these appeared to belong' to val'.naegelii (Breb.) G. M. Smith rather than to the type or val'. dispar (Breb.) G. M. Smith(see below). Lund has recorded reduced or rudimentary spines from the poles of oneor sometimes both poles of median cells of this alga.

According to Chodat (1926), S. caudatusNaegeli and S. naegelliBrebisson are twodifferent algae, Brebisson's alga being more regular and larger, and that Brebisson's

.alga is synonymous to S. caudatusval'. horridus Wolle (1887, p 172, pi 156, f 15). Asalready stated Chodat treats Brebisson's and Wolle's algae as synonymous to hisS. setiferus. ,

Hortobagyi's (194-3,pIli, f 163; 1960 c, p 176, f 278-81) S. intermediusChodatval'. balatonicus (cells 2-2'9 p, broad, 5-7 p, long) is somewhat like the Indian algareferred to above except for its smaller size. The author is inclined to consider Chodat's(1926, p 231, f 135)"S. intermediusas only a variety of S. quadricaudaunder the nameS. quadricaudaval'. intermedius (Chodat) comb. novo and S. intermediusval'. balatonicusHortobagyi (l.c.) as probabl~ synonymous to S. longus val'. naegelii.

val'. dispar (Brebisson) G. M. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1916, p 472, p127, f41-=Scenedesmus dispar Brc!bisson, 1856, p 159; Chodat, 1926, pp 246-47. f 150=Scenedesmus dispar (Breb.) Rabenhorst, 1868, p 65 ..,

-=S. quadricauda vir. dispar (Brc!b.) Brunntbaler, 1915, p 166, f 227

Colonies four-celld. Cells oblong fusiform with acute ends and arranged in ai' subalternating series, usually in two planes, two cells above and two cells below. Inner

; . cells wi$ a single spiQe from one pole only. Terminal cells with a spine from eachpole, ,the spine at one pole being often placed at right angles to the longitudinal axisof the cell; the oblique spine of one. terminal cell generally alternating with theoblique spine of the other terminal cell. Cell wall usually smooth. Cells 3-7' 2, P,-broad, 8' 2- f7' 3 P,long. Spines I . 8-3' 5 P, long. Colony 8' 2- ~4-'2 P,broad, 13' 6-21P, long. (Fig. 180 f, h). ' _

HABITAT.Museum Pond, Madras, stray-October and June (as S. quadricaudaval'. dispar (Breb.) Brunnth.-Philipose, 194-0); ponds, Cuttack, stray-':"'August,Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, S. and W. Africa, India, Japan.

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181. Scenedesl11us opollensis P. Richter

P. Richter, 1895, p 3; 1896, P 7, f A-F; R. Chodat, 1926, p 209, fill; T. Hortobagyi, 1960 C,'p 181, f 325-27=S. quadricauda var. opoliensis in W. and G. S. West, 1902, p! 17, f 16 only

Colonies two to four celled with cylindrical to subfusiform cells arranged in alinear series. Adjacent cells in contact only along about a third of their length.Internal cell~ tumid in the median region and attenuated towards the ends. Terminalcells often narrower and subrectangular. Poles of all cells semitruncate to rostrate,sometimes ending in one or two very short spines. Poles of terminal cells with a long,

.....

274 CHLOROCOCCALES

Colonies flat, of two-four-eight cells arranged in a single linear series, or, rarely,in a sublinear series. Cells ovoid to oblong cylindrical with rounded or sometimessubacute poles. Poles of all cells with 1-2 spines. Cells 2'3-8 p, broad, 8-19 I'long.Spines l' 5-15 I' long (Fig. 180 a).

HABITAT. Pond, Azhicode (Kerala),. stray-FebruaryDISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, S. and W.

and Australia. -

The number, position and relative length of spines, particularly of the internalcells, is extremely variable in this species. .

Smith (1916) stated that though Meyen in his original -description (1829) didnot refer to the presence of spines from the poles of internal cells, his subsequent como.

parison (1835), of S. quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. and S. longus, viz. "Die Beinamequadricaudatus wurde iibrings nicht passend sein, denn wir haben schon mehrmalsden Scenedesmuslo/!gusmit ausgebildeten 16 harneren gesehen indem namlich jedeZelle 2 Harner zeigt" sufficiently warrants the revival of the name S. longus. How-ever, Chodat (1926) did not accept this view on the ground that Meyen (1829)intended. by the term only an eight-celled colony. Chodat gave the n~me setiferustreating S. naegeliiBrcb.,1856,p.p.and S.caudatusvar.horridusWolle (1887,P 172) as itssynonyms. Chodat also did not recognize the different varieties of S'_ longus. .

Here, the name longus is retained. If this is not acceptable, probably the nameS. setosus (Kirchner) comb. novo may be ~ore appropriate.

(!) .Africa, Faeroes, India,

var. na-:gelii (Brebisson) G. ~. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1920, P 156, p140, f 1-2; J. W. G. Lund, 1942, p 61, f 3 A-E=Scenedesmus ,auda/us Naegeli, 1849, p 91, pi 5, f 2 c-d=5. naege/ii de Brebisson, 1856, P 156=5. quadruauda (Turp.) Breb. var. naegetii (Breb.) Rabenhorst, 1868p 65; J. Brunnthaler,1915, p 166, f226; P. Bruhl and K. Biswas, 1922, P II, p13, f 20

Colonies two-four-eight celled. Cells more or less oblong to cylindrical to

subpyriform with rounded ends, and arranged in a linear or sublinear series. Terminalcells with a long re-c~rved spine from one pole a~d a long or short, straight or slightlycurved spine from the other pole. Internal cells with ashort or long, erect or recurved,spine usually from one pole only, but so~etimes witb rudiments of spines from theother pole also. Cells 5'3-iI I' broad, 10'6-33 I'long. .(Figs 180 b-c, g,1).

HABITAT. Filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas, i.e.); ponds and tanks, pum

Dum (W. Bengal), stray-October, Balasore (Orissa), common-December, Cuttack,stray-May and August, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), stray_April,'Srikakulam (AndhraPradesh), stray-December and Visakhapatnam, rather common-December (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, W. Africa, and India.Occasionally, some of the individuals in the author's collection from Balasore

had their cell membrane punctate, the punctae b«ing arranged in longitudinal roWS.Following G. M. Smith, the punctate nature of the cell membrane is not considereQhere as sufficiently important to treat it as a separate form or variety.

According to G. M. Smith (1920, i.e.), this variety is always eight-celled. How--ever, Brunnthaler (1915) figured a 4-celled colony after Chodat. Lund (l.c.) also

'. ~.

SCENEDESMUS 275

stated that 4-celled colonies were observed by him, but apparently there is no recordof 2-celled colonies. Bruhl an~ Biswas (l.c.) and the author observed only two orfour-celled colonies in the Indian material and these appeared to belong to val'.naegelii (Breb.) G. M. Smith rather than to the type or val'. dispar (Breb.) G. M. Smith(see below). Lund has recorded reduced or rudimentary spines from the poles of oneor sometimes both poles of median cells of this alga.

According to Chodat (1926), S. caudatusNaegeli and S. naegelliBrebisson are twodifferent algae, Brebisson's alga being more regular and larger, and that Brebisson's

. alga is synonymous to S. caudatus val'. horridus Wolle (1887, p 172, pi 156, f 15). Asalready stated Chodat treats Brebisson's and Wolle's algae as synonymous to hisS. setiferus. _

Hortobagyi's (1943, pill, f 163; 1960 c, p 176, f278-81) S. intermediusChodatval'. balatonicus (cells 2-2'9 p, broad, 5-7 I' long) is somewhat like the Indian algareferred to above except for its smaller size. The author is inclined to consider Chodat's(1926, p 231, f 135)"S. intermediusas only a variety of S. quadricaudaunder the nameS. quadricaudaval'. intermedius (Chodat) comb. novo and S. intermediusval'. balatonicusHortobagyi (l.c.) as probabl~ synonymous to S. longus val'. naegelii.

val'. dispar (Brebisson) G. M. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1916, p 472, p127, f41=Scenedesmus dispar Brebisson, 1856, p 159; Chodat, 1926, pp 246-47. f 150=Scenedesmusdispar(Breb.) Rabenhorst, 1868,p 65 .'-

-=5. quadr;,auda var. dispar (Breb.) Brunnthaler, 1915, p 166, f 227

Colonies four-celld. Cells oblong fusiform with acute ends and arranged in ai;, subalternating series, usually in two planes, two cells above and two cells below. Inner", cells wi$ a single spioe from one pole only. Terminal cells with a spine from each

pole, .the spine at one pole being often placed at right angles to the longitudinal axisof the cell; the oblique spine of one. terminal cell generally alternating with theoblique spine of the other terminal cell. Cell wall usually smooth. Cells 3-7' 2. I'-broad, 8' 2- f7' 3 P,long. Spines 1.8-3' 5 I' long. Colony 8' 2- H' 2 p, broad, 13' 6-21P,long. (Fig. 180 f, h). .

HABITAT. Museum Pond, Madras, stray-October and June (as S. qutidricaudaval'. dispar (Breb.) Brunnth.-Philipose, 1940); ponds, Cuttack, stray"":"'August,Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, S. and W. Africa, India, Japan.

-.

-

181. ScenedeslUus opoliensis P. Richter

P. Richter, 1895, p 3; 1896, P 7, f A-F; R. Chodat, 1926, p 209, f 111; T.lfortobagyi, 1960 c,'p 181, f 325-27=5. quadr;,auda var. opot;ens;s in W. and G. S. West, 1902, p! 17, f 16 only

Colonies two to four celled with cylindrical to subfusiform cells arranged in alinear series. Adjacent cells in contact only along about a third of their length.Internal cell~ tumid in the median region and attenuated towards the ends. Terminalcells often narrower and subrectangular. Poles of all cells semitruncate to rostrate,sometimes ending in one or two very short spines. Poles of terminal cells with a long,

r272 GlILOROGOCGALJ::S

178. Scenedesmus smithii Teiling

E. Teiling, 1942, p 66, f 12; K. Thomasson, 1953, p 56, f 5=S. denticulatus Lagerh. in G. M. Smith, 1926, pp 190-91, pi 17, f 19-22

Colony four-celled with the cells arranged in a subalternating series. Cells moreor less naviculoid with the sides of cells, where they are in contact with one another,flat. Poles of cells with 2-3 sharp spines which are oft~n obliquely placed. Cells4'5-10 p broad, 15-23'5 plong (Fig. 178 a).

Known only from N. America, and Sweden. The alga figured by Prowse (1957,p 68, f I) from the guts of fish in Malaya looks almost like'a S. smithii.

var. linearis var. novo

A typo differt cellulis dispositis in seriem linearum. Cellulae adjacentes tangentes, exceptis iis adpolos. Cellulae 6,6-7,5 I" latae, 19,4-21,5 I" longae.

HABITAT. Fortuito in planktone vadorum ad Dum Dum in Bengalia occidentali, mense septembri1950,et ad Sibsagar in Assamia mensejunio, 1955(legit K. H. Alikunhi). Speciesservata in formaldehido(CoiL No. 16) in C,I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack, Orissa.

Differs from the type in that the cells are arranged in a linear series. Adjacentcells in contact except at the poles. Cells 6'6-7'5 p broad, '19'4--21'2 f' long(Fig. 178 b).

HABITAT. Ponds, Dum Dum.(Assam) , stray-June (!).

- - DISTRIBUTION.India (W. Bengal and Assam)~Though the linear or alternate arrangement of cells in the colony is not an

important characteristic by itself for determination of varieties, in a number of algae,e.g., S. dentieulatll,f,S. bijugatus and S. producto-eapitatus,this has been found to remainconstant, often accompanied by slight change of shape. In all the individuals of thepresent alga observed by the author, the arrangement of cells was in a single linearseries. So, it is treated as a new variety.

(West Bengal)", stray-September, Sibsagar-\

179. Scenedesmus caudato-aculeolatus Chodat

R. Chodat, 1926, p 240, f 144 .=S. qlladricaudavar.opoliensisp.p.W. et G. S. West, 1902, pi 17, f 17 only

Colony four-celled with the' cells loosely connected in a linear series. Cells moreor less oblong with rounded poles. Terminal cells slightly curved and with a longrecurved spine from each pole. Two to three short spines also prese~t on the poles ofterminal as wall as internal cells (Fig. 179).

HABITAT.Paddy fields, Heneratgodha, Ceylon (W. and G. S. _West, Le.).DISTRIBUTION.Ceylon. .This alga originally described by W. and G. S. West as S. quadrieallda var.

opoliensishas been considered by Chodat as a distinct species. The essential differencesbetween this alga and S. opoliensisare that the cells are more or less oblong with theirapices rounded in contrast to the naviculoid cells of S. opoliensiswith semitruncate torostrate poles, and the presence of 2-3 short spines from the poles of all cells in contrast

SCENEDESMUS 27:;

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FIGS. 179-180. 179, Scenedesmus caudato-oculeolatus CHODAT; 180 a, S.longus MEYEN; b-e, g, i, VAR. naegelii (BRED.) G. M. SMITH; f, h, VAR. dispor(BRED.)G. M. SMITH. .

(179, FROM W. & G. S. WEST, 1902 (AS S. quodricolldo VAR. opolitllsis P.RICHTER); 180..e-g, FROMBRUHL& BISWAS,1922 (ASS. quadricoudo VAR. (loegelii(BRt:D.) RADENH.; 180, I, FROMCHODAT; (REST, X1500).

\

"" to the 'occ~ion~Lpresence of one or two short spines in S. opoliensis. In S. opoliensis'- these small spines are also -really prolongations of the rostra.

The exact dimensions of the cells are not known since Wests' dimensions of5-5' 7 P, X 13-20 P, cover those of S. opoliensis as well.

180. Scenedesmus longus Meyen

F.I.F. Meyen, 1829, p 774, pi 43, f 28; 1835, P 250; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 469-71, pi 31,f.156-58; 1920, P 156, pi 39, f20-22; P.C. Silva and G. F. Papenfuss, 1953,f 18=S. caudatusforma setosusKirchner, 1878,.p 98=S. caudatusforma horridiisKirchner, 1878, p 98=S. quadricaudaforma seiosus(Kirchner) Lagerheim, 1883, p 63=S. quadricaudaforma horridusLagerheim, 1883, p 64=S. quadricaudavar. selosusHansgirg, 1886, p 115 .=S. quadricaudavar. setosusKirchner in Brunnthaler, 1915,p 166, f224; O. A. Korshikov, 1953,p 390, f 391=S. setifirusp.p. Chodat, 1926, pp 243-46, f 149

276 CHLOROCOCCALES

more or less recurved spine. Cells 4'8-8 ft broad, 17-28 ft long. Spines 15-28 fJlong (Fig. 181 a, b).

HABITAT. Paddy fields, Heneratgodha, Ceylon (W. and G. S. West, 1902);rock pool and tank, Ceylon-September and October (Crow, 1923); ponds andtanks, Cuttack, stray-March and April, Bhopal, stray-July, Srikakulam (AndhraPradesh), stray~February, Hyderabad, str~y-January, Ootacamund, .common-June; Moat, Vellore (Madras), stray-December; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri,stray-April (!).

DISTRIBUTtON.Europe, Africa, India, Ceylon, Java, Siberia, and Japan.Chodat (l.c.) excluded fig. 17 from West's description of the alga from Ceylon and

the alga described by G. M. Smith (1916, pi 32,f 181-84) from Wisconsin. The formeris considered by Chodat as a differeIit speciesand the latter as a variety of S. opoliensis(see below). .

The dimeJlsioDs of the alga collected by the author from Ootacamund weremuch smaller, "iz. cells 3' 5-4' 4- ft broad and 10' 6-14 ft long with spines 8: 8- I4 fJlong compared to those described by Richter and Hortobagyi, and they appe~red tobe juvenile stages of the ~alga. In' the rest of~the author's collections the cells were5'7-6'2 ft broad, 17-21 ft long and the spines 15-21 ft long..

var. Dlononensis Chodat

R. Chodat, 1926, p'21O, t 1I2; T. Hortobagyi, 1960 c, p 182, f 328-32 '=S. opolimsis Richter in G. M. Smith, 1916, pI 32, f !81-84; 1920, pHI, f8.:-1I

Colony two-four-eight celled (usually 4-celled). Internal cells broadly fusiformwith rounded ends and with or without a short or longspine from their poles. Terminalcells with attenuate, semitruncate to rostrate ends and with a long, straight or recurVedspine from each pole. Cells 3' 5-10 ft broad, 11-31' 5 ft long. Spines of terminal cells11-28 ft long (Fig. 181 c, d).

