pgs. 652 - 654. how does our lab from friday link to corrosion? corrosion is the process of...
TRANSCRIPT
How does our lab from Friday link to corrosion? Corrosion is the process of
returning metals to their natural state It’s a REDOX reaction!!
Fe (s) + O2 (g) Fe2O3 (s)
LOTS of metals corrode, but not all of them corrode to the same extent: Ex Aluminum!!
Aluminum will be oxidized by the air Al (s) + O2 (g) Al2O3 (s)
A thin layer of Al2O3 will cover the metal and protect it from further corrosion
So what does this have to do with the lab?? It all comes down to HOW ACTIVE a
metal is!! What was the most active metal you saw
in the lab? What was the least active metal? What does it all mean???
Activity SeriesLi Rb
KCsBaSrCaNaMgAlZnCrFeNiSnPbCuHgAgAu
Most reactive
Least reactive
How does electronegativity
relate?
How does electronegativity relate?
Electronegativity = how much you “love” electrons
More electronegative = more you “love” electrons = more likely to ________
Activity SeriesLet’s look at Mg and Cu:
Mg + CuCl2 Cu + MgCl2
Cu + MgCl2 Mg + Cu Cl2
Li Rb
KCsBaSrCaNaMgAlZnCrFeNiSnPbCuHgAgAu
Most reactive
Least reactive
For a reaction to happen the solid metal must be above the aqueous metal in the activity series
Electrochemistry
The study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy
Two types of processes in electrochemistry: The production of an electric current
from a chemical (redox) reaction The use of an electric current to produce
a chemical change
But first, a demo review from yesterday… When iron metal is dipped into an
aqueous solution of blue copper sulfate, the iron becomes copper plated Why?
The iron loses e- to the copper What type of reaction is this????
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+
(aq) + Cu (s)
Copper Plating – An Example
CuSO4(aq)
Fe
FeSO4(aq)
Zn
Cu
Fe
Since the copper is plating the iron, the solution will get lighter as more copper is used.
Does the reverse happen?
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe3+
(aq) + Cu (s)
Can we go backwards?….
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe3+
(aq) + Cu (s)
•Some metals are better reducing agents than others
• (AKA: some metals lose e- easier than others.)
• The reaction is only spontaneous one way… the reverse reaction requires an outside source of energy to work.
What does all of this mean? To capture the electrical energy, the
two half-reactions must be physically separated Called electrochemical cells
Can create electricity or be used to create a chemical change!!
Galvanic Cells
Invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800
Galvanic cells: electrochemical cells used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy Examples alkaline batteries Made of half cells
One part of the galvanic cell where oxidation or reduction is occurring
Schematic for separating the oxidizing and reducing agents in a redox reaction.
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-
Cu2+
Why won’t the reaction continue??
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-
Build up of chargeswould require largeamounts of energy
Solutions mustbe connectedto allow ionsto flow!
Salt Bridge: contains a strong electrolyte held in place by gel
Porous Disk: allows ion flow without mixing
solutions
Allows ions to pass between solutions, but doesn’t allow the solutions to mix
Parts of a Galvanic Cell
Electrode: Conductor in a
circuit that carries electrons to a metal
Anode = oxidation Negatively charged
Cathode = reduction Positively charged
Steps of a Galvanic Cell
e- created at anode Shown in
oxidation half-reaction
e- leave zinc and pass through wire
e- enter cathode and cause reduction Shown in half-
reaction Positive and
negative ions pass through salt bridge to finish the circuit
Figure 21.5 A galvanic cell based on the zinc-copper reaction.
Oxidation half-reaction Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
Reduction half-reaction Cu2+(aq) + 2e-C Cu(s)
Overall (cell) reactionZn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Schematic of a battery.
Electron flow anode to cathode (- to +)
oxidation to reduction
reducing agent to oxidizing agent
Let’s practice drawing a Cu/Zn Galvanic Cell
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu Cathode/reduction Zn Zn2+ + 2e- Anode/oxidation Cu2+ + Zn Zn2+ + Cu
ZnCu
SO42-
Zn2
+
Voltaic Cell Shorthand
Oxidation half cell is listed first with reduced and oxidized species separated by a line.
Reduction is next in the opposite order.
Double line separates the two and represents a salt bridge and electron transfer:
Zn|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cu
Voltaic Cell Shorthand
Draw shorthand notation for a Mg-Pb cell where the nitrate ion is present. You might want to refer to the activity series to determine what is oxidized and what is reduced! Draw a diagram for this galvanic
cell on the scratch paper provided! Label: anode, cathode, direction of e-
flow Write-out the ½ rxns and combined
reaction.