HABITAT. Swamp Kausalya Ganga, Pu'ri, rather. common-April; Pond,Cuttack, ~bund1\nt-July (!). ~

DIST~IBUTION.N. America, Europe, andJndi.a. .In the Indian material, two 'arid dght celled colonies were also quite frequent,

though four-celled colonies predominated. None of the colonies observed had long spinesfrom the poles of internal cells as recorded by G. M. Smith in his Wisconsin material.

182. ScenedesDlus protuberans Fritsch et Rich

F. E. Friuch and F. Rich, 1930, pp 31-32, f 6 A-D; a.A. Korshikov, 1953, p 394, f397 a-b

Colonies~usually four-celled, rarely 2- or 8-celled.' Cells in a linear series and .

laterally'in close contact with adjoining cells except at the .ends. ~Terminal cells longer 1-than the inner cellS with their "apices drawn out and protruding, and' with a long spin~usually arising (rom the.-outer side of each end. Inner cells with~ pointed or slightlytruncate en'ds. Inner edge ot the terminal cells and ends of inner cells sometimes with

minute spines or ~uIar thickenings. CellS 6-7 fJ broad and 25-34 ft long withspines 2s..;35p long. .

SCENEDESMUS 277

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FIGS.~ 181-184. 181 a-b, Scenedesmus opoliensis P. RICHTER; c-d, VAR.mononensis CHODAT; 182, S. protuberans FRITSCH ET RICH FORMlLminor LEY;183, S. rostrato-sPinosus VAR. serrato-pectinatus CHODAT FORMAbicaudatus f. NOV.!84 a-d,S. abundans (KIRCHN.) CJlODAT; e, VAR, brevicauda G. M. SMITH.

_ (184a, FROMSKUJA,1949 (ASS. spiJlosusCHODAT);184 e, REDRAWNFROM, G. M. SMI~H;(REST,x 1500). .

The type spedes, which is known from S. Africa, N. ~erica, and Europe, hasnot been -reported from India.

. The figure given by Tiffany and Britton (1952, pI 35, f 354) for this species doesnot appear to be typical since the inner cells are depicted as almost rectangular.

..

forma Dlinor Ley~

S. H. Ley, 1947,p 279!fIg

Differs from the type in having smaller cells.23.,.25 fJ long. Inner cells 4'4--5'7-(6'0) ft broad,cells 19-27 ft long (Fig. 182).

HABhAT. Pond, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), rare-April (!).DISTRIBUTION.China and India. .

Terminal cells 4' 4--5' 3 ft broad,18-22 ft long. Spines of terminal

278 CHLOROCOCCALES

The actual dimensions of cells given by Ley (l.c.) are 5-6 I' X 22-25 1', withthe four-celled colony 23 f1-1ong. In the author's material, the cells were 4'4-5'7 I' X

18-25 I' long. Otherwise the alga agreed fully with Ley's form.

183. Scenedesmus rostrato-spinosus Chodat

R. Chodat, 1926, p 211, f 114=s. opoliensisval".abundansPrintz, 1914, p 84, pi 6, f 180

Colony four-celled with the cells arranged in a linear series. Adjacent cells adnateto each other for only a short length in the median region. Internal cells oblong-fusiform. Terminal cells slightly curved with the inner face concave and the outcerface convex and with abrupt and obliquely retuse ends having a conspicuous angle atthe inner edge and a long spine from the outer edge. Outer face of terminal cell alsowith a shorter spine from the median region. Cells 10-13 I' long.

The species proper is not recorded from the Indian region.

Val". ;errato-pectinatus Chodat

R. Chodat, 1926, p 212, f 115-116=S. opoliensis val". hyperabundans et val". horridus Printz, 1914, P 84, p16, f 181-82

Differs from the type in that the outer face of the terminal cells is provided withnumerous (5-8) serially arranged, outwardly -projecting, short spines. Poles ofinternal cells with or without a s~gle short spine.' '

This variety proper is also not recorded for the Indian region.

f. bicaudatus f. nov.

Differt a var. serrato-pectinato eo quad spina longa ade~t tantum ad polo alternos cellularum termina"lium, polis aliis ornatis spina recta ut in cellulis internis. Cellulae 2.2-2.6,.. latae, 7-8.4 ,..longae.Spinae longae 8-8.8,... - .

HABITAT. Fortuito in planktone cisterne ad Barrackpore in Bengalia occident~li mense februario,. 1950. Speciesservata in formaldehido(0)11.No. 17)in C.I.F.R. Substationad Cuttack,Orissa.

Differs from var. serrato-pectinatusof Scened,esmusrostrato-spinosusChodat in that along _spine is present .only from the alternating' poles of terminal cells, the other polesbeing provided with only a short straight spine as in the internal cells. Cells 2' 2-2.'6 Pbr9ad, 7-8.4 I' long. Long spines 8-8'8 f1-long (Fig. 183).

HABITAT. Research Station tank, Barrackpore (W. Bengal), stray-February,

1950 (1)DISTRIBUTION.India (W. Bengal).

184. Scenedesmus abundans (Kirchner) Chodat..

'it. Chodat, 1913, p 77; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 465-67, pi 30, f 133-36, p131, f 137-40=S. caudatus forma abundans Kirchner, 1878, p 98=s. quadricauda val". abundans Kirchner in A. Hansgirg, 1886, p 115; W. and G. S. West,1902, p 197;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 166, f225; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, pp 390-91, f392=S. caudatus var. hyperabundans Bohlin, 1897 a, p 23=$. sempervirens Chodat, 1913, p 71

-

SCENE DES MUS 279

'!.~

=s, spinosus Chodat, 1913, p 74, f 70-74; H. Skuja, 1949, p 67, pili, f2=S. flavescens Chodat, 1913, p 78=S. abundans Val".sPicatus p. p. G. M. Smith, 1916, p 468=S. subsPicatus Chodat, 1926, pp 222-23=S. tenuisPina Chodat, 1926, p 218, f 122

"

Colonies usually 2-4 celled, rarely eight-celled, and arranged'in a linear series.Cells ovoid to oblong-ovoid. External cells"with o"ne or more median lateral spinesfrom the outer face in addition to spines from the four corners of the colony. Internalcells with 1::"2spines from their p"oles, or"rarely without spines. Cells 2-7 I' broad,6-15 llong. Spines 3'5-8 I' long (Fig. 184 a-d).

HABITAT. Muddy bottom of pool at foot of Hackgala Rock, Ceylon, alt. 6000 ft.(W. and G. S. West, 1902); pond, Mandalay, Burma-November (Skuja, l.c.);Dyke's Tank, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), common-December; Ponnampettank, Coorg (Mysore), stray-February (!).

",DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, Madagascar, S. Mrica, IndIa, Ceylon,Burma, Japan, "and Siberia._ Chodat (1926) treated S. abundans as a collective species comprising a number

of separate species. However, some of his species like S. spinosus(=S. 'flavescens),S. sempervirensand S. tenuisPina can hardly be distinguished from each other or fromS. abundans. So, they are all treated here as synonymous to S. abundans.

In the author's collection from Visakhapatnam, two-celled co!onies predominated,there being only a few four-celle~ colonies.

')~.'~

var. brevicauda.G. M. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1916, p 468, pi 30, f 126-32; 1920, P 157, pi 40, f3-5

Cells smaller than in the "type and with much shorter spines which are not more'than three between the polar spines of terminal cells. Cells 2' 5-5 I' br~ad,- 5-8 '"long. Spines l' 3-3", long. Four-celled colony 5-8 I' broad, 10-:-13",long (Fig. 184 e).

H:'>-BITAT.Lake Gregory, Colombo (Holsinger, 1955). .

DISTRIBUTION.N. America, Europe, W. Africa (Cong,o),Ceylon and India.

.........

,";''i8~. SCenedesmus tropicus"-Crow

W. B. Crow, 1923, p 166, f2~ R. Chodat, 1926, p 214, f 119

Colony four-celled and subquadrate. Cells more or less biconvex in the middle," attenuated towards the ends and with inflated poles. Adjacent cells connected toteach other by two narrow processes leaving a linear intercellular perforation. Polesof terminal cells provided with a long recurved spine. Chloroplast parietal and with

;a single pyren~id. Cells 7-9-6", broad, 26-33", long. Spines 17'6-24'6", long.. .Colony 26-33", broad, 28-38'7 '" long (Fig. 185).

HABITAT. Tank near Trincomalie, Ceylon '(Crow, i.e.);Cuttack, very common-July, Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh),

"and Azhicode (Kerala), rare-February; Moat, Vellore,December (!).

ponds and tanks,stray- DecemberMadras, stray-

..

---v

280 CHLOROCOCCALES

FIG. 185. ScenedesmustroPicusCROW (c, FROMCRO~, 1923, and a-b, x 1000).

DISTRIBUTION.,Ceylon and India. Chodat (l. c.) states that, he observed the

.'falga during 1900 in Denmark though he -had not described it. . ;/"

Crow (l~c.) gave the length of the cells as 31-33 ft, rarely smaller, and stated ~'that the cells are about four times as long as'broad, with the spines nearly as long asthe cells. The meaS\lrements given above are based on the abunaant materi~l the,author could collect. " ,--,

This species is distinguished from S. perJQratUsby its narrower cell connections, thebiconvex shape of the cells, the four-celled nature of the colony (Crow, l.c.) and its siz~:..

186. ~cenedesD1us perforatus Lemmernfann

E. Lemmermann, 1903, p 104, f 3;J. Brunntha1er, 1915, pp 166-67, f230; G. M. Smith, 1916,p 483, p127, f47; 1926 P 191, p117, f26-27; H. Skuja,-1949, p 66, plll, f 5; G. W. Prescott,1951,pp279-80,pI46,f24-25 -. ','=S. perforatus var. ornatus Lemmermann, 1910, pp 294,309, f3-4-;J. Brunntha1er, 1-915, p 167=S. ornatus (Lemm.) G. M. Smith, 1916, p 464, p126, f 34

Colonies usually eight-celled, sometimes, four-celled. Cells with capitate ends. ~.. .

Outer face of external cells slightly convex, inner face concave; poles curved outwardsand with a long recurved spine. Internal cells with concave sides and with linear to..lenticular perforations between adjacent cells. Cell membrane smooth or punctate.Cclls 3-10 ft broad, 10-28 ft long. Spines 10' 6-25 P, long. Perforations l' 5-3' 6 Pbroad (Fig. 186 a, b, g).

HABITAT. Royal Lakes and pond, Cantonment 'Gardens, Rangoon-December(Skuja, l;c.); swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, very rare-April; tanks, Balasore;(Oriss<ir, stray-November, Cuttack, stray-July, Kausalya Ganga, rare-Novemberand Azhicode, rare-February (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, India, Burma, Siam, Malaya,Singapore, Java, and Japan.

:, I~,I

'it11'f _

,

SCENEDESMUS 281

-<===>-c

d

...

FIGs. 186-187 k-l. 186 a-b, g, ScenedesmusperJoratus LEMM.,c-f, h-j, VAR.major (TURNER) COMB.NOV.; 187 k-1, S. quadricauda VAR. bicaudatus HANSG.

(186 c-e, FROM TURNER, 1.892 (AS S. quadricauda VAR. major TURNER);1~6 f, h-j, FROMBRUHL & BISWAS, 1922 (AS S. perJoratus LEMM.); 186 g, FROMSKUJA, 1949; (186 a, x 1500; 186 b, x 1000; 187 k-1, x 2220).

Most authors do not consider the punctate nature of the cell membrane in some

of the individuals to treat it as a distinct species, viz. S. ornatus. Smith (1916), whooriginalJy created this. species, later on (1926) merged it with S. perforatus. However,Chodat (1926) and a few other authors retain S. ornatus.

Skuja's alga from Burma has minute spines at the ends of cells, the rest of thecell rnembrane being smooth. In the author's material, a few eight-celled colonies

..

.~

282 CHLOROCOCCALES

from Azhicode (Kerala) had two small warts from the apices of internal cells. This isprobably a condition intermediate between forms with ornate cell walls and those withsmooth walls, as in the case of Skuja's alga.

Early authors do not give the dimensions of the cells of this species. G. M. Smith(1926) and Skuja (1949) stated that the cells are 8-10 p, broad and 22-28 p, long with .the spines 20-22-25 p, long. According to Prescott (op.c.), the cells are 3-3'5 (-5}p,in diameter and 10-13 p, long. . In the author's material the cells were 6'2-10 p, broadat the apex and 15'8-25 p, long with spines 10'6-25 p, long and perforations 1'8-3'6 p,broad. "

var. Dlajor (Turner) comb. novo

Coloriiae 4-8 cellulares multomaiores quam in typo, et nonnumquam cellulis quibusdam internisornatis spina longa ad polos. Pyrenoidea singula (vel terna?) in chromatophoro uniuscuisque cellulae.Cel1l1lae 10-16'5 p.latae, 27-33 p.longae. Perforationes 1-2'5 p.latae, 20 p.longae. Pyrenoideum cen-trale 8-10 p.diam. Spinae8-25p.longae. .'

HABITAT. In India ad orientem septembrionalem (W.B. Turner, 1892, p 161, as S. quadricauda f.major-; Fa.'idpur, in campo percolationis, Bengalia (Bruhl et Biswas, 1922 as S. perforatus). "

=Scenedesmus quadricauda f. major Turner, 1892, p 161, p120, f 19 b-c=S.peiforatus in P. Bruhl and K. Biswas, 1922, pp 11-12, pI 3, f 19 a-d

Colonies four-eight celled, much larger than in the. type, and sometimes with along spine from th.e poles of some of the internal cells. -Pyrenoids one.Cor three ?) ineach cell. Cells 10-16' 5-P, broad, 27-33 p, long. Perforations 1-2' 5 P, broad, 29 tJ ~

long. Central pyrenoid 8-10 tJ in diameter. Spines 8-25 p, long (Fig. 186 c-f, h-j)..HABITAT.N. E. India (Turner, l.c.);filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas, l.c.).DISTRIBUTION."N. E. India.

The maximum dimensions of cells of S. perforatis (see above) appear to be '10 P,x 28 p, and the minimum 3 p, X 10 p,. Alsor S. perforatus is not known to have spines(except minute warts) from the poles of internal cells. Smith (1916, p 483) states that.S. quadricauda f. major Turner seems to be identical with S. perJoratus. Bruhl andBiswas (l.c.) consider Turner's f. major along with their S. perJoratus. Crow (19~3),believed that Turner's form is perhaps to be'placed as a variety of ~ tropicus_ Since_S. troPicusis only 4-celled witli biconvex cells and narrow "connectini processes com-. -pared to the algae described by Turner and Bruhl and Biswas in which the internalcells are biconcave, the connecting processes are broader and, in the alga of Bruhland Biswas, the colonies are 4- or 8-celled, which are characteristics of S. perJoratus,it appears better to treat these algae as a variety of S. perJoratus than as a varietyof S. tropicus.

Bruhl and Biswas (l.e.)reported three j>yrenoids in the chloroplast of each cellof their S. perJoratus. However, in the author'~ material of S. perJoratusand the alliedspecies S. tropicus(seeFig. 185) very often each cell appeared to have three pyrenoids,but really there was only one central pyrenoid in each cell with a gap in the chloroplast-.on either side; which under low magnifications gave the false appearance of additionalpyrenoids. So, in the author's opinion, the larger number of pyrenoids reported by'Bruhl and Biswas requires confirmation.

.'

.,

p

SCENEDESMUS 283

~:' ,..r~ , ......l~:;' ;.

:...

)(:---

-\

".,;...

FIGS. 187 a-j. "a, Scenedesmus 'l.uadricauda "(TuRP.) BR~B.; b, C, VAR.longispina (CHODAT) G. M. 5MITH; d, J, VAR. quadrispina (CHODAT) G. M.SMITH; e. VAR. eualtemans PROSCHK.; f, VAR. parvus G. M. SMITH; g, VAR.maximum W. & G. S. WEST; )l-i, VAR.westii G. M. SMITH.

(f, FROMG. M. SMITH, 1920; REST, x 1500).

'IIi

I!-I,

il'

1'1

~

I

'I:

187. Scenede~mus' quadricauda (Turpin) Brebisson

De Brebisson, 1835, p 66; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 475-79, pI 27, f 39, <12!.31, f 172-75, pI 32,f 176; 1920, P 158, pI 40, f 9-11 ...=Achnanthes quadricauda Turpin, 1820, f 13; 1828, P 311=Scenedesmus caudatus Corda, 1834, p 123=S.'quadricauda f. minor Turner, 1892, p 161, pI 20, f 19 a

=S. quadricauda var. typicus Brunnthaler, 1915, p 166, f223; M. R. Handa, 1927, p 263, pI 6,fll

....

284 CItLOROCOCCALES I

Colonies usually four-celled, sometimes 2- or 8-celled. Cells oblong-cylindrical

with rounded ends and arranged in a linear series. Poles of terminal cells with a long, ,more or less straight or curved spine. Cell wall smooth and without ridges. Cells3-7 p broad, 9-18'5 p long. Spines 6'5-15 p long (Fig. 187 a).

HABITAT. , N. East India (Turner, i.e.); paddy fields, Heneratgodha, Ceylon(W. and G. S. West, 1902); Gregory Lake, Colombo, Ceylon (Lemmermann, 1907);tanks, Ceylon, September-October (Crow, 1923); lake at Mudson, upper Burma-March (W. and G. S. West, 1907); Royal Lakes, Rangoo,n (Handa, l.c.); ponds,Cantonment Gardens, Rangoon and Mandalay, and Kokine Lakes, Rangoon-Mayand November (Skuja, 1949); shallow still water at Haffong (N. E. India), at 2,200 ft.altitude (N. Carter, 1926); Loktak Lake, Manipur (Bruhl and Biswas, 1926); pond,Bombay (Gonzalves and Joshi, 1946); ponds aI?-d tanks, Barrackpore (W. Bengal),rare-January to July and Spetember, Serampore (W. Bengal), rare-July toOctober, Balasore (Orissa), rare-December, Cuttack, rare-May and July, verycommon-August, Nuapara, Cuttack, stray-February and December, Bhopal,rather common-July, Srikakulam (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December, Hydeiabad,stray-January, Bangalore and Mercara, stray-February, Madras, stray-March,Chalakudi (Kerala), rare-February and Azhicode, rare-:Febru~ry and October;swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, stray-April; reservoirs, Jabalpur, rare-April, and '"Mysore and Trivandrum-stray, February (!); Ramgarh and Suraha 'Tals' UttarPradesh ~V. P. Singl,1, 1959); inside the guts of Anopheles larvae, Damodar valley,Bihar (Kachroo, 1959k

DISTRIBUTION.- Ubiquito~s.

var. bicaudatus Hansgirg...

A. Hansgirg, 1890, p-9; 1892, P 230; R. Chodat,I913, p22=Scenedesmus longispina in Woloszynska, 1917, pI 14, [42=Scenedmnus buaudata Dedussenko, 1925=,S. bicaudatus (Hansgirg) Chodat, 1926, p 248, [151-52; H. Skuja, 1948, p 139

.Colonies 2-4-8 celled. Terminal cells with a long spine from' ont: pole only,~'- the spine of one terminal cel1 'being at an angle opposite to that of tlie other terminal

cell. Internal ceJIs without spine..sfrom their poles. Cells 4-5 p broad, 8-12 p long.

! ,Spine.s-7':'8'8p long (Fig. 187k,I). ,- -I HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Cuttack, rare-August~ Visakhapatnam (Andhra

Pradesh), rare-December and Madras, stray-July and August (!).DISTRIBUTION.Europe, S. and W., Africa, Siberia, India. ,

Most authors consider this alga as a reduced form of S. quadricauda(Turpin)Brebisson or of S. longus Meyen (=S. quadricaudavar. setosus Kirchner). However;Chodat (l.c.) treats it as a distinct species. Since bicaudate forms are found in otherspecies like S. armatus and S. abundans as well, it appears to the author that it is betterto give it only the status of a variety. There being no spines from the poles of theinternal cells of this alga it is more akin to S. quadricaudathan to S. longus.

The Scenedesmuswith two spines described by Biswas (1934, p 21, f 10 b) alsoprobably belongs to this variety. .

" .~~.

.,.."

..

SCENEDESMUS 235

var. longispiua (Chodat) G. M. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1916, p 480, pl27, f42, p131, f 159-61; 1920, P 159, pI 40, [12-14=Scenedesmus longisPina Chodat, 1913, p 60, [53-58; 1926, p 236, [141-43; H. Skuja, 1949, p66, pI II, [ 3; E.C.T. Holsinger, 1955, p 10

.~ to.

..

Colonies usually 2-4 celled, rarely 8-celled. Cells ovoid to cylindrical withthe cells narrower than in the type and the spines proportionately longer, compared

, to the length of the cells. - Internal cells sometimes with very short delicate spines fromsome of their poles. Cells 2' 5-5 P broad, 8-15' 3 P long. Spines 7' 5-15 P long(Fig. 187b, c). . _

HABITAT.Museum Pond, Madras, rare to common, Mardi-October (Philipose,1940); pond, Mandalay, Burma-November (Skuja, l.c.); lakes, Colombo (Holsinger,i.e.); ponds, Cuttack, common-August, Nuapara, Cuttack, rare-February; Moat,Cuttack, rare-April; Cement cistern. with decaying Hydrilla, Cuttack, very common-March; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, stray-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, W. Africa, Sudan, India, Burma, Ceylon,and Japan.

- -Skuja's Burmese alga, which measured fr-7 I' in breadth and 24 I' in length'with spines 14 p in fength, is larger than the typical variety described by Chodat andSmith, and also observed by the author.

var. quadrisp~ (Chodat) G. M. SmithG. M. Smith,- 1916, pp 479-80;pI27, [43, pl31, [167-70; 1920, P 158, pI 40, [15-16; G. W.Prescott, 1951, p 280, pI 63, [21; L. H. Tiffany and M. E. Britton, 1952, p 122, pI 35, [358=ScenedesmusquadrisPina Chodat, 1913, p58, [45-52; 1926, P 230, f 134

IT Colonies usually 2-4 celled'r Cells broadly ovoid and about<, broad. Poles of terminal .cells with a single short recurved spine.- broad, 8'5-15-19 I'long. Spines 2'5-5'5 I'long (Fig. 187 d,j).

HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Cutt3:ck, stray-June and July, Visakhapatnam(Andhra Pradesh), stray-December; reservoir, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), stray-April; cement cisterns, Cuttack, very common among decaying Otteiia-July (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N.;.America, S. Africa, India, and Japan.The normal length of cells in this alga is 8'5-15 p, but occasiona:Ily it is up_to

16I' (see Prescott, op. cit.). In Nygaard's (1932) material 'from S. Africa they wereIfr-19 p long.

twice as long asCells 3' 5-8' 5 I'

var. eualternans Proschk.

C. N. Proschinsky, 1936; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 389, f 390 a=Scenedesmus quadricauda var. alternans Dedussenko, 1925=S. quadricauda var. alternans Swirenko,-1926 " .=S. quadricauda var. alternans G. M. Smith, 1926, pp 191-92, pI 17, [29-33; G. W. Prescott,1931, p 77, pI 16, [ 28

Colonies usually four-celled. Cells fairly small, broadly ellipsoid with broadlyrounded poles, and arranged in a subalternate series. Cells 2' 3-5 P broad, 5-18 I'long. Spines 4-10 I'long (Fig. 187 e).

~ ..

286 CHLOROCOCCALES

HABITAT. Swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, stray-April (!).DISTRIBUTION. Europe, N. America, and India.

var. parvusG. M. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1916, p480, f 162-66; 1920,p 158, pi 40, f17

Cells ovoid-cyli:ndrical, about 2-2' 5 times as long aslength of the spines. Cells 3-4 p broad, 5' 5-8 P long.(Fig. 187 f).

HABITAT. Lake Gregory, Colombo (Holsinger,DISTRIBUTION.N. America, S. and W. Africa,

broad and equal to theSpines 4'5-8'8 p long

1955).and Ceylon.

var. :maximum W. et G.S. West

W. and G. S. West, 1895, p 83, p15, f 9-10; G. M. Smith, 1916, p481, p127, f 40.=Scenedesmusmaximus (W-e1G. S. West) Chodat, 1926, p 227; H. Skuja, 1949, p 66=S. quadrieauda var. maximus W. et G. S. West, in G. M. Smith, 1920, p 159, p141, f 1-2; .G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 280, pi 64, f 3-4

Colonies usually four-celled, rarely eigh~-celled. Colonies and cells much larget: ,than in the type. Cells 9-11'5 p broad, 27-36 p long. Spines 18-30 p long .(Fig. 187 g). .

HAJ!ITAT. Artificial tank, Peradeniya, Ceylon (W. and G. S. West, 1902};Royal Lakes and Pond, Cantonment Gardens,-Rangoon (Skuja, l.c.); swamp, KausalyaGanga, rare-April.; ponds, Cuttack, -stray-August 1!nd Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February (!). .

DISTRIBUTION. Madagascar, Central and W. Africa, N. America, England,Ireland, Sweden, India, Burma, Cey~on, and Japan. ~.

Though the actual name used by W. and G. S. West for this variety is maximum,.

in recent publicati~ns the term maxim~ is invariably used by most authors. Techni-:. "ca11y this could be correct.

var. westii G. M. Smith

--G. M. Siiiith, 1916, pp 480-81, 'pI32, f 177-80; 1920, p 159, pl4l, f 3-7; G. W. Prescott, 1951,.p281,pI64,f7,9 _ . _

=Seenedesmus weslii (G. M. Smith) Chodat, 1926, p 227, f 132; H. Skuja,.1949, p ~7, pIll,-f4 . .

=S. quadrieauda var. ineurvus Playfair, 1917, p 834, pi 57, f II -

Colonies usually four to eight celled. Cells 4' 5-9-13 P broad, 10-22-29 p long.Spines 10'6-16'7 p long (Fig. 187 h-i).

HABITAT. Ponds and lakes, Rangoon, January, March-April and December(Skuja, l.c.); ponds, Cuttack, 'abundant, July and September and Azhicode (Kerala),stray-February; swamp, Kat!salya Ganga, Puri, stray-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.N. Ainerica,W.Afr~c~ India, Burma, China, Japan, andAustralia.. .

The usual measurements of the cells of this alga are 4' 5-9 P X 16-22 p, withspines 12-16 p long (seeSmith, 1916; Chodat, 1926). However, Prescott (op.c.) gave

4,,1'".

SCENEDESMUS 287

them as 5-8 pxlO-18 p and Skuja (t. c.) as 7-13 px19-29 p. In the author'smaterial the cells were 5'3-8'8 p X 13'6-23'.4 p, with spines 11-16.7 p long.

Skuja also refers to a form (seehis pill, f 4) having two cells, with ornamentedcell membrane and accessory spines from the poles of one of the terminal cells observedin one of his collections. In the author's collections from Cuttack, one 8-celled colonyhad an accessory spine from one of the poles of a, ~erminal cell (Fig. 187 i). However,the cell membrane of this individual was smooth and it agreed well with S. westii.

~..

Some'speciesof Scenedesmus not recordedfrom the Indian region

'i

S. aeuleo-granulalus Hortobagyi, 1954, p 120, f 47S. aeuleolalus Reinsch, 1877, p 238,.pI6, f 1-2 .S. anomalus (G. M. Smith) Ahlstrom et Tiffany, 1934, p 69

= Telraslrum anomalum G. M. Smith, 1926, pp 187-88, pi 15, f21-27S. anlennalus de Breb. ex Ralfs, 1848, p 222, p135, f 27A-BS. apieulalus (Wet G. S. West) Chodat, 1926, p 169

=S. aUemans var. apieulalus W. and G. S. West, 1894, p 16, p12, 38=S.longus var. apu:ulalus (W. and G. S. West) G. M. Smith, 1916 p 472

S. arislalus Chodat, 1926, p 210, f 113=8. opolieflsis in Woloszynska, 1912, pi 35, f 5. .=8. proluberans Fritsch var. arislalus (Chodat) Dedussenko ex Korshikov, 1953, p 395

S. arvernensis R. et F. Chodat in Algotheque, No. 235; R. Chodat, 1926, p 193, f 89-90S. arlhrodesmiforme Schroeder, 19208. asymelricus (Schroed.) Chodat 1926, p 222, 6127

=8. quadricauda var. asymelrieus Schroeder, 1897 b, p 458. baculiformisChodat, 1926, p 158, £48 '

=8. aculus Woloszynska, p.p. 1914, pi 7, f 78. breviaculealus Chodat, 1926, p 220, f 123S. bukkensis Hortobagyi, 1960 a, p 304, f 42-4.6S. earabusChodat, 1926, p 232, f 136 _

. (This species, based on Woloszynska's (1912, p 665, pi 35, f 6) 8. quadricauda p.p. from Java,is according to Chodat (I.e.) incompletely known and requires further investigation)

S. circumfusus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 355, f 132-37S. cIathratus (Biswas) comb. novo

=8. bijugalus (Turp.) Kuetz. var. clathralus Biswas, 1928/29, pp 1'14-15, pi 10, f 20'=8. perforalus Lemm. var. inermis Scherffel, 1930, p 755=8. balalonicus Hortobagyi, 1943, p lI2, f 170; 1957, p15, f250, 252-53; 1959 a, p 338, f 55=8.perforalus var. inermis Skuja,,1956, p 180, pi 29, f2-4

.~

:0..

,;~.:0,

Colony of 4-8-16, rarely 32 cells arranged in a linear series. Cells with capitate ends and withoutany spines. Outer. face of external cells convex, inner face cqncave. Internal cells with concave sides.

.(,' With linear to lenticular perforations between.adjacent cells. Cell membrane smooth. Chloroplast withone or more pyrenoids. Cells 2 '6-10 p. broad, lI'2-29 p. long.

Known only from M';laya, Hungary, and Sweden.

This alga was first described from Malaya by Biswas (I.e.) under the name 8. bijugalus (Turpin)Kuetz. var. clalhralus Biswas. Though Biswas observed only 4-celled colonies, the 4-8-16-32 celled coloniesdescribed under other names from Hungary (Scherffel, I.e.; Hortobiigyi, I.e.) and Sweden (Skuja, I.e.)and the Malayan alga are identical. Since Biswas's record has priority, the name clalhralus appears to bemore appropriate even though he did not give it specific status as Hortobiigyi has done.

var. granulatus (Hortobiigyi) comb. novo .

=S. balalonicus Hortob. var. granulalus Hortob., 1954, p 120, f 45Differing from the type in the presence.ofverrucose protuberances from the extremities of cells.Known only from Hungary. ...

S. eoalilus Hortobiigyi, 1959 c, p 55, f 53-58S. eohaerens Fritsch, 1918, p 509, f 8

(This is a syncoenobic species)

I 288 CHLOROCOCCALES

S. collaris Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 49, f 40S. columna/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 46, f 26-29S. cos/a/o-den/icula/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 62, f 78-82S. cos/a/o-granula/us Skuja, 1948, p 137, pi 16, f 4-6S. crassisPinosus Hortobagyi, 1943,. p 107, f 137S. crista/us Conrad, 1949, p 91, p12, f 14S. curva/ocornis Roll, 1927 a, p 148S. diagonalis Fang, 1933, p 102S. decorus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 52, f 48-51S. echinula/us Dedussenko-Sczegoleva, 1949S. elec/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 61, f77S. elegans Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 182, f 6S. eupec/ina/us Dedussenko-Sczego1eva, 1949S. exal/a/us Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 375, f 227-28S. ex/ensus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 60, f 76S.fenes/ra/us Teiling, 1942, p 64, f 1S.formidolosus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 59, f 73-74S.furcosus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 367, f 200S.fusiformis Printz, 1914, p 82, pi 6, f 179S. gracilis Matwienko, 1938S. graciosus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 366, f 199S. granula/us W. and G. S. West,.1897 a, p 500, pi 7 f 1-2S. gu/winskii Chodat, 1926, p 225, f 130

o =S. quadricauda val'. hyperabundans Gutwinski, 1890, p 63S. heimii Bourrelly, 1949, p 757, f 1S'. helve/icus Chodat, 1926, p 206, f_ 109 -

~

S. hortob~gyii nom. novo

o =S. mirijicus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 43, f22-23, non Ley, 1947, p 279S. hungaricus Hortobagyi, 1941, p 164; 1943, p 106, f 121S. individus Printz, 1914, p 87, pi 6, f 162-63S. insignis (W. et G. S. West) Chodat, 1913, p 690

" -=S. quadricauda Val'. insignis W. and G. S. West, 1895, p 83, p15, f7-8S.jovis Chodat in Algo/hlque Nos. 205, 207; 1926, p 220, f 124-25 . "

(The distinction between this species and S. corallinus Chodat in Algo/htque, No. 220; 1926,p 221, f 126, appears to be rather insufficient to warrant two species. S. corallinus is, therefore,suppressed here).

S. kerguelensis Wille, 1924, p 435, pi 30, f a-:b, non S. kerguelensis Wille in Chodat, 1926, p 194~also in Deflandre, 1928

S. la/o-cos/a/us Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 359, f 165S.lefevrei Deflandre, 1924, p 673, pI 6, f 12, 16S. maculosus Hortobagyi, 1959°c, p 41, f 1-20$.. magno-granula/us Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 349, f 100

S. magyarensis (Hortobagyi) nom. novo

=S. orna/us Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 367, f201, non S. orna/us (Lemm.) G. M. Smith, 1916, p464S. ma/ebae Kufferath, 1956S. mirandus Hortobagyi, 1945, p 2; 1,958, p 583S. mirificus Ley, 1947, p 279, f 16S. mirus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 44, f 24S. morzinensis Deflandre, 1933, p 19, f C

=S. kerguelensis Wille in Chodat, 1926, p 194; Deflandre, 1928, non Wille, 1924, p 435S. pannonicus Hortobagyi, 1944 (Algolog. Mi/leil. Borbasia Nova. 23, 1-8)S. polycos/a/usJ ao, 1948 "

S. polygloblilus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 56, f 66-68 (incl. S. antenna/us Breb. in Biswas, 1928/29,p 413, pi 10, f 17) - '

S. polyspinosus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 56, f 75S. prae/ervisus Chodat, 1926, p 196, f 92

=S. hys/rix in Wo10szynska, 1912, p136, f6-7 only=S. stria/us Dedussenko-Sczegoleva, 1949; Korshikov, 1953, p 385, f 385 a

S. prin/zii Chodat, 1926, p 213, f 118=S. opoliens;.svar. asymme/rica Printz, 1915, p 54, p14, f 99-100

S. produc/o-capi/a/us Schmu1a, 1910, p 85, f 1-5S. pseudo-dispar Schroeder, 1920

SCENEDESMUS 289

~

S. pseudosymme/ricus Deflandre, 1933, p 22, pi 2, f 27S. pungens Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 378, f 234-35S. raciborskii Woloszynska, 1914, p 209, pi 7, f 1-2S. ralfsii P1ayfair, 1923, p 221

=S. ob/usus in Ralfs, 1848, p 193. Korshikov, 1953. p 380, treats it as synonymous to S.bijuga/usvar. alternans Hansgirg

S. reniforme G. M. Smith, 1926, p 190,.p117, f 14-18S. reniformisPlayfair, 1923, p 221 "

S. schroe/eri Huber-Pesta10zzi, 1936, p 153, f 5S. scuta/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 57, f 71S. securiformis P1ayfair, 1917, p 835, p157,f 16-17S. semi-ampula/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 51, f 45S. semipulchir HortQbagyi, 1960 b, p 359, f 160-64S. shensiensis J ao, 1948S. similagineus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 350, f 103-107S. soli Hortobagyi, 1960 a, p 306, f 64-75,77-134S. soolHortobagyi, 1954, p 120, f 43-44S,-speciosus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 368, f 202S. spica/us W. et G. S. West, 1898, p 335S. spinoso-aculeola/us Chodat, 1926, p 235, f 140S. unicus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 58, f 72S. verrucosus Roll, 1925. (This species has been treated by Dedussenko ex Korshikov, 1953, p

384 as var. verrucosus (Roll) Dedussenko of S. granula/us W. and G. S. WestS. vi/iosus (Printz) Chodat, 1926, p 190, f 86

=S. hys/rix val' vi/iosus Printz, 1915, p 54, pi 3, f 81S. wolosz;ynskaeChodat, 1926, p 204, f 107 -

=S. hyslrix in Woloszynska, 1914, pi 7, f8 only

According to Chodat (/.c.) this speCies requires further investigation.

Scenedesmus coelas/roides (Bohlin) Schmidle, 1898 (=S. costa/us val'. cvela#roides Bohlin, 1893, p 42)is synonymQUS to Coelas/rum bohlini Schmidle et Senn (see under that species). However, the figure "forS. coels/roidesgiven by Woloszynska (see Chodat, 1926, f 159) appears to be more like that of a Scenedesmusthan that of a Coelas/rum.' -

~

f

, . S. ellip/icus(W. and G. S. West) Chodat, 1913, p 69 (=S. quadricaudavar. ellip/icusW. and G. S.West, 1895, p 83, pi 5, f 6) has been considered by G. M. Smith~ 1916, p 472, as S.longus var. ellip/icus

. :(W. and G. S. West) G. M. Smith.

',.' Even though a good number of detailed accounts or monographs are available on the genus"rScenedesmus(see De Wildeman, 1893 a; Chodat, 1909, 1913, 1926; Brunntha1er, 1915; G. M. Smith, 1916,

1920, 1926; Dedussenko, 1925 and 1949; Deflandre, 1924, 1933; Korshikov, 1953; Hortobagyi, 1959 c,1960 band .1960 c), the taxonomy of this genus is still extremely difficult. This has been mostly due tothe fact that the basis of classification adopted by these authors has differed considerably. It can be saidthat there are three'schoo1s of thought~viz. the Geneva School which follows mainly Chodat (1926), the

,American School following G. M. Smith (19J6), and the German and Russian School (Brunnthaler, 1915,tDedussenko-Sczegoleva,.1925, 1949, ex Korshikov, 1953; Korshikov, 1953).

, A g60d numb~r ofChodat'~ (1909, 1913, 1926) species are from cultures. He has also raised a num-'ber of known varieties and forms to specific.status. Since Chodat laid more stress on the physiological than',on morphological characters, many of his species from cultures differ very little in forf1l (see G. M. Smith":1916, p 477; Nygaarq, 1932, p 133; Skuja, 1948, p 138). Opinion is, therefore, divided whether all his:"species are acceptable or not. While referring to Chodat's S. longisPina and S. quadrispina, which G. M.:Smith (1916) reduced to varieties of S. quadricauda, Nygaard (t. c.) states that it is more appropriate to~Usethe terms" variety" and" forms" to many of Chodat's species. This is probably true of also

J.S.ellipsoideus Chodat (1926), S. intermedius Chodat (1926), S. nanus Chodat (1913), and S. microspina Chodat',1926 (=S. quadricauda forma Printz, 1915 a, p14, f 206-207), particularly the last one which is better"(putdown as S. quadricauda val' microspina (Chodat) comb. novo Fritsch (1935, p 182) also states that though

'Ure.culture work is a valuable supplement to direct observation in nature, cultures alone may not be'eliable for the study of normal f2rm variations of algal species.

Regarding Chodat's S. oblongusO(Chodat,1913,p 41, f 19-20) G. M. Smith (1916, p 485) states thatit is "clearly related to S. obliquus (Turp.) Kuetz., but Chodat's reasons for separating this species from'. obliquus are not known". The same probably applies to S. chlorelloides Chodat (1913, pp 45-47; 1926,

_ 139, figs. 29, 162), S. crassus Chodat (Algotheque, No. 163; 1926, p 130, f 21), S. scenedesmoides.Chodat (A1gotheque, No. 188; 1926, p 136, f26), S. dactylococcoidesChodat (Algotheque, No. 138; 1926,

132, f 22-23), S. ca/eniformis Chodat (1926, p 131, f 16) and S. Ie/radesmiformis (Wo1osz.) Chodat

290 CHLOROCOCCALES

(Algotheque, Nos. 195, 198; 1926, P 141, f31-33). Chodat (1926) treats S. abundans also as a coIlectivespecies comprising a number of distinct species like S. spinosus Chodat (=S.jlaveseens <?hodat, 1913), S.sempervirens Chodat and S. tenuispina Chodat. The differences between these species arc minimal.Hortobagyi (1960 c, p 182), while recognizing S. spinosus, reduces S. sempervirens and S. tenuispina as itssynonyms.

Some other species described by Chodat, viz. S. alpinus Chodat (Algotheque, No. 138; 1926, P 133f25), S. basiliensis (Algotheque, No. 229; 1926, P 136, f27; S. obtusiusculus (Algotheque, No.3; 1926, p 17/f 70); S. dactyloeoccopsis (Algothe'lue, No. 189; 19215, P 179, f 71-74) S. costulatus (Algotheque, No. 124:1926, p 137, f28) and S. unicellularis (Algotheque, No 162,210; 1926, P 183, f 75-76) arc also difficult t~place because of their polymorphic condition in cultures. Like S. ellipticus (W. and G. S. West) Chodat(referred to above); S. minutus (Smith) Chodat (1926, P 187), and S. brevispina (Smith) Cho?at (1926, p 187)are treated by G. M. Smith (1916) only as varieties of S.longus. Chodat (1926) also conslderd species likeS. bijugatus (Turp.) Kuetz. and S. longus Meyen as out of date or not valid and gave such names asS. eeornis, S. ovalternus, and S. setiferus instead.

Smith (1916), who did not base his studies on cultures alone, reduced a number of known species tovarieties of known species while upgrading some known varieties to specific rank. The American schoolof phycologists have foIlowed this without reservation. However, Chodat (1926) has been critical ofsome of Smith's species, particularly his S.longus Meyen and its varieties on the ground that Meyeit (1829)meant by the term longus only an 8.ceIled S. quadrieauda and that only in 1835 the same author attributed .

'the spines on median ceIls as an additional characteristic (alsoseeunder the description of S. longus). '

Printz (1927) and a number of European phycologists foIlowed Chodat's classification. HortoMgyi{1959 c; 1960.b; 1960 c) adopts most of Chodat's species and he has added 'n large number of newspecies. It is difficult to say how many of these can be considered' good' species. However, h!sS. thomassonii Hortob" 1959 c, p 44, f 25 (=S. opoliensis in Thomasson, 1953, pp 56, 58, f 5,8) appears tobe a fonn of S. quadricauda var. denlatus Dedusscnko (see Korshikov, 1953, p 389, f 390 b).

Dedusseqko-Sczegoleva (1925; 1949; also ex Korshikov, 1953) and Korshikov (1953) foIlow on the .other hand a more simplified taxonomy which is almost that ofBrunnthaler (1915) with additions of latertaxa. Unlike Chodat (1926), who keeps a number of species under coIlective species like S. obliquus,S. abundans, and S. quadricaudalus, these authors retain many eadier known varieties and reduce a number

of I~ter species as varieties of such species as .S. quadrieauda,-S. opoliensis,_and S. acuminatlls.

In the present account no one school of taxonomy (as mentioned above) is completely foIlowed.Apart from the species known from India, which are dealt with in detail, a list of the more importimtand the recently described species arc included. It is possible that there may be a certain degree ofoverlapping in some of the species listed. .

It has also to be mentioned here that quite a number of species of Scenedesmusarc only known ~Dname while others are considered doubtful (see G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 483-89).

Recent studiesby Trainor (1964a) on the spine distributionin sev:eralScenedesmuscultures revia\edthat though the spine distribution in some'species like S. quadricauda and S. abundans, and the absence ofspines in species like S. bijugatus.may be considered more or less stable, there are some species like S. longus,S. obliquus, S. dimorphus and posSibly others, which require careful study in pure cultures for properidentification.

LIII. Genus.TETRALLANTOS Teiling, 1916; p .6~

Colonies free-floating, usually four-celled, sometimes 16-celled, and enclosed bya colonial mucilaginous matrix. Cells sausage-shaped or crescent-shaped with two cellsof the colony lying in the same plane facing each other and with their ends touchingand the remaining two cells vertical to the former and joined to their meeting points.Sixteen-celled colonies with cells in groups of four. Chloroplast single, parietal and with .

one pyrenoid.Reproduction by the formation of 2, 4, or 8' autospores from each cell. Autospores

remain together in the form of a colony till they are liberated or they remain attachedto the mother colony by the remnants of the old mother cell wall.

Monospecific.

TETRALLANTOS 291

188. TetraUantos lagerheimii Teiling

E. Teiling, 1916, p 62, f 1-6; G. I. Playfair, 1917, p 841, pi 58, f9-1O; G. Huber-Pestalozzi,1929 a, p 387; 1936, P 154, f3 c; G. M. Smith, 1933, p 520, f364; G. W. Prcscott, 1951, p 287,pi 66, f 4-6; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 399, f 404=Kirchneriella major Bernard, 1908, p 179, g f 398-99=Mm:r.bierdla parogrophOll Millcr, 1921

Colonies usually four-celled, but sometimes 8-16 celled the cells being heldtogether by the remnants of the mother cell wall, and usually enclosed by a delicatemucilaginous envelope, which is often visible only after staining. Cells crescent tosausage shaped with their ends rounded. 'Jwo cells arranged in the same plane facingeach other and with their ends touching and the other two cells vertical to the former

I and joined to their meeting points. Chloroplast a .parietal plate with a pyrenoid.Cells 3-8' 5 P, broad, 10-24 p, long (Fig. 188).

/

~..:;: , ,......

.. ' 0,f

~".':;

).., \

: '..-: "'::{:': ":. _do. .

\*, ,,,,II ). G .

':;::' :

;//""""""'''''''''\\

i _ \i :i :I :

\ ..J\ b

........................'-

-

188

FIG. 188. Tetrallantos lagerheimii TEIUNG (x 1500).

HABITAT. Fishery bundh, Chandrakona Road, Midnapore (W. Bengal); ponds,Cuttack, rare to rather common-August, Coorg (Mysore), rare-February, andTrichur (Kerala), rare-February, and Chandigarh, Punjab, rare-October, leg ShriKuldip Singh; stre~m, Chiilakudi (Kerala), stray-February( I). -

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, S. Africa, India, Java, Philippines, andAustralia.

Most of the Indian ~aters in which the alga occurred were neutral or slightlyacidic and with low total. alkalinity. Though four-celled colonies were the mostcommon, a few 8- and 16-celled colonies were observed.

292 CHLOROCOCCALES

Kirchneriellamajor Bernard (1908) with its cells measuring 3-5 fl X 17-21fl andwhich Brunnthaler refers to K. iunarisvar. dianaeBohlin, appears to be only a Tetrallantos.

Bernard states that the cells are generally isolated and there is reunion of cells afterdivision. In the author's material, single cells or two to thr.ee cells united together werenot uncommon along with 4-celled and very rarely 8- ~nd 16-celled colonies.Obviously, these isolated cells or fragmented colonies have resulted by the breaking upof' the colony during collection, preservation or mounting. In Bernard's figure 399the arrangement of cells is exactly as in Tetrallantos, only one .cell being missing.

Genera of Scenedesmoideae not recordedfrom the Indian region

Ctosteriococcus Schmidle, 1905 a, monospecific :C. viernheimiensis Schmidle, 1905 a, p 64

Coronastrum Thompson, 1938, p 692, with four species:C. aestivale Thompson, 1938, pp 692-94, f 1-10C. anglicum Flint, 1950, p 235., f 4 A-DC. ellipsoideum Fott, 1946, pp 166-67, 170, f 2

=Hofmania regularis Korshikov, 1953, p 372, f 359C. lunatum Thompson, 1950, pp 371>-73

Didymocystis Korshikov, 1953, p 395, with four species:D. grahneisii Heynig, 1961D. inconspicua Korsh., 1953, p 397, f402D.lineata Korsh., 1953, p 396, f 400D. Planctonica Korsh., 1953, p 396, f 399

D. tuberculata Korsh. 0953, p 397, f401) is synonymous to Dicellula inermis Fott (1941, p 66)Didymogenes Schmidle, 1905, p 35, with two species :

12. dubia Fott, 1933-a; Hortobagyi, 1959 a, p 336, f 44D. palatina Schmidle, 1905, p 35

Enallax Pascher, 1943, ~ith two species:E. alpinus Pascher, 1943, p 195E. costatus (Schmidle) Pascher, 1943, p 195

=Scenedesmus costatus Schmidle, 1895 a, p 305, pi 14, f 5-6According to Bourrelly and Manguin (1954, p 53), Wille's (1924) Scenedesmuspediastroidesfrom

Kerguel is without doubt also im Enallax.Lauterborniella Schmidle, 1900 b, with two species:

L. appendiculata Korshikov, 1953, p 371, f 357L. elegantissimaSchmidle, 1900 b, p 11-4

Marthea l'ascher, 1918, p 259, monospecific :M. tetras Pascher, 1918, p 259 .

Printz (1927,-p 139) included iHn the family Coelastraceae, subfam. Dicty-osphaerieae, becauseof tbe radial disposition offour colonies around a mucilaginous mass in the syncoenobium. Fritsch (1935)placed it under the Coelastraceae, the Dictyosp~eriaceae being kept as a distinct family.

SchmidleiaWoloszynska, 1914, p 197, nonLauterborn, 1913 - --(which i. a member of the Chlorobacteriaceae), with single species :-S. elegans Woloszynska, 1914, p 197, pi 5, f 1-4

Because of the use of the same name by Lauterborn, the name of Schmidleia for an alga is probablyinvalid.

SchroederiellaWoloszynska,1914, p 198, with three species:S. africana Woloszynska, 1914, p 198, pl5, f6-7 .S. curvata (Bohlin) Fott et Komarek, 1960, p 130

=Scenedesmus curvatus Bohlin, 1897 a, p 23, pi I, f 41-44, 52S. papillata KOtSh.-see Korshikov, 1953, P 373, f 360

Tetrodeslnus'G. M. Smith, 1913, with seven species:T. cumbricus G. S. West, 1915, p 83, f 7 -

=Scenedesmus cumbricus (G. S. West) Chodat, 1926, p 151T. lunatus Korsh., 1953, p 369, f 353

=Scenedesmus wisconsinensis (G. M. Smith) Chodatforma Deflandre, 1924T. osteTlfeldii (Wolo,z.) G. S. West, 1915, p 84

= Vicloriella ostenfeldii Wolosz., 1914=Scenedesmus ostenftldii (Wolosz.) Chodat, 1926, p 153

T. pettkofii Printz, 1915 a, p 37=Scenedesmus antennatus in Petkof, 1910, p 78, pi I f 12

-.

.;

ELAKA TOTHRIX 293

=S. pettkofii (Printz) Chodat, 1926, p 153T. sibiricus Printz, 1.915 a, p 37, pl5, f231-34

=Scenedesmus sibiricus (Printz) Chodat, 1926, p 154T. smithii Prescott, 1944, p 360T. wisconsinensis G. M. Smith, 1913, p 76, pi I, f 1-20

=&enedesmus wisconsinensis (G. M. Smith) Chodat, 1926, p 148

Though a number of European phycologists, including Printz (1927), follow Chodat (1926) intreating Tetradesmus as a section of Scenedesmus, it has not met with general acceptance. Korshikov(1953) retains the genus TetradtS/izusas distinct from Scenedesmus.Regarding the validity of TetradesmrLS,Lund (1960, pp 89-90) states that" although Chodat (1926) showed that in one and the same clone bothScenedesmus and Tetradesmus colonies may arise, his fj1rther argument that this proves that the latter genusis untenable is weakened by the fact that in most of the hundred, or so described species of Scenedesmus,no matter what the conditions are, no Tetradesmus stages have been seen.".

Tomasculum Whitford, 1943, with one species, T. catenatum Whitford, 1943.

.15. GENERA OF UNCERTAIN SYSTEMATIC POSITION

LIV. Genus ELAKATOTHRIX* Wille, 1898, p 302

Colonies either free-floating or epiphytic when young and free-floating whenmature. Cells arranged longitudinally, usually in pairs-, within a fusifol'm homogeneousgelatinous matrix. Mature cells fusiform or rod-shaped. Chloroplast parietal,laminate and with one or two pyrenoids.

Reproduction by the transverse division of the cell into two daughter cells whichremain within the envelope or escape; ~lso by akinetes. ~

Two species are recorded from the I.!ldian region.

KEY TO THE. SPECIES

1. Both ends of cells acute. Cells 6-21,.. broad, 12-41 ,..Iong .E. viridis (p 293)

2. One pole of cell usually rounded and the other"pointed, rarely both ends pointed. Cells 1.8-6,..broad, 8. 8-30 ,.. long ; E. gelatinosa(p 294)

~

189. Elakatothrix viridis (Snow) Printz

H. Printz, ~914,p 3f, pi 1, f 9-12; G. M. Smith, 1920, p 140, pi 33, f 7; H. Skuja, 1949, p 70,pi II, f-9-1O ..=Fusolaviridis Snow, 1903, p 389, pi 2, f VI 1-4; O.A. Korshikov, 1953, p 285, f 246

Free-floating (or epiphytic), _solitary or in. coloni.es. of 4-8 spindle-shaped cellsa~ranged in pairs. within a broadly ellipsoidal gelatinous matrix. Ends of cells acute.

-*The systematic position of the genus Elakatothrix is very uncertain. Smith (1920) considered its

logical position to be near Ankistrodesmus and Qpadrigula. However, on account of its vegetative cell di-vision, the same author later (1933, 1950) included it under the Coccomyxaceae within the order Tetra-sporales. Fritsch (1935) also included it within the Tetrasporineae under the family Palmellaceac.

. Printz (1927, p 103), while including it under Pleurococcaceae states that it is near Ankistrodesmus and_Q.uadrigula. Bourrelly (1947) included it under the Tetrasporales whereas Skuja (1949; 1956) put it under

the Chlorococcales near Ankistrodesmus and Q.uadrigula. Lund (1956 a) stated that" the systematic positionof Elakatothrix remains uncertain, though it can no longer be placed in Printz's Pleurococcaceae".

Ii'-According to him a cytological study of the alga is needed. Further, to him the structure of the largecolonies points to Elakatothrix being a " coccoid" alga. Korshikov (1953) kept Elakatothrix along withGlaucosphaera and Raphidonema Lagerheim in his Protococcineae under genera of uncertain systematicposition. At the same time he recognized Snow's Fusola, which most authors consider as synonymous toElakatothrix, as a distinct genus under his family Ankistrodesmaceae.

294 CHLOROCOCCALES

!~

:"\

: r :. .: -:;'" :t ..: :'

\~ a

190

:

~.~ "..

:t.

r '>

~~;)

: ': .. ":

" f b"

-<::~~~:"'>190 c

FIGs. 189-190. 189;Elakatothrixviridis (SNOW)P"RINTZ;190, E. gelatinosaWILLE F. minus F. NOV.

(189, AFTERSKUJA,-1949; 190, x 1500).

Chloroplast very much cleft and wit!I a. pyrenoid. Cells_6-21 fJ,broad, 12-41 fJ,long.Gelatinous matrix of varying .breadth (Fig. .189).

HABITAT. Ponds, Mandalay and Rangoon (Skuja, i.e.).DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, N. Rhodesia, Siberia, and Burma.

190. Elakatothrix gelatinosa Wille

N. Wille, 1898, p 302; 1909, p 36, f 18 A-E; A. Pascher, 1915, p 220, £25-26; G. M. Smith,1920, p 139, pi 34, f 1-3; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 93, pi 3, f 13-14; O. A. Korshikov, 1953,p412,f415

Colonies free-floating, elongate fusiform to irregular with the long axes of cells

parallel to the long axis. of the colony. Colonies usually with'I-16-32, rarely up to50 cells. Cells usually in pairs, spindle-shaped with one pole rounded and the other

pointed, the rounded ends of a pair of cells being in apposition. Cells in single-celledcolonies with both ends uniformly attenuated. Chromatophore single, parietal,

covering the entire length of the wall and with a pyrenoid. Cells 2' 5-6 fJ, broad,

II-30 fJ, long.' Colonies 10-30 fJ, broad, 70-160 fJ, long.The type species is not recorded from the Indian region.

forma minus f. novo

CQloniae et cellulae multo minores quam in typo. Cellulae 1,8-2.7 p.latae, 8.8-10,6 p.longae.Coloniae bicellulares 4.4 p.latae, 19.4 p.longae; 4-cellulares vero 5.3-6 p.latae, 30 p.longae. .

HABITAT. Vagat in planktone in palude ad Cuttack, mense julio, anni 1954. Species scrvata Informaldehido (Coli. No. 10) in C.I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack, Orissa..

.'

ELAKATOTHRIX 295

.'

Usually in colonies of 2-4 cells, rarely solitary, arranged in groups of two withtheir longitudinal axes parallel to the longitudinal axis of the enveloping matrix; oneend of cell rounded and the other pointed, the rounded ends of two cells lying inapposition. When single, and in undivided mature cells, both ends pointed. Chloro-plast parietal, partially girdling the cell and with a pyrenoid. Cells I' &--2. 7 fJ, broad8'8-10'6 fJ, long. Two-celled colony 4'4 fJ,broad, 19'4 fJ, long; 4-celled colony5' 3-6 fJ, broad, 30 fJ, long (Fig. 190). '

HABITAT. Planktonic in ponds, Cuttack, rare-August and Bhopal, stray-July (!).

DISTRIBUTION.India (Orissa and Mad~ya Pradesh;? Australia).The alga differs from the type in its much smaller dimensions. The alga described

by Playfair (1918, p 527) 'as E. gelatinosa and with dimensions of 3 fJ,X 15 fJ, (youngcells 2 fJ,X8 fJ,) could possibly be included- under this form.

Species of Elakat0tJui:c not recorded from the Indian region

E. acuta Pascher, 1915, p 220, f 27E. alpina Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 181, f IE. americana Wille, 1899, p 150

=Fusola americana Snow, '1903, p 378, pi 2, f 4E. arvernensis R.et F Chodat, 1925, p 448, f 8-10E.biplex (Nygaard) Hindak, 1962, p 285, pi 27, f3, 31, f 1-4E. genevensis (Reverd.) Hindak, 1962, p 287, pI 27, f 3, 32, f 1-2E. gloeocystiformis Korshikov, 1953, p 410, f 411E. lacustris Korshikov, 1953, p 412, f 414E. linearis Pascher, 1915, p 221, f 28-29 -E. minima Beck-Mannegetta, 1929, p 6, f6E.parvula (Arch.) Hindak, 1962, p 289, pi 29, f 10--15,34, f 1-7E. pseudogelatinosa Korshikov, 1953, p 413, f 416E.sPirochroma(Reverd.) Hindak, p 288,p129, f 1-9,33, f 1-5E. subacuta Korshikov, 1953, p 410, f 412E. minouchetii Bourrelly (1947, p 10, p16, f54-56) which is without a pyrenoid has been consid-

ered by recent authors as a member of the Xanthophyceae. It has, therefore, to be excluded from thegentis. Hind2k (1962) recognized the genus Fusola with Snow's species viridis (Wille's E. americanabeing considered probably synonymous to the same) and Elakatothrix with II species (excluding E. lineamand Bec~-Mannegetta's, two species and including, E. minouchetii).

~

---- - -I'Vto0'1

TABLE I. THE NORMAL SEASONALTEMPERATURE, SUNUGHT \ND RAINFALL IN SELECTEDSUliDIVISIONSOR STATIONSIN INDIA*

Mean temperature (OF)I

Subdivisions Average monthly hours of sunshine Total rainfallor

Stations Jan. Mar. June Oct. Jan. Mar. June Oct. Jan. Mar. June Oct. WholeFeb. May Sept. Dec. Feb. Mar Sept. Dec. Feb. May Sept. Dec, year

... Assam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.30 25.69 67.16 7,36 102.51

. WestBengal(Calcutta) 67.8 83,3 83.4 72.9 266.0 271.1 141.9 232.1 1.48 10.40 46. 8 5.46 64.14:. Bihar .. .. .. 1.28 3.15 42.33 3.29 50.05 C'J. Orissa 1.44- 5.11 44.50 6.85 57.90 :I:.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. t"

0... Orissa (Cuttack) 74.9 86.1 85.4 76.1' 0.44- 3.30 39.61 7.39 50'74%

:d.. .. .. .. 0C'J

. Andhra 1.94+ ' 3.18 20.27 12.50t 37,890.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. C'J

(Visakhapatnam)4.39t. Andhra (Kurnool) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.63+ 1.96 17.81 24.79 t"1'1en

, Hyderabad 74.6 89.1 80.0 74.3 .. .. .. .. 0.68 2.66 23.65 4.29 31.28(SouthHyderabad) I

. Madras (Madras) 75.9 83.6 ' 8S.1 78.0 269.9 310.6 182.8 205.2 1.30 6,38 29,71 15.83 53.22

.Madras (Kodai) 53.1 58.5 55,9 53,8 210.1 220.0 119.7 135.0

. Madras (Ootacamund) .. ' .. ',' .. .. .. .. .. 0.65+ 12.32 25.81 7.04t 45.82

...Mysore (Bangalore) 68,9 68.9 254.9' ,

283.6"

128.7 193.3 0.30 5.63 22.11 8.21 36.2577.6 71.8

·Malabar (Trivandrum) 77,4 79.8 77.0 76.7 259.7 238.4 150.2 200.5 1.29 13.49 75.65 19.33 109.76.1.06 3.65 34.89 4.82 44.42Mean of India .. .. ',' .. .. .. .. ..

.From different sources; +For December, February; tFor Octber, 'November only; :For 1947,-49; %For 1951-53.

-.-«"... ,;-;'\"T.""'" "'T., \-.; ......."\...'''J'''jIii'JIi.. 'J.4Y'r-:-:-,gr--""'f-';.'I"""""'''',r._...'',--'-

'1' ,-" ,,''TABLE II. THE PHYSICO-CHECMlCAL FEATURES OF 12 BODIES OF WATER 'DISTRIBUTED OVER NORTH-EAST, CENTRAL

AND SOUTH INDIA IN WHICH MORE THAN 10 SPECIES OF CHLOROCOCCALES OCCURRED INA SINGLE

COLLECTION AND THE APPROXIMATE FREQ,UENCIES OF DIFFERENT SPECmS

.,., I.

.,., ;;:; '" c:, c..01 '" 00--;

.h c .....,., ....'" .... ....

gb+

.c '" "u .....,., v.,.,

S v.,., .... " .uOJ. v"" v.,., ",01 --5 '" '" U:.:",01 "'''''"'01 :::1 ::01 '" u '" ....."" ..c =7 ::, OI CO >cu ..... ::s..... ::s_ ::s- ",- S\!c '1:1 ::s.....

8'1 01 01' 01 .c3 01 ."" .err . err c:>

=:P",,,, .a .: ",.-.0 ...... """" . ;:;; "" ".c ""'" .cOOl 01"" -"" c<') .,., c<') ::sv.,.,t>O< '" go,

"" ""'1:1 '1:1-;? '"o "C >-01 E-« 01 ..c.,.,'1:1'" '1:1 '0c

-a c ::! c ::! c '" c ::! c.. c:§ , w ........1. C) bO = . 1..c 0'- g._' 0'- o. 0'- S.- 0"'..... 'u S "" I ..c.>d""

V" ..c._ 1 p"," P"," P", '" p"''' .p", " '" " .J. (1$1 c:o .!d.J.0'" !::: .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 ::sei5t>O < z z z z z Cl)P", z- S="" 00l ::::iE-<""

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12-----.-------

Time of collection 15.00 12.00 10.30 10'30, 10.30 10.30' 10.30 14.15 09.30 09.00 17.20 13.45 0:1t"

Water area (in acre) 0.07 0.07 '0.07 0.07 0.07 100.00 0.08 2.50 0,03 0.02 l"enDepth of water (in feet) 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 2-3 8.0Turbidity (p.p.m.) (Clear) 7.8 5.8 126.0 38.0 30.0 (L. 40.0 52.0

Water Temperature (degreemuddy)

centigrade) 22.0 30'1 34.4 34,3 33.9 32.6 37.4 28.0 27.0 26.0 35.0pH value 7.9 7'.3 9.1 9.4 8.2 8.8 8.4 7.0 8.7 8,6 7,0 6,3Dissolved oxygen (p.p.m.) , 8,,9 10.8 16.8 24.0 8.3 7,5 7.6 13.2 16.5 5.0 6.0Total alkalinity (p.p.m.) 16.0 16.0 112.0 124.0 36.0 64'0 86.0 32.0 300.0 135.0 102.0 10.0Nitrate-N (p.p.m.) 0.04 0,03 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.20 10.00 0.04 0.06Phosphate-P04 (p.p.m.) 0.01 0,07 1.90 2.14 0.40 0.35 1.20 0.12 2.10 0.09 0.27 0.42.N/P ratio (weight by atoms) 3.00 0.31 0.04 0,03 0.30 0.19 0,06 0.52 0.07 77,93 0.10 0.09Total No. ofspedes observed 20 19 15 17 20 19 45 53 15 13 21 20No. of genera 11 13 8 8 12 12 15 19 9 5 10 13No. of species which became rather 2 5 2 I 3 2 12 4 5 5 3 2

common to commonNo. of species which became very I - 7 2 2 3 I - 3 - 2

common to very abundant: , ,

.Nitrate nitrogen alone taken into consideration(N. B. The approximate frequencies of the species are expressed by the symbols: K)

I-stray or isolated; VR-Very rare; R-Rare; RC-rathcr common; C"'"'commQn. toVC-Very common; A-abundant; VA,:;::I&vcryabundant).

-oJ

TABLE II.-(Contd.) J>ju:>0:>

Name of alga I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12

CharQ&iumdebaryanum - - - - - - - I2 Korshikoviella gr(Uilipes - - - - - - I3 Schroederia indiea - - - - - - - - A

4 Schroederia se/igera - - VR - - - I VR - - - I5 Golenkinia radia/a - - - - - - - I6 MierQ&/inium spp. - 4- RC - VR VR - RC RC - - I7 Telraedron mu/ieum - - - - I - I I I

8 T. minimum 0- - A C VR I VC I - - I - :I:t'"

9 T. /umidulum 0- - -, - - - VR - - -0

10 T. gigas f. minus0- - - - - - I - - - - - 0

; 011 T. trigonumand its varieties - -, - - VR I I R - - - -

!;;

12 T. quadra/umr. minus - - - - - - - I enI

13 T. regularei1nd its varieties I - - - - - VR VR - - I I

14 T. vie/oneae,andvar. major I I - - - - I15 T. pen/aedricum - - - I - - .I I I - - I16 T. oc/aedrieum - - - - - - - I17 T. grQ&ile I I - - I - I VR18 T. enorme var. pen/aedricum I - - - - - - VR

19 T. limne/icum " - - A I - - RC.20 T. pusillumvar. angolensef. minus - I - ....J- - - -21 Pol,yedriopsissPinulosa - - - - - - - I

'I'

TABLE II.-(Contd.)

Name of alga , 1 2 3 4, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

22 Treubaria /riappendicula/a - - - - - - - RC

23 Lgerheimia choda/i - - --, - VA - I R

24 Choda/ella quodrise/a - - - - - - R

25 Oogs/is soli/aria - I - - - - R

26 O. la&US/ris I R - VR 'I I I I

27 O.crassa - - - - - - I

28 O. borgei - VR - - I - - - - - - RC

29 Nephrocy/ium luna/um - C - - ,-30 N. agardhianum - - - - - - - - - - I

tI:I31 Ankis/rodesmus spiralis RC R - - - - - R - - R - t'"l'Ien32 A.falca/us and var. rodioJus I R - - - - - R - - - RC

33 Elaka/o/hrix gela/inosa f. minus - - - - - - R - I

34 Ac/inas/rum han/zschii - - VC VR VR I R VR VC,

35 Selenas/rum bibraianum - - - - -I - - VR - - VR

36 S.gracile I 'RC - - - - RC - - VC R

37 S.wes/ii - - - - - - - R - - - R

38 Nephrochlamys subsoli/aria- - - VR - I R

39 Kirchneriella lunaris I RC - - I RC,40 K. obesa - - - - - - I I

41 K.conlor/a - I ,- - - - - RJ>j

42 Dictyosphaerium pulchellum VC - - - RC A C R - - - I u:>u:>

TABLE III. THE STATES OF COLLECTION, APPROXIMATE FREQ.UENCIES, PERIODS OF OCCURRENCE AND THE PHYSICO- <.>0

CHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE WATER FROM WInCH A NUMBER OF CHLOROCOCCALES WERE COLLECTED0r-:I

C8 s'".>d ci.'" -5 .

'" ci., C -0

ci. 2:'" 0 :.a 8 cC'M C... C.s 0 'M '" t- '" ...

ci. -o bD 0Name of alga '" e 1:1'", ci. ci. :§ 0

:g "'..c J:: .90=u S .;: "; z--:-

'"'(;';:-0 t- '" '"0=

><'" C ;:j .>d '(;U 0 '"

:a '" ";0 ...u "' .. u "; ..cZ 00' e-o I :s '" '" > '"; '" i:!.' 51-

ce:"'== i:!.c;:j .. '"

'0.. . 0 Zo ;:j '" '" :I: isen ClJu ",u .. ..c +z'" . E-< i:!. E-<- .---

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13

Range 30-78 30,1- 8.4- 86-112 0.10 1,20- 0.04-32.6 9.1 1.90 0.06

£1. Schroederiasetigera 2 4 r(7,8)Average 54 31.4 8.8 99 0.10 1.60 0.05 t"'

0

Schroed':ia indica sp. novoI a. I 5 a(7) 2 30,5 8.6 312 0.05 1.40 0.02 0(')0

2. Micra&tinium spp. I' 9 va(2) (Dark 32.0 8.5 33 0.05 0.10 0,33 (')(')

dirty'green)

0.03-t'I

Range 38-88 28.0- 7.0- 32-300 0-05- 0,12-, rn37.4 9.5 0.42 2.80 0.52

8 4,5 re-e(4,7,8)

32.8 8.5 1.10 0.15Average 54 100 0.14

3. Tetraedron muticum I 4 re(7) 78 30.0 8.6 132 0.06 0.08 0.52.

4. T. minimum 10 4 ve-va Range 25-88 30,1- 8,2- 78-138 0.05- 0.54- 0,01-(7,8)' , 36.2 9.4 1.40 3.50 0.28

Average 52 33.8 8.9 108 0.24 2.00 0.08

5. T. limneticum 5 4 re-ve Range 28-7832'1-

7.8- 82-138 0.05- 1,20- 0,01-(7,8) 3 .0 9.2 1.40 3.50 0.28

33.0 8.8,111 0.41 2.50 0.10Average 51

·I-Assam, 2-West Bengal, 3-Bihar, 4-Orissa, 5-Madhya Pradesh, 6-Andhra Pradesh, 7-Bombay, 8-Mysore, 9-Kerala, la-Madras.+ Nitrate nitrogen alone taken into consideration. ',. .'.. .

I" ,I 1 l.l.l...." .""...,!",,,.,,,,,,..,,.,. -..,....... ' ''''''>"

TABLE nI.-(Contd.)

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 132

Treubaria triappendiculata 1 4 re(4-) (L. 37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12 0.526.

, muddy)I

3 4 va(7) Range 40-126 33.0- 7.8- 36-82 0.05- 0.40- 0.07-7. Lagerheimia chodati 34.3 8.4 0.42 2.80 0.15

Average 69 33.4- 8.1 60 0.19 1.20 0.11

I 6 e(l) (clear) 24.6 8.9 170 0.06 0.01 4.208. NePhrocytium agardhianum 4 r(12) 22.7 7.4- 60 0,03 0.08 0.03

I

2 e(12) (clear) 22'0 7.3 16 0.03 0.07 0.309. N. lunatum I

I 9 .re(2) 35,0 6.3 10 0.06 0.42 0.0910. Oocystis borgei

6 4,5,6 Range 30-240 26.8... 8,2- 54-300 0.05- 0.74- 0.03-II. Actinastrum hantzschii e-ve

0.20 3.20 0.25 I:Jj(5,7,8,12) 37,0 9.2

[;;8.6 152 0.11 1.80 0.08 rn

Average 84 3 .5

4 ' 2,4,9 Range 22.0- 6.3- 10-32 0,03- 0.06- 0.09-12. Ankistrodesmus falcatus r-re

7.3 0.09 0.42 0.60(2,4,5,12) ,37.4-

Average 31.0 6.9 23 0.06 0.14 0.40

,6,2- 8-102 0.03- 0,01- 0,10-

13. A. sPiralis 8 1,2,4,8, r-re Range 21.8-0.18 0.27 3.009 (2,4,12) 37,,4 7.9

,IAverage 27.0 7.0 38 0.07 0.13 0.79

, ,

14. Kirchneriella lunaris 3 2,9,10. ve-a(6.,10)

22.0- 6.8- 10-64 0,03- 0.01- 0.20-re-e Range

33.9 8.8 0.10 0.35 5.45'5 1,2,4 (8,11,12)

Average 7'9 7.5 28 0.06 0.12 1.40,

0.5215. K. contorta J 4- r(4) , (L. 37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12

muddy) <.>00<.>0

· At an altitude of about 2,000 metres.

TABLE III.-(Contd.) ""0..j>.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13

16. Nephrochlamys .subsolitaria 1 4 r(8) 30 32.6 8.4 86 O.lp 1.20 0.06

17. Selenastrum gracile I 8 ve(2) 26.0 7.0 102 0,04 0'27 0.]04 2,4,9 r-re Rallge 22,0- 6 3- 10-62 0,03 0.01- 0.09-

(2,4,12) 37.'4 7,5 0.09 0'42 3.30, I

, ,I4verage ' 30.5 7,0 30 0,06 0.16 1.40

18. DictyosPhaerium ehrenbergiallum 1 10. a(6)'4 2,8 re-ve Range (Mode- 21.8- 6,8- 8-102 0.03- 0,05- 0'10-

ately 26 7.4 0.18 0.27 0,80(2,12) clear to

very

.ilvrageturbid)

23.6 7.1 37 0.07 0.14 0.45

19. D. pulchellum 8 1,4,9 ve-va Rallge 38-126 27.5- 7.5- 16.64 0.04- 0,01- 0.03- D:z:

(2,5,7,8) 34.3 9.6 0.10 1.10 3.30 r"0

Ave.rage 82 33.0 8.6 50 _ 0,07 0.50 0.86:>;j0D

20. Dimorphococcus lunatus 6 2,8,9 Range 22.0- 6.2- 12-69 0.03- 0'01- 0'32-0r-re D

(2,12) ,29.8 7.5 0.06 0.11 4.24 D;.-..

Average 26'1 7.0 39 0.044 0.06 1.78 1'1enI

21. Pediastrum simplex incl. var. duodenarium 15 4,6 a-va Range 28-240 24,8- 7.6- 64-176 0,03- 0'10- 0-01-('5,7,8,12) 37,0 9,6 1'40 3'50 1.00

Average 66 32.6 8.7 113 0.20 1.60 0.19

22. P. duPlex var. corollatum 2 ,8 vc-a Range 24.0- 7.1- 23-46 0.04- 0.01- 0,46-(2) 24.5 7.4 0'07 0,05 4.90I

I

Average 24.3 7.3 35 0,06 0.03 2.80

23. P. duplex var. subgranulatum I 9 a(2) (f? 35.0 6.3 10 0.06 0.42 0,09greenturbid) ,

24. P. duplex vars. clathratum, reticulatum 6 4,6, a-va Range 25-50 22'2- 7.3- 24-120 0.07- 0.04- 0.07-and gracillimum i 8,I,12 36,0 8.8 0.19 1.60 3.20

I

Average 38 29.0 7.8 74 0.12 0.39 1.07

· At an altitude of about 2,000 metres.I

... . "".....,..,.......... :., '"''P1'.....{ .""T.::':'''"!:-'P1iil:':::;;;''''''i'':'A''-'....''''''.'- - ;.;.. ",':" "I' ,'"" ,.

TABLE III.....l(Contd.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

25. P. araneosum var. rugulosum 1 8 a(2) (Dirty 6'0 7.0 102 0.04 0.27 0.10darkgreen)

26. P. muticumvar.lollgicorne 1 8 re(2) (Pale 24.0 7.8 121 0.34 0,05 4.80green

27. P. biradiatum var.lollgecornutumturbid)

1 4 r(4) (L. 37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12 0.52muddy)

28. P. tetrasvar. tetraodoll 1 4 e(8) 30 32.6 8.4 86 0.10 1.20 0.06

1

29. SorastrumsPinl,llosum 1 4 c(4) (Clear) 34.2 8.3 210

30. Coelastrummicroporum Range 38..126 26.5- 7.5- 36-300 0.07- 0.13- 0.04-10 4,5,6 vc-a 36.6 9.6 0.42 2.80 0.77 ..,

(7,8,12)Aferge

;.-65 32.5 8.7 124 0.20 0.92 0.26 !II

t"'1'1

31. C. cambricumvar. intermedium Range 25.5- 7.0- 69-102. 0.04- 0.01- 0.10-'""

2 8 rc(2) 26.0 7,4 0.06 0.27 4.20

Averap 25.8 7.2 86 0.05 0.14 2.25

32. C. proboscideum Range 26,.0- 7.0- 86-102 0.04- 0,27- 0.06-2 4,8 rc(2,8) 32:6 8.4 0.10 1.20 0.10

Average 29.3 7.7 94 0.07 0.70 0.08;.

33. C. reticulatum 2 4,10 c-a(12) (V. turbid)"34. C. scabrum Range 25-38 22-0- 7.3- 16-88 0.03- 0.01- 0.06

5 1,2,4 rc-vc 36.0 8.8 0.15 1.60 3.00(5,8;12)

Average 31 31.1 8.2 54 0.84 0.6.5 0.73

35. CrucigCtliatetrapedia Range 24.0- 7,1- 46-180 0.07- 0.01 4.85-3 8,10 c-vc 30.0 7.2 0.09 6.00

(2,10) ""Average 28.0 7.2 132 0.08 0.01 5.23 0

" t.ro

TABLE III.-(Contd.) 0- en

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

I

36. C. apiculata Range 30-78 30.0- 7.0 32-132 0.06- 0.08- 0.05-3 4 rc-c 37.4 8.6 0.42 2.80 0.52

(4,7,8)Average 49 33.2 8.0 83 0.17 1.05 0.18

37. Sundesmus diTMrphus Range .30-78 28.0- 8.4- 86-300 0.10- 1,20- 0.02-3 4,5 c(7,8) 35.0 9.2 1.40 3.50 0.28

Average 49 32.0 8.8 174 0.56 2.30 0.12

38. S. acuminatus 1 4 r(4) (L. 37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12 0.52muddy)

39. S. arcuatusvar. eaPitatus ' 1 3 a(l1) (clear) 19.2 8.3 166 n:I:t"

40. S. armatusvar. bieaudatus Range 30-78 27.0- 7.8- 82-300 0.06- 0.08- 0.04- 0

6 4,5,6 c-vc 33,0 9.1 10.00 2.80 77.93(7,8,12)

n1.80

0Average 53 30.1 8.5 141 1.36 13.06 n

" ,41. S. acutiformis 1 6 rc(l) (clear) 28.7 8.7 188 0.054 0.01 3.80 t"42. S. dentieUlatus 1 4 rc(8) 30 32.6 8.4 86 0.10 1.20 0.06 1'2'"

43. S. opoliensis 1 1 va(7) 78 30'1 9.1 112 0.10 1.90 0.04

4 re(4) I (L. 37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12 0.52, muddy)

44. Scenedesmustropieus 1 4 r(7) 78 30.1 9.1 112 1.40 1.90 0.04

9 r(2) 29.8 6.2 40 0.11

45. S. perforatus Rang; 26.4- 7.0- 32-104 0,05- 0.04- 0.11-3 4 r(4, 11) 37.4 7.6 0.19 0.32 3.30

I

Average 30.07 7.4 11 O.Jl 0-16 1.30

46. S. longus 1 4 c(11) 40 24.8 7.5

47. S. abundans 1 6 c(12) 52 27'0 8.6 135 10.00 0.09 77.93

;-"f

TABLE IlI-(Contd.).

2 3 4 5 6 7 , 8 9 10 11 12 13

48. S. quadricaudainc. var.longispina I, . 10 4,5,6,10 vc-a I Range 40-78 27.0- 7.2- 112-300 0.04- 0.01- 0.04-

(6,7,10, 35.0 9.6 10,00 3.50 90.00

12).

Average 63 31.3 8.5 163 1.30 1.10 17.80

49. Tetrastrum heteracanthum I 4 r(4) (L. 37.4 7.0 32 0,09 0.12 0.52

muddy) .!

50. T. punetatum 1 4 rc(8) 30 32.6 8.4 86 0.10 1.20 0.06

51. Tetrallantos lagerheimii 7 2,4,8,9 r-rc Range 21.8- 6'2- 8-102 0.03- 0,01- 0.03-

(2,8,12) 36.2 8.2 0.18 1.60 3.30

Average 27,8, 7.3 51 0.08 0.47 0.76

52. Botryoeoccusprotuberans 5 3,4 a-va Range 21.8- 6.8- 8-76 0.07- 0,01- 0-70-

(1,11,12) (clear) oj29.6 8.3 0.18 0.16 11-80 tII

t"

26.9 7.3 44 0.12 0,05 4,80 1;1Average

ADDENDUM

Since sending this work to the press considerable additional inform~tion on theorder, including records of a number of species from the Indian region, has becomravailable. The more important aspects are given below.

Mitra (1947) recorded nine Chlorococcales from rice field soils of Al]ahabad andits environs of which all except Chlorellabotryoidesand Dactylococcusbicaudatusvar. curta

var. novo (the latter is considered below as a Keratococcus),have already been incorpora-ted in the main text.

Studies on the mineral nutrition of "OocystjsmarssoniiLemm. led K. V. N. Rao(J. Indian bot. Soc. 40(4): 555-65, ]961) to the conclusion that the chemically definedmedium for optimum growth of the alga contains the following in mg/]: Na, 100;K; 100; Mg, 25; Ca, 10; N, 60'9]; P, 53'94 and Cl, 40.32..

Kamat (Hydrooiologia 20(3): 248-79, 1962; 22 (3, 4): '209-305, 1963) recordeda number of algae from puddles, pools, ponds and streams of Ahmedabad (Gujarat)and its environs and of Ko]hapur (Maharashtra), respectively. Of these, 46 species,23 varieties and 2 forms belonged to the Ch]orococcales. Ten of these have beendescribed a~ new taxa while about ]3" appear to-be recorded for the first time from

India. The concerned taxa are Chlorococcumsp., Characiumrostratum,Characiosiphonrivularis, Trochiscia granulata, Hydrodictyon reticulatum, Pediastrum clathratum,P. simplexand its var. duodenarium,P. ovatum, P. boryanum,P. muticum var. crenulatum,P. duPlex andits varieties clathratum and cohaerens,P. sculptatum, P. tetras, Sorastrum americanumvar.undulatum, S. sPinulosum, Tetraedron trigonum, its var. tetragonum and f. gracile of var. .tetragonum, T. muticum and its form punctulatum, Oocystis lacustris, O. nodulosa,Q. elliptica,O. gigas, O. borgeiand var. indica var. nov, O. kolhapurensissp. nov., O. maharastrensis.sp. nov., Gloeotaeniumloitlesbergerianum,Ankistrodesmusfalcatus and its var. tumidus, A.

.spiralis, A.fractus, Actinastrumhantzschii, A.indicum sp. nov., Selenastrum gracile, Kirchneriellq

lunaris, DimorphococcuslunatUs, Coelastrum.microporum,Scenedesmusfali:atus and var. -maior"var. nov., S. obliquus, S. dimorPhus,S. arcuatus and its var. platydisca, S. bij'uga and var.irregularis,S. brasiliensis,S. denticulatusvar. kolhapurensivar. nov., S. kolhapurensissp. nov.,S. .maharastrensissp. nov., S. margaliffii sp. nov., S. longusand its varieties brevisPina,and

. dispar, S. abundansvar. sPicatus,brevicaudaand indica var. nov., S. bicaudatus,S. acuminatusvar. minor, S. opoliensis,S. quadricaudaand its vars. longispina,quadrispina,parvus, maximumand westii, and Crueigeniarectangularis.

Maheshwari and Gupta (1962) observed Chlorellaellipsoideacommonly associate~with cellu]olytic bacteria and fungi in deteriorating cotton fabrics at Kanpur. Mterstudying its role, the authors concluded that it did not influence the capacity of the-bacteria and fungi to destroy cellu]ose significantly.

308

ADDENDUM 309

Salim (pakistan J. Sci. 15(5): 209-13, 1963) made a study of the' saprophile'Chlorococcales of Lahore area. He found the richest collections in small, clear, rain-water pools occurring in formerly polluted soil. These pools contained very con-centrated solution of nutrients composed of dead organic matter, and colonial formslike Scenedesmus,Kirchneriellaand Crucigeniaoccurring in them showed a tendency todissociate into smaller colonies or even single cells. Other waters studied were poolsreceiving occasional disc~ge of polluted water, rain-water pools and ditches receivinga certain amount of sewage water, and highly polluted and turbid pools. He has alsogiven brief acc9unts of 29 species, ]8 varieties and 2 forms observed in these waters.Of these, about seven taxa appear to be recorded for the first time from the Indianregion while an eighth one is possibly a new form. The concerned algae are Characiumlongipes(Rabenh.) Borzi (obvious]y a Characiopsis),Chlorococcuminfusiollum,Chlorellavulgaris, C. simplex, Micractinium pusillum, Tetraedron muticum, T. limneticum, Actinastrumhantzschii and varieties intermedium and gracillimum, Ankistrodesmussetigerus, A. falcatusand varieties tumidus, duPlex,and acicularis,A. convolutusand its var. minutum, A. longissima,Kirchneriellaobesavar. major, K. lunaris and varieties dianae and irregularis,K. subsolitaria,DictyosPhaeriumpulchellum, Pediastrum tetras, P. simPlex, P. ovatum, P. duPlex varietiesreticulatumand- gracillimum)P. clathratumvarieties duodenariumand microporum,P. -boryanumvar. long:comef. granulatumand glabra, P. sturmii, Coelastrumcambricumand var. intermedium,C. microporum, Scenedesmusquadricauda and varieties dispar and setosus, S. armatus, S.dim{!rphus,S. protuberans, S. longus, S. obliquus, S; denticulatus, S. arcuatus var. platydisca,S. bijugatus and var. alternans.

Accounts of most of the foregoing species are given in the present work, oftenunder different names. Those taxa which are not included already wil~ be describedfurther below. : . "

In a bio-ecological study of Nuggikari Lake in Dharwar, Mysore State, carriedout during ]957-58, Jayangouder (Hjdrobiologia 23 (3-4): 5]5-32, 1964) recorded122 algae of wh,ich 34 belonged to the Chlorococcales. Of these, Botryococcusbraunii

~~ and Oocystis lacustris were abundant during December-February while a number of" others like Ankistrodesmusfalcatus, Coelastrum microporum, C. proboscideum, C. sphaericum. (wrongly given as Sorastrum sphaericum), PediastruTn. boryanum, p. duplex, P: tetras, Scenedes-

f-- mus acuminatus,S. armatus, S. bijugatus, S'_obliquusand Selenastrumgracilebecame commonor very common on one or more dates. The lake water had a pH range of 7.0-8.9with total alkalinity varying from 200 to 223 during the year of study. _

Chandra (Curr. Sci. 33 (7): 214:-]5.. 1964) Tcports th.e occurrence Qfa Botryococcuswith colonies 15-]40,." in. diameter, and very much resembling B. braunii, in the Miocenelignites obtained from Alleppey, Kerala State. He also refers to earlier records ofthe genus from the eocene lignite beds of Cutch (Krishnan, M. S., in Geologyof Indiaand Burma, ]960), Palana, Rajasthan (Rao, S. R. N. and Misra, S. S. in CurroSci. 18:380, 1949) and the Eocene cherts of Mohgaonkalan, Madhya Pradesh (Singhai, L. C.,in Proc. 44th Indian Sci. Congr. Pt. 3: 297, 1957).

By studying the mode of orientation of auto-coenobia within the mother coenobiain three species of Crucigenia,viz. C. quadrata,C. tetrapediaand C. apiculata,in synchronizedcultures and comparing it with that of Tetrastrum staurogeniaiformeand Hofmania lauter-bomei, Komarek (Plant and Cell Physiol. 5: 385-91, 1964) concluded that there are two

312 CHLOROCOCCALES

43. Pediastrum duplex Meyen

val'. reticulatum Lagerheimr. cohaerens Bohlin

K. Bohlin, 1897a, p 31, p1.2, f 1; J. Bnmnthaler, 1915, p 95=P. duplex val'. cohaerensBohlin, in G.M. Smith, 1920, p 173, pi 48, f 3--4; N.D. Kamat, 1963, P 234

Colony 1&-32-64 celled and circular to oval with medium-sized perforations.Cells H-shaped with ends of processes round. Cell membrane covered with seriallyarranged granules. Cells 12-22 p, broad, 13-24 p, long.

HABITAT. In a puddle, Khan, Kolhapur, during 1v1ay 1954 (Kamat, l.c.).DISTRIBUTION.N. and S. America, India (Mahal'ashtra).Kamat gives the diameter of the cells as 16-20(':'30p,). Though Bohlin gave the alga -

only the status of a form of val'. reticulatum, Smith upgraded it as a variety ofP. duplex. However, apart from the markings on the cell membrane the alga is likeval'. reticulatum.

192. Pectiastrwn sculptatum G. M. Smith

G.M. Smith, 1916b, p 475, 1-';25, f 13; 1920,p 169, pl46, f 1; G.W.Prescott, 1951, p 226, p 149,.f5

Cplony oval to circular, of 8-16-32 cells and with or ~vithout narrow perfo)'a-:tions. Internal cells with 4-6 sides. Marginal cells bilobed, with the lobes producedinto two short div-ergent or parallel-processes. Cell wall covered with a network of.fine ridges. Cells 10-15 p, in diameter, colony 8~180 p,. .

. HABITAT. In Chandola Lake, Ahmedabad, during November 1955 (Kamat,'

1962, p. 262).DISTRIBUTION.N. America, India (Gujarat).

193. Sorastruni americanum (Bohlin) Schmidl«}

W. Schmidle, 190Od, p 230; G.M! S~th; 1920, P 163, pl44, f 1=Selerwsphaerium americanum Bohlin, 1897a, p 40 p12, f 38--41

.Colony 'spherical and of 1!):...32-64-128'(usually 16 or 32) heart-shaped or sub-pyramidate cells with the outer free walls emarginate and provided with a 10ng,.stouJ,-outwardly directed spine from each of the four angles; Icells with a. cylindrical gelatinous~stalk which is as long as the ceIl and with 5-6 facets at the base 'which are in contact with'the facets of other converging stalks so as to form a central hollow sphere. Cells7-20 p, broad, 5-20 p, long (without stalk) and 4-8 p, thick; spines of adult cells10-15 p, long.

The alga differs from S. :>pinulosumin the longer spines and stalk and the moreprominent central sphere. .

The typical species is not recorded from the Indian region.

val'. undulatum G. M. Smith

G.M. Smith, 1918, p 640, p113, f7; 1920, P 163, pl44, f2-3; N.D. Kamat, 1962, p 263

ADDENDUM313

Differs from the typical species in the facets at the base of the stalk have undulatemargins. Cells 9-12 x6-13 p,.

HABITAT. In a puddle, Ahmedabad, during Novemher, 1955 (Kamat, l.c.).DISTRIBUTION.N. America, India (Gujarat).

Subfamily TETRAEPRONOIDEAE

51. Tetraedron muticwn (A. Braun) Hansgirg~:- --- -

'I f. punctulatum (Reinsch) De Toni

G.B. De Toni, 1889, p 600; G.W. Prescott, 1951, P 268, p160, f 18

Differs from the typical species in the cell wall being finely punctate, margins

also slightly convex. Cells 15-21 f'in diameter.HABITAT. In a puddle, Khan, Kolhapur, during May 1954 (Kamat, 1963, p 238).DISTRIBUTIQN.-Europe, N._ America, In~ia. (Maharashtra)..

194. Tetraedron tetragonwn (Naeg.) Hansgirg-

A. Hansgirg, 1889, p 18=Polyedrium/etragonumNaegeli, 1849, p 84, pi 4B, f 2 -=P. trigonumval'. tetragonum(Naeg.) Rabenh., 1868, P 62= Tetraedrontrigonumval'. tetragonum(Naeg.) Rabenh., in J. Brimntha1er, 1915, P 149- - -"

Cells four-imgled with one or more spines from each angle; 1~30 p, in diameter.

The ~cal species is not known from the Indian region.

f. gracile (Reinsch)

= Tetraedron trigonum val'. tetragonum.f. gracile Reinsch, J. Bnmnthaler, 1915, p 149; N.D. Kamat,1962, p 264; As:T. trigonum val'. te/ragomun (Naeg.) Rabenh., in Kamat, 1963, p 238

Odl:i much smaller, 6-7 (-10) P, in diameter.

HABITAT. Chandola Lake, Al1medabad (Kamat, 1962,.1.c.); in puddles, Khan,

Kolhapur, -during October 1953 and March 1954 (Kamat, 1963, l.c.).DISTRIBUTION.Europe, India (Gujarat, Maharashtra). -

Tetraedron limneticum Borge, with cells having a diameter of 40-45 p" described

by Salim (1963, p 2.10) can be referred to T. limneticumval'. gracilePrescott (see p 158of this vork).

Family OOCYST ACEAE

Subfamily CHLORELLOIDEAE

195. Chlorella botryoides Petersen

I314 CHLOROCOCCALES

j.B. Petersen, 1932, p 36, f 18; A.K. Mitra, 1947, p ?, f 15; 1951, pp 359-60

Cells globular, 4-13 p. in diameter, with thin cell wall and granular contents.Chloroplast lobed and with an ovoid pyrenoid. .

HABITAT. In cultures of soils from Ramanathpur and Siwait near Allahabad,V.P. (Mitra, i.c.).

DISTRIBUTION.Denmark, India (V.P.).According to Petersen (1935), this is a eu-terrestrial species.

196. Chlorella ellipsoidea Gerneck

R. Gerneck, 1907, p 250, pili, f45-51;j. Bnmnthaler, 1915, p 113, f74

-Cells ellipsoid, but not asymmetrical, with firm membrane and a parietal.

chloroplast having. a deliCate outline but nev'ertheless thick and plump and often lobed,~ith a pyrenoid and a peripheral nucleus; with oil drops, but starch not observed.

Cells 7.5 P.'broad and 15p. long. .Reproduction by 4-32 autospores which are libera.!edby the breaking of the parent cell membrane. - .

HABITAT. Common on exposed cotton fabrics at Kanpur, V.P. (Maheshwari.and Gupta, 1962).

DISTRIBUTION.Cosmopolitan.

I -.-197. Chlorella sbnplex (Artari) Migula

W. Migula, 1907; j. Brunnthaler, 1915,p 113= PletJrococcussimplex Artari, 1892

Cells solitary or in small colonies of 2-4, round or somewhat polygonal due tomutual pressure. Cell wall thick. Pyrenoid distinct and in the form Of a small bent

.plate. Cells 4-6'5 p. in diameter.

HABITAT. In water and along margIns of small polluted pools, Lahore (Salim,1963, p 210). _

DISTRIBUTION.Switzerland, W. Pakistan.

Subfamily OOCYSTOIDEAE

93. Oocystis borgei Snow

var. indica Kamat

N.D. Kamat, 1962, p 263, pI 2, f 8

Cells 2-4, within the old mother cell wall, broad ellipsoid with rounded ends;chloroplast solitary, parietal with a pyrenoid; cells 18-23 p. in diameter, 30-40 p. long.

HABITAT. In a puddle, Vatva, Ahmedabad, during October 1955 (Kamat, l.c.).

ADDENDUM 315

DISTRIBUTION. India (Gujarat).

198. Oocystis nodulosa W. et G. S. West

W. and G.S. West, 1894, p 1.5, f 31; H. Printz, 1913, p 191, pI 6, f 74-76; G.W. Prescott, 1951,p 245, pi 54, f6-7 .

Cells solitary or two within the old mother cell wall, ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoidwith rounded ends having a nodular thickening. Cells 14-18 p. broad, 22-30 p. long.

HABITAT:- In 'Chandola Lake, Ahmedabad, during April 1956 (Kamat, 1962,p 264).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India (Gujarat).-199. Oocystis kolhapurensis Kamat

N.D. Kamat, 1963, p 236, pI 8, f 36

Cells solitary to 2-4 in a 'colony; cells ellipsoidal, 8-12 p. in diameter, 25-30 p.'- long; chloroplast Solitary, plate-like.

HABITAT. In a pud<;lle, Kolhapur, during October 1953 (Kamat, l.c.).DISTRIBQTION.India (Maharashtra).

-200. Oocystis Dlaharastrensis Kamat

N.D..Kamat, 1963, p 236, pWJ, f41

Cells ellipsoidal with pointed ends, 2-4 in the irregularly swollen old ~othercell wall; chloroplast solitary, parietal with a pyrenoid; cells 5-7. p. in diameter,19-28 p. long.

HABITAT. In a puddle, Kolhapur, during October 1953 (Kamat, l.c.).DISTRIBUTION.India (Maharashtra).

201. Sco~ella tuberculata Bourrelly

P. Bourrelly, 1951, pp 673-74, f 6-8

The alga with about 9 ridges, slightly yellow contents; and measuring i6-30 X43-45 P. was found in small numbers in two collections made by S. Radhakrishnanfrom somewhat acidic fish ponds at Joyasagar, Assam, during March, and passed onto the author for identification. Full description of the alga will be given elsewhere.

This is a new record of the genus for the Indian region.,.

Family SELENASTRACEAE

202. Keratococcus bicaudatus (A. Braun) Petersen

j.B. Petersen,1928,pp 429-30

316 CHLOROCOCCALES

=Dactylococcus bicaudatus A. Braun ex L. Rabenhorst, 1868, p 47; R. Chodat, 1913, p 136, f 123-26'A.K. Mitra, 1947, p ?, f 17 '

Cells sublunate with acuminate. apices; chloroplast parietal, band-shaped andwith a pyrenoid. Reproduction by division into 2-16 cells, the wall of the parentcell gelatinizing before liberation of daughter individuals. Cells 3-5 p, broad and15-33 p, long, older cells up to 10 p, broad and with thicker walls and pale orangecontents.

HABITAT. In cultures of soils from rice fields near Allahabad, D.P. (Mitra, .l.c.).DISTRIBUTION.Europe, India (D.P.).

val'. curta (A.K. Mitra) comb. novo

=Dacrylococcus bicaudatus A. Braun v~r. curta A.K. Mitra, 1947, P ?, f 18; 1951, P 360

Differs from the typical species in its usually shorter and broader cells whichare mostly less curved and lack sharply pointed tips. Cells 4.5-5 p, broad andusually 10-20 p, long, rarely up to 27 p, long; older cells may be up to 8p broad and -are often spindle shaped with a slightly thickened wall and ultimately acquiring Gon-tents which are granular and pale orange in colour. Production of:.not more thanfour daughter cells observed. .

HABITAT. In cultlU'es of rice field soils from Siwait near Allahabad (Mitra, i.e.).

DISTRIBUTION.India (D.P.). -

121. Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs

, val'. tumidus (W. et G. S. West) G. S. West

G.S. West, 1904, p 224, f 94D; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 188, f 286; N.D. Kamat, 1962, p 264;K.M. Salim, 1963, P 210 .= Raphidium polymorPhllm var. tumidum W. et G.S. West

Cells solitary_ or in small aggregates, straight or ,slightly curved, swollen in themiddle, and with acute to acuminate ends. Cells- 4.5-6,5 p, broad, 61-73 p, long.Chloroplast single, parietal, and with 91' without pyrenoids. '_

HABIT~T. In drying -puddle ~nd' pool, Barejadi .and Vatva, - Ahmedabad,Octo.ber 1955 (Ka.mat, l.c.); stagnant water pools, Lahore (Salim, l.c.).

. DISTRIBUTION.ElU'ope, N. America, China, India, Pakistan.According to G. S. West (1904; also see West and Fritsch: 1927, f 40D) there

are 1-2 pyrenoids in each cell. Smith (1920, p 135) stated that it mayor may nothave a pyrenoid. The alga observed by Salim had almost truncate apices andvacuoles on both sides of the central region, and it was smaller measuring only

. 4.5 X45 p,.

var. duplex (Kuetz.) G. S. West

G.S. West, 19M, p 224; incl. var. serians Zacharias seeJ. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 188, f 287

.\VVEN[)t:~t317

Cells elongate, straight 01' slightly sigmoid and arranged end to end serially illcolonies of two or more cells.

HABITAT. In polluted rainwater pools, Lahore (Salim, 1963, P 210).DISTRIBUTION.Europe, "V. Pakistan.

203. Ankistrodesmus tractus (W. et G. S. West) Brunnthaler

J. Brunnthaler, 1915,p 189;=Rap~idiumfractllmW. et G. S. West,1898a

Always single celled and somewhat curved with pointed strongly incurved ends.Reproduction (?) by the division of the cell contents into four. Cells 2.6-3.4 P, broad,19-36.5 p, long.

HABITAT. In a puddle, Khan, Kolhapur, September 1953 (Kamat, 1963, P 235).DISTRIBUTION.West Indies, India (Maharashtra).

124. Closteriopsis longissima (Lemm.) Lemm.j

var~ lahorensis (Salim) comb. novo

=Ankistrodesmus longissima (Kuetz.) G.S. West, in K.M. Salim, 1963, P 211

Differing from the typical species in its much smaller size and the .cell beingconsiderably arcuate, almost lunate, wi\:.!.1drawn up ends, and possessing only 3-6

pyrenoids. Cells 2 .8 P, broad, 40 ft long.HABITAT. In small polluted clear pools, Lahore (Salim, l.c.).DISTRIBUTION.W. Pakistan.Though Salim states that the alga is smaller than A. longissima and arcuate,

almost lunate, and with only 3-6 pyrenoids, he refers it to the typical species. How-ever, it does not agree either with the type or with any of the _known varieties andforms, including val'. tropicum f. minorHuber-Pestalozzi (1929, P 425, f 17) which is- '

4 ft broad, 124.p, long and with four pyrenoids. The nearest approach to any knownAnkistrodesmusappears. to be two' curious forms' of A.falcatus which G. S. West (1909)has described.from Australia in which the cells 'are either strongly lunate or straight._

in the, middle but attenuated and incurved at the apices, with 3-4' pyrenoids, andminimum dimensions of breadth 7 ft, length 94 ft and distance between apices 68 ft.

The alga is, therefore, treated here as a new variety of Closteriopsislongissima.

125. Actinastrum hantzschii Lagerheimt

val'. intermedium Teilin:g

J. Brunl1thaler, 1915, P 169, f 240; K.M. Salim, 1963, P 210

Differs from the typical species in the cells being broadly spindle shaped and

with sharply tapering hyaline ends. Cells 4,5 ft broad, 14-16.5 ft long.

318 CHLOROCOCCALES

HABITAT. In small polluted pools, Lahore (Salim, i.e.).DISTRIBUTION. Sweden and W. Pakistan.

204. Actinastrum gracillimum G. M. Smith

G.M. Smith, 1916b, p 480, pi 26, f 23; 1920, p 164, p 43 f 3-~; As A. hantzchii var. gracillimumG.M. Smith, in K.M. Salim, 1963,p 210 '

Colonies of 4 or 8 cells radiating from 'a common centre. .Cells elongate-cylindrical, tapering slightly to abruptly truncate ends, 'and 7-10 times as long,as broad.Chloroplast single, parietal and laminate~ and with or without a pyr~noid. Cells1.7-3 p, broad, 14-21 p, long; colonies 30-45 p, in diameter.

HABITAT. Freshwater pools, Lahore (Salim, i.e.).DISTRIBUTION.N. America, W. Pakistan.The species differs from A. hantzschii in the very slight dilation in the median

portion of the cell and the proportionately greater length (Smith, i.e.). The Lahorealga was mostly 4-celled.

205. Actinastrum indicum Kamat

N.D. Kamat, 1962, p 266, pi 2, f9

Coenobia of 4 to 8 ~ells radiating from a common centre; cells ovoid, _taperingto a rOIJ.nded end, one-to two times as long as broad, 5-8!.t broad, 6-10 p long;,chloroplast single, parietal, and with or without a' pyrenoid. -

HABITAT. In a puddle, Ahmedabad, during October 1955 (Kamat, !.t.).DISTRIBUTION.India (Gujarat).

131. Kirchneriella lunaris (Kirchner) Moebius

var. diaiiae Bohlin

K. Bohlih, 1897a, p 20, pi 1; f28-30;J. Brunnthaler, UH5, p 180, f265; a.M. Smith, 1920, p 141,_pi 34, f 5; K. Biswas, 1928-29, pp 412-1;1, pI 1~!-f 13- _ _' _ .

Cells more strongly curved and-with more sharply pointed apices than in thetypical species. The apices are also frequently slightly twisted. Cells 3-5 p, broad,(6-) 10-21 p long. '

HABITAT. In stagnant waters along Chota Ravi, Lahore (Salim, 1963, p 211).DISTRIBUTION.Paraguay, Brazil, Malaya, W. Pakistan and Japan.The Lahore alga is slightly narrower (2 '8-3 P, broad).

206. Kirchneriella irregularis (G. M. Smith) Korsliikoy

a.A. Korshikov,1953,p 319,f291 , ~. '

= Kirchneriella lunaris var. i"egularis G.M. Smith, 1920, p 142, pi 35, f I; K.M. Salim, 1963, p 211

The alga differs from K. lunaris in the apices of the cells being distinctly twisted

ADDENDUM 319

and frequently not pointing in the same direction. Cells 4-6 p, broad, 6-13 p long.HABITAT. In large rain-water pools, Lahore (Salim, i.e.).DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, W. Pakistan.

132. Kircl1neriella obesa (W. West) Schmidle

var. major sensu G. M. Smith

G.M._Smith, 1918,p 636, plIO, f7; 1920,p 142,pi 35, f4-excl. Kirchneriellamajor-Bernard, 1908,p 179 .

Differs from the typical species in the inner and outer margins of cells beingnearly parallel, with slightly tapering apices which are broadly rounded and not closetogether. Cells 3-5 p broad, 8-21 p long.

HABITAT. In small stagnant water pools, Lahore (Salim, 1963, p 211).DISTRIBUTION.N. AmeFica, Europe, W. Pakistan.Smith (1918, i.e.) combined K. major Bernard in this variety. However, in the

author's opinion (see p 291 of this work), Bernard~s alga appears to be a Tetrallantoslagerheimii. Since the cells in the American alga (also, see Prescott, 1951, -p 259,pI. 57, f 12) are shaped like a U or horse-shoe and net lunate, and the enas are morebroadly rounded with the cells aggregated typically as in Kirchneriellait appears that theAmerican and Javan~se algae are different. The alga as considered here is after Jheexclusionof the Javanesealga. -

Family- SCENEDESMACEAE

161. Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerheim) Chodat

var. minor G. M. Smith

G.M. Smith, 1916,p 438,pi 29,f70-74; N.D.Kamat, 1962,pp 264-65

Cel.l~smaller-than in the 'typical species,3.4-6'5 p broad, 18-28 p, long.HABITAT. In ,a puddle, Bareja, Ahmedabad, during ,December, i 955

(Kamat, l.c.).DISTRIBU'I,'ION.,-N. Amei'ica, India (G!lj~rat):

176. Scenedesmus denticulatus Lagerheim

var. polydenticulatus Hortobagyi

T. Hortobagyi, 1960b, P 351, f 111-112=S. denticulatus var. kolhapurensis Kamat, 1963, pp 239-40, pI 8, f 38-39

Colony of 4 to 8naviculoid cells arranged in a single linear or subalternatingseries. All cells with seviGal (3-4) teeth from their poles. Cells 2.5-4 p broad, 8,5-14 p

long.HABITAT. In pond,-Kolhapur, during August 1953 (Kamat, i.e.).

r320

CULOROCOCCALI>S

DISTRIBUTION. Hungary, India (lVIaharashtra).

There is no doubt that Kamat's and Hortobagyi's varieties are identical.

180. Scenedesmus longus Meyen

var. brevispina G. M. Smith

G.M. Smith, 1916, p 471, pi 31, £ 151-55

Differing from the typical species in the cells being longer and narrower, spinesalso shorter. Cells 3-5 f.t broad, 9-11 f.t long; spines 2 f.t long.

HABITAT. In a puddle, 'Ahmedabad, November 1955 (Kamat, 1962, p 265);In puddle, Khan, Kolhapur, and in laboratory cultures from a streamlet water;Takala, August-September 1953 (Kamat, 1963, p 242).

207. ? Scenedesmus margalefii Kamat

N.D. Kamal, f963, p 242, pi 9, £44--

Colony of-.4 to 8 fusiform to fusiform-ellipsoid cells arranged in a single linearseries with the sides of adjacent cells in contact along about half or slightly more of theirlength. Inner cells with two short -spines from their .poles, outer cells with a singlesuch spine and a long recurved spine from each Pole. Cells 6-7 f.t broad, 1;>-18.5 f.tlong. - - _ ~

HABITAT. In a puddle, KolhaI>ur, during October 1953 (Kamat, l.c.).DISTRIBUTION.India (Maharashtra).

In the author's opinion, there is every possibility of the alga being the same asScetledesmusthomassonii; Further study from more material would seem to' be indicated:

1'84.Scenedesmus -abundans (Kirchner) Chodat

var. spic~tus sensuG. M. Smith

G.M. Smith, 1916, e 468, pi 27, £51, pi 31, £ 141-46-excl. S. spicatus W. et G.S. West, 1898, p 335- .

Colony 2 to 4-celled. with the cells ellipsoid; outer cells of 4-ceUed colonies and

cdls of 2-celled colonies with 5-7 short spines from their outer faces; poles of inner cellsof 4-ceUed -colonies with 1-2 spines 2-3 f.t long. Cells 3 .5-4 f.t broad, 7-10 f.t long.

HABITAT. In a pool, Rankala side, Kolhapur, October 1953 (Kamat, 1963,p 239). '

DISTRIBUTION.N. America, India (Maharashtra).

The variety recorded by Kamat has smaller cells measuring I. 8-2' 3 f.t broad,7 '5-8.5 f.t long.

S. spicatw' originally described by W. and G. S. West is 2-cdled. Korshikov(1953, P 384, f 382) has recorded 4-8-celled colonies. The end cells of both and thecells of 2-celled colonies are almost semi-circular and provided with 6-9 lateral teeth.

AOlJI::NlJL;~1 321

Internal cells, when present, are oblong with similar teeth at right angles to the longi-tudinal axis. of the colony. So, S. spicatus has to be considered as a distinct speciesand excluded from the variety recorded by G. M. Smith.

var. indica Kamat

N. D. Kamal, 1963, p 238, pi 8 £ 37

Colo.ny 4 to 8-celled with the cells arranged in a single linear series. Apices ofall cells with a single tooth. External cells with a series of 8-10 short teeth fromtheir outer sides. Cells 5-6 f.t broad, -12-14 f.t long.

HABITAT. In a pond, Kolhapur, October 1953 (Kamat, l.c.).DISTRIBUTION..India (Maharashtra).

208. Scenedesmus lDaharastrensisKamat

N.D. Kamat, 1963, p 242, pi 9, £45

Colony offour ellipsoid to oblong cells arranged in a single linear series with thesides of adjacent cells in contact except near the poles. Poles of all cells with 4-10'short teeth; poles of terminal cells with an additional c;.,gle long recurved spine fromtheir'outer angles. gells 4-8 f.t broad, 30-37 f.t long.

HABITAT. tn a pond, Kolhapur, during May 1954 (Kamat, l'0)'DISTRIBUTION.India (Maharashtra).

187. ScenedeslDusquadricauda (Turp.) Brebisson

var. kolhapurensis (Kamat) comb. novo

=S. kolhapurensis Kamat, 1963, p 240, pi 9, f 13.

~iffers from the typical species in the presence of a short spine from the poles ofinterior_ cells. Cells 6-8 f.t broad, 22-25 f.t long.

HABITAT. In a puddle', Kolhapul', during January 1954 (Kamal; i.c.).DISTRIBUTION.India (Maharashtra).The presence of short spin'es from the poles of interior cells is not infrequent in'

varieties of S. quadricaudalike var. longispina (Chodat) G. M. Smith (=S. longispina.

Chodat) and var. inlermedius (Chodat) comb. novo (= S. intermedius Chodat)-see

Chodat, 1926, f 143 for S. longispina. So, th~ creation of a new species on this basisseems ~ntenable. Kamat (l.c.) refers to the polar spine of inner cells as tooth, buthis figure shows only a delicate spine which is not broad at the base. The small sizeof the spine and the shape of the cells, which is more-orless oblong, point to as.quadri-cauda rather than a S. lOI/gus. The species is, therefore, reduced here to a variety ofS. quadricauda.

Scenedesmusfalca/us Chodat var. major Kamat (Kamat, 1963, p 240, pI 9, f 42)with the cells measuring 4-8 X30-37 P appears to be only an 8-celled S. dimorphus

322 CHLOROCOCCALES

(Turp.) Kuetz. in which the cells may be up to 8 " broad and 35 p. long (see G. M.Smith, 1916, p 435, pi 32, f 188-89). Even if Chodat's S. falcatus is recognized,Kamat's variety will have to be referred to S. falcatus var. maximusUherkovich exHortobagyi, I960c, p 174, pi 23, f 265, which measures 7.6-9.0x28-39'2 /l. So,the variety is suppressed in this account. The Scenedesmusdescribed by Salim (1963,pp 212-13) as S. protuberansFritsch and with cells 4.5-5 /l broad, outer cells 14-15 p.long and inner cells 12/l could probably be a young colony of forma minor Ley.

The following additional taxa of the .CWorococcales have been recorded fromAmerica and Europe:

Family CHLOROCOCCACEAE

Brt1l:le(l(;occusaerius Bischoff et Bold. Univ. Texas Publ. No. 6318, 1963B. eohaerensBischoff et Bold. ibid.B. giganteus Bischoff et Bold. ibid.B. gralldis Bischoff et Bold. ibid.B. mcdionuctealus Bischoff et Bold. ibid.B. pseutlominor Bischoff et Bold. ibid.ChtorococcumdiplobiontieoitieumChantanachat et Bold. Univ. Texas MI. 6'218; 1962C. ellipsoideum Deason et Boler. ibid. No. 6022, 1960C. intermedium Deason et Bold. ibid.C. polymorPhum Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.C. seabetlum Deason et Bold, 1960, l.e.N."""toris oleoabundansChant. et Bold, 1962, I.e.N. pseutloalveolarisDeason et Bold, 1960, I.e.N. pseutlosligmatiea Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.Planklosphaeria maxima Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.P. lexensis Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.Spollgiochlorisgigantea Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.S. incrassata Chant. et Bold, 1962; I.e.S. lamellata Deason et Bold, 1960, I.e.S. llanoensis Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.S. minor Chant. et Bold, I.e.Spongiococcumexunlricum Deason et Bold, 1960, I.e.S. mullinucleatum Deason et Bold, }960, I.e.

Family CHARACIACEAE

Korshikovullamyslacina(Hortob. et Nemeth) comb. novo -=Lambertia myslt1l:ina HortoMgyi et Nemeth in Acta bol. Aead. Sci. hung. 9(3-4): 308, 1963

Family OOCYST ACEAE

Chodatella crassiseta HortoMgyi in Bioi. K6zl,'13(1): 55,1965C. maxima Hortoba~i, ibid. p. 55C. pilosa Hortobagyl. ibid. p 54Oocystis cingulatus HortoMgyi et Nemeth, 1963, I.e., p 308

Family SCENEDESMACEAE

'Scenedesmus multieauda Masyuk in Ukr. bol. Z.,19(5): 73-83, 1962S. oitocauda Masyuk. ibid.S. pseutlogranulatus Masyuk. ibid.S. pseudohyslrjx Masyuk. ibid.S. reclus Hortobagyi et Nemeth. Hidrol. K6zl., 2 Sz., p 86, 1965

These species have also been included in Table IV on page 71 of.the main text.

ADDENDUM323

I

Siddiqui, 1.1. and M.A. Faridi (Biologia, Lahore 10 e (2): 53-88, 1964-referredin Biological Abstracts only) have reported 27 genera and 113 spp. and varieties ofChlorococeales, none of them new, from ba~ic soils in Peshwar Valley receiving anaverage rainfall of about 50 em. They have also given a key to the genera andspecies. Since the original work has not been seen by the author, further details arenot included here. .

